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| {{Infobox language | | {{List subpages}} |
| |creator = [[User:IlL|Inthar]]
| | '''Qwbmwdqwg''' /ʔə˥mə˨˩˨ʔə˧˩̤/ is a tritonal root language. |
| |nativename = əl-KoRSKi; taNGəTNə
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| |image =
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| |setting = [[Verse:Irta]]
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| |name = Corsican Arabic
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| |pronunciation = ɜ̟lqʰɔɾˁsˁˈqʰɪː
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| |states = Corsica
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| |speakers =
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| |script = Latin
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| |date =
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| |familycolor=afroasiatic
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| |fam1=Afro-Asiatic
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| |fam2=Semitic
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| |fam3=Central Semitic
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| |fam4=Arabic
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| |fam5=Irta Maghrebi Arabic
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| }} | |
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| '''Corsican Arabic''' is an Irish-influenced Arabic variety spoken in the [[Verse:Irta|Irta]] timeline's Corsica (natively ''əl-KoRSKə'' [ɜ̟lˈqʰɔɾˁsˁqʰʌ], Irta Irish ''an Chorsac''). In Irta it's called Corsican (natively ''əl-KoRSKi'' [ɜ̟lqʰɔɾˁsˁˈqʰɪː] or ''ət-taNGə KoRSKījə'' [ɜ̟t̪ˈt̪ʰæɴɢʌ qʰɔɾˁsˁˈqʰɪːjɜ̟] (''taNGə'' is from Irish ''teanga''); in Irish ''an Chorsacais''). It may also be called ''taNGəTNə'' 'our language'. Its speakers are predominantly Catholic. | |
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| Its premise is "Maltese but with Irish (and secondarily French and Sardinian) instead of Italian", and it's the only Irtan Semitic language that evolved naturally under Celtic influence (Crannish is more Azalic, and Irta Modern Hebrew was revived by Celtic speakers), and the only Irtan Semitic language written in the Latin script. It underwent a spelling reform after using a heavily Irish-based spelling for a long period; it's now much more etymological and uses letters with strikethrough, such as ''ł'', for emphatic consonants, and ''e'' for schwa.
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| : ''dia Γīw; slēM alėkum'' - greeting
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| : ''diaS Mirə Γīw; alėkum slēM'' - reply
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| : ''aLLəh'' - God
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| : ''kəbīR'' - big
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| : ''SəΓīR'' - small
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| : ''u'' - unmarked word for "and"
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| : ''oGəS'' - form of "and" often used between two names (In Irta Corsica, the Tironian et was deferentially written out as ''ocus'' when between two names of saints, God etc.)
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| :: ''ejsə oGəS Mirə'' = Jesus and Mary
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| :: ''f'isəm əl-misēr oGəS əl-ibən oGəS əR-Ruah Guddus'' = in the name of the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit
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| :: ''ānə oGəS Dahī'' = Áine and Daithí
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| : ''əR-RəNDōn'' = Lent
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| : ''Rī'' = king
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| : ''SaZW'' = Sadhbh (broad dh = Z is a Corsican Irish conservatism lost in other Irish dialects)
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| == History ==
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| Corsica was ruled by Muslim Arabs (7th c. - 10th c.), then by the Irish (10th c. - 16th c.), then the French (16th c. - 19th c. Ireland ceded it to France when it was being threatened by Remonitionists and the Hivantish), then the Azalic English (19th c. - 20th c.). Corsica gained independence from the Azalic English in 1954.
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| Corsican Arabic evolved from a fictional vernacular Arabic variety which has the following features:
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| * qāf is unaspirated [q], sometimes voiced.
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| * Zā' and Dād are both [z{{phar}}~ð{{phar}}].
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| * hamza is retained.
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| * has imāla
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| ** ā from 3ayn loss causes ā > ō after emphatics
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| == Phonology == | | == Phonology == |
| Corsican Arabic has an almost complete set of emphatic (realized as pharyngealization)-nonemphatic pairs, formed from both native emphatic consonants (Classical Arabic T D S Z q became D Z S Z G) and borrowed Irish vocabulary. This article represents emphatic consonants with capitalized letters.
| | * vowels: {{angbr|''w oo''}} /ə ã/ |
| {|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" | | * consonants: {{angbr|''q m k''}} /ʔ m k~h/ |
| |-
| | * tone letters are used at the end of syllables: {{angbr|''-b -0 -x -s -t -j -v -g -d -z -l''}} /˥ ˧ ˩˧ ˩ ˨˩ˀ ˥˧ ˨˦ ˧˩̤ ˨˩˨ ˧˦˧ ˧˩/ |
| |+'''Consonant phonemes in Corsican Arabic'''
| | The -0 tone only occurs in function words and affixes. |
| !rowspan="2" colspan="2"|
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| !colspan="2" | Labial
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| !colspan="2" | Dental/Alveolar
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| !rowspan="2" | Postalveolar
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| !colspan="2" | Dorsal
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| !rowspan="2" | Glottal
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| |-
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| ! <small>plain</small>
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| ! <small>phar.</small>
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| ! <small>plain</small>
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| ! <small>phar.</small>
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| ! <small>plain</small>
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| ! <small>phar.</small>
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| |-
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| !colspan="2"| Nasal
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| | '''m''' m || '''M''' mˁ | |
| | '''n''' n̪ || '''N''' n̪ˁ
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| | [ŋ]
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| | [ɴ]
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| |-
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| !rowspan="2" | Stop
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| !<small>aspirated</small>
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| | '''p''' pʰ || '''P''' pˁʰ | |
| | '''t''' t̪ʰ || '''T''' t̪ˁʰ
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| | '''k''' k̟ʰ
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| | '''K''' q̟ʰ
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| |rowspan=2|'''2''' ʔ
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| |-
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| !<small>unaspirated</small>
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| | '''b''' b || '''B''' bˁ
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| | '''d''' d̪ || '''D''' d̪ˁ
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| | '''g''' ɡ̟
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| | '''G''' ɢ̟
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| |-
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| !rowspan="2"|Fricative
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| !<small>voiceless</small>
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| | '''f''' φ || '''F''' φˁ
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| | '''s''' s || '''S''' sˁ
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| | '''š''' ʃ
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| | '''x''' x̟ || '''X''' χ̟
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| | '''h''' h
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| |-
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| !<small>voiced</small>
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| | '''w''' β || '''W''' wˁ
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| | '''z''' z || '''Z''' zˁ~ðˁ
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| | '''j''' j || '''Γ''' ʁ̟
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| |-
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| !colspan=2| Trill
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| | '''r''' r || '''R''' rˁ
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| |-
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| !colspan=2| Lateral
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| | '''l''' l || '''L''' l̪ˁ
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| |}
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| voicing distinction in stops is realized like in Irish; w = [β̞], [β] before vowels
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| t d T D n N L are dental
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| word-final nonemphatic consonants are slightly palatalized (relic of -i endings?): ''walid'' 'child' /βalid/ [βælid̪ʲ].
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| Clusters may not follow bwb sws in native words or with Irish words put into Arabic patterns. Irish broad and slender consonants are borrowed as emphatic and nonemphatic consonants, respectively (unless possibly after a stressed syllable, where they're subject to emphasis/nonemphasis spreading).
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| Emphatic aspirated stops are aspirated less strongly than non-emphatic aspirated stops; unaspirated emphatic stops are more fully voiced than unaspirated nonemphatic stops.
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| has a similar vowel inventory to Irish, with short /u/ (retained from Classical Arabic) realized as [y] after nonemphatic consonants and with more vowels from lost ayin
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| a i o u ə ā ē ī ō ū ė əj əw aj aw ea oa ia ua
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| a is [æ] after nonemphatics, [ɑ] after emphatics
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| o is [o] after nonemphatics, [ɔ] after emphatics
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| i is [i] after nonemphatics, [ɪ] after emphatics
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| u is [ʏ] after nonemphatics, [ʊ] after emphatics
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| unstressed a is [ɐ], unstressed ə is [ʌ] after an emphatic and [ɜ̟] after a nonemphatic
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| == Morphology == | | == Morphology == |
| should extract consonantal roots from Irish words
| | Most Qwbmwdqwg roots are tritonal. Some roots in the qwT<sub>1</sub>mwT<sub>2</sub>kwT<sub>3</sub> verb stem: |
| === Pronouns === | | * ''qw'''l'''mw'''b'''kw'''j''''' = to preside |
| * inə, int, hu(wə), hi(jə), nahnə, intum, hum | | * ''qw'''b'''mw'''d'''kw'''g''''' = to speak |
| | * ''qw'''x'''mw'''b'''kw'''b''''' = to hear |
| | * ''qw'''j'''mw'''g'''kw'''d''''' = to see |
| | * ''qw'''b'''mw'''x'''kw'''s''''' = to eat |
| | * ''qw'''z'''mw'''x'''kw'''v''''' = to drink |
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| | Some roots are bitonal: |
| | * ''qw'''x'''kw'''j''''' 'to stand' |
| | * ''qw'''s'''kw'''s''''' 'to go, to walk' |
| | * ''qw'''b'''kw'''x''''' 'to fly' |
| === Nouns === | | === Nouns === |
| sound plurals: m. -0 > -īn, f. -ə > -ēh/ōh/ijēh;
| | The plural marker is ''-qoob'': ''mw'''b'''kw'''x''''' 'bird', ''mw'''b'''kw'''x'''qoob'' 'birds'. |
| | | ==== Patterns ==== |
| m. pl. const. -ė
| | (b-j-v 'to do' is used as the placeholder root) |
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| f. sg. const. -ət/-t (''Gījə'' 'prayer' -> ''Gījət'' 'prayer of', ''Gījəti'' 'my prayer'); f. pl. const. -ēt/-ōt
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| emphasis spreading to the syllables after a posttonic emphatic
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| * Gījə 'prayer', Gījəti 'my prayer'; Gījətuh 'his prayer'
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| * taNGə 'language', taNGəTi 'my language'; taNGəTuh 'his language'; taNGijēh 'languages'
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| * baNəXT 'blessing; to bless', bəNōWiX 'blessings'?
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| todo: broken plurals
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| article əl- (moon) or əC- (sun); sun letters D d Z z T t L l N n S s R r š
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| sg and sound pl fem possessives: -i -ək -uh -hə -nə -kum -hum
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| sound pl masc possessives: -ejjə -ėk -ėh -ėhə -ėnə -ėkum -ėhum
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| irish -ə nouns are borrowed as feminine -ə
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| head-marked (house.CONST DEF-king, house-3SG.M DEF-king) or double-marked possessives (house-SG.M DAT DEF-king)
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| === Adjectives === | |
| all adjectives have the same declension: -0 -ə -īn -āh. Inanimate plurals are treated as sg fem
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| === Verbs === | | === Verbs === |
| retain passive binyanim as impersonal; maSdars work like Irish verbnouns
| | {| class="wikitable" |
| | | |+ ''qwlmwlkwd'' 'to sleep' |
| Gzarot split based on emphatic/nonemphatic, then simplification
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| ==== Irish verbs ====
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| Loan verb paradigm based on loaned Irish -aigh verbs (partly fitted to native 3-y verbs)
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| {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;" | |
| |+ Weak verb conjugation: ''aDWə'' 'he admitted, confessed' | |
| ! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
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| ! style="width: 75px; " | 1sg
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| ! style="width: 75px; " | 2sg
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| ! style="width: 75px; " | 3sg.m
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| ! style="width: 75px; " | 3sg.f
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| ! style="width: 75px; " | 1pl
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| ! style="width: 75px; " | 2pl
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| ! style="width: 75px; " | 3pl
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| |- | | |- |
| ! past; conditional | | ! Person !! Non-past !! Past/Stative |
| | ''aDWėt inə''
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| | ''aDWėt int''
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| | ''áDWə hu''
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| | ''áDWəT hi''
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| | ''áDWėnə''
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| | ''áDWė́tum''
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| | ''áDWəw hum''
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| |- | | |- |
| ! non-past | | ! 1sg |
| | ''áDWi inə'' | | || ''qoolmwlqwd'' || ''qwlkwlqoodqoox'' |
| | ''táDWi int''
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| | '''' | |
| | ''nan wymydrasi'' | |
| | ''aþøm wymydrasi''
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| | ''høm wymydrasi'' | |
| |- | | |- |
| ! present progressive | | ! 2sg |
| | ''nėx lu wymydrasi'' | | || ''koolmwlqwd'' || ''qwlkwlqoodkwt'' |
| | ''aþ/eþ lu wymydrasi''
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| | ''hu/hi lu wymydrasi'' | |
| | ''nan lu wymydrasi'' | |
| | ''aþøm lu wymydrasi''
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| | ''høm lu wymydrasi'' | |
| |- | | |- |
| ! present subjunctive | | ! 3sg |
| | ''nėx ymydrasan'' | | || ''moolmwlqwd'' || ''qwlkwlqood'' |
| | ''aþ/eþ ymydrasan''
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| | ''hu/hi mydrasan'' | |
| | ''nan mydrasan'' | |
| | ''aþøm mydrasun''
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| | ''høm mydrasun'' | |
| |- | | |- |
| ! future | | ! 1pl |
| | ''nėx bė mydrasėþ'' | | || ''qoolmwlqood'' || ''qwlkwlqoodqoov'' |
| | ''aþ bė mydrasėþ''
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| | ''hu bė mydrasėþ'' | |
| | ''nėbu mydrasėþ'' | |
| | ''aþøm bė mydrasėþ''
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| | ''høm bė mydrasėþ'' | |
| |- | | |- |
| ! perfect | | ! 2pl |
| | ''li mømydrasa'' | | || ''koolmwlqood'' || ''qwlkwlqoodkoov'' |
| | ''lax/lex mømydrasa''
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| | ''lau/la mømydrasa'' | |
| | ''lanė mømydrasa'' | |
| | ''laxøm mømydrasa''
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| | ''laum mømydrasa'' | |
| |- | | |- |
| ! imperative | | ! 3pl |
| |colspan=6| ''mydrasi!'' | | || ''moolmwlqood'' || ''qwlkwlqoodmooj'' |
| |- | | |- |
| ! active participle | | ! Participle |
| |colspan=6| ''mømydrasė'' | | |colspan=2| ''moolqwlqwd'' |
| |- | | |- |
| ! passive participle | | ! Verbal noun |
| |colspan=6| ''mydrasa'' | | |colspan=2| ''qwlmwlkwd'' |
| |-
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| ! w-form
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| |colspan=6| ''wymydrasi''
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| |-
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| ! infinitive
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| |colspan=6| ''mydrasėþ''
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| |} | | |} |
| ==== Newer loan verbs ====
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| === Prepositions === | | ==== Patterns ==== |
| frė = against? frejjə, frėk, frėh, frėhə, frėnə, frėkum, frėhum
| | (b-j-v 'to do' is used as the placeholder root) |
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| alə = on; alejjə, alėk, ...
| | Need nif3al and hif3il |
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| mijejn 'about' (~ Scottish Gaelic mu dheidhinn): mijejni, mijejnək, mijejnih, mijejnhə, mijejnnə, mijejnkum, mijejnhum
| | === Pronouns === |
| | No subject pronouns |
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| fī is matched to faoi sometimes
| | Pronominal affixes: todo |
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| === Numerals === | | == Syntax == |
| wēhəd, tnėn, tlētə, aRBa, hamsə, sittə, saba, tmēnjə, disa, āšRə
| | === Word order === |
| | Stolen from Lushootseed: predicate-first clauses and determiner-based noun phrases |
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| 2awwəl, tēni, tēlit, RōBa, hāmis, sētit, sēba, tmēni, dēsa, āšir
| | === Noun phrases === |
| | Noun phrases acting as constituents rather than as predicates need the determiner ''qw'': |
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| == Syntax == | | : Compare: |
| Irish/Gàidhlig relex; VSO and verbnouns whose possessors are direct objects. Even more Irishy than Irta Modern Hebrew; grammar-wise it's the most Irishy Irtan Semlang.
| | :''Qw'''d'''kw'''l'''qw'''b''' qw qw'''b'''mw'''d'''qw'''g'''.'' |
| | : Qwbmwdqwg is easy. |
| | :''Qw'''b'''mw'''d'''qw'''g''' kwt. Qoo Kwskwskwskws kwt.'' |
| | : This is Qwbmwdqwg. And this is Quququqquq. |
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| | === Emphasis === |
| | The emphatic pronoun is ''koo'' in all persons and numbers. It serves the same role as Irish emphatic forms. |
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| == Texts ==
| | * ''qoo'''s'''mw'''s''''' 'I go' |
| === The Lord's Prayer ===
| | * ''qoo'''s'''mw'''s''' koo'' / ''koo qoo'''s'''mw'''s''''' '<i>I</i> go' |
| called ''əl-Padir'' or ''əl-misērnə''
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| [[Category:Semitic languages]] | | [[Category:Conlangs]] |
| | [[Category:Angai]] |