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| : [[Corsican Arabic/Lexicon]]
| | {{List subpages}} |
| | | '''Qwbmwdqwg''' /ʔə˥mə˨˩˨ʔə˧˩̤/ is a tritonal root language. |
| {{Infobox language | |
| |creator = [[User:IlL|Inthar]]
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| |nativename = əl-KoRSəKi; taNGəTNə
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| |image =
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| |setting = [[Verse:Irta]]
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| |name = Corsican Arabic
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| |pronunciation = ɜ̟lˈqʰɔɾˁsʌqʰɪ
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| |states = Corsica
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| |speakers =
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| |script = Latin
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| |date =
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| |familycolor=afroasiatic
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| |fam1=Afro-Asiatic
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| |fam2=Semitic
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| |fam3=Central Semitic
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| |fam4=Arabic
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| |fam5=Irta Maghrebi Arabic
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| }} | |
| | |
| '''Corsican Arabic''' is an Irish-influenced Arabic variety spoken in the [[Verse:Irta|Irta]] timeline's Corsica (natively ''əl-KoRSəKə'' [ɜ̟lˈqʰɔɾˁsʌqʰʌ], Irta Irish ''an Chorsac''). In Irta it's called Corsican (natively ''əl-KoRSəKi'' [ɜ̟lˈqʰɔɾˁsʌqʰɪ] or ''ət-taNGə KoRSəKījə'' [ɜ̟t̪ˈt̪ʰæɴɢʌ qʰɔɾˁsʌˈqʰɪːjɜ̟] (''taNGə'' is from Irish ''teanga''); in Irish ''an Chorsacais''). It may also be called ''taNGəTNə'' 'our language'. Its speakers are predominantly Catholic and usually also speak English and French. | |
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| Its premise is "Maltese but with Irish (and secondarily French and Sardinian) instead of Italian", and it's the only Irtan Semitic language that evolved naturally under Celtic influence (Crannish is more Azalic, and Irta Modern Hebrew was revived by Celtic speakers), and the only Irtan Semitic language written in the Latin script (which is different from the one used on this page)
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| == History ==
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| Corsica was ruled by Muslim Arabs (7th c. - 10th c.), then by the Irish (10th c. - 16th c.), then the French (16th c. - 19th c. Ireland ceded it to France when it was being threatened by Remonitionists and the Hivantish), then the Azalic English (19th c. - 20th c.). Corsica gained independence from the Azalic English in 1954.
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| The first text in Corsican Arabic is dated to 1515.
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| Corsican Arabic evolved from a fictional vernacular Arabic variety which has the following features:
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| * qāf and Tā' are unaspirated, sometimes voiced.
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| * Zā' and Dād are both [z{{phar}}~ð{{phar}}].
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| * hamza is retained.
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| * has imāla after nonemphatics
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| ** new ā from 3ayn loss (same condition as Maltese ghá and ágh) causes old ā > ō after emphatics
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| ** The combination of imāla and Irish borrowing has resulted in two archiphonemes: Ē (Classical ā), Ā (Middle Irish á) (ē and ā respectively after nonemphatics; both become ō after emphatics after ayin loss and ā after historical emphatics)
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| *** Some analogical leveling happens, though, which collapses some occurrences to invariable /ē ā ō/
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| == Phonology == | | == Phonology == |
| Corsican Arabic has an almost complete set of emphatic (realized as pharyngealization)-nonemphatic pairs, formed from both native emphatic consonants (Classical Arabic T D S Z q became D Z S Z G) and borrowed Irish vocabulary. This article represents emphatic consonants with capitalized letters.
| | * vowels: {{angbr|''w oo''}} /ə ã/ |
| {|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" | | * consonants: {{angbr|''q m k''}} /ʔ m k~h/ |
| |-
| | * tone letters are used at the end of syllables: {{angbr|''-b -0 -x -s -t -j -v -g -d -z -l''}} /˥ ˧ ˩˧ ˩ ˨˩ˀ ˥˧ ˨˦ ˧˩̤ ˨˩˨ ˧˦˧ ˧˩/ |
| |+'''Consonant phonemes in Corsican Arabic'''
| | The -0 tone only occurs in function words and affixes. |
| !rowspan="2" colspan="2"|
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| !colspan="2" | Labial
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| !colspan="2" | Dental/Alveolar
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| !rowspan="2" | Postalveolar
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| !colspan="2" | Dorsal
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| !rowspan="2" | Glottal
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| |-
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| ! <small>plain</small>
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| ! <small>phar.</small>
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| ! <small>plain</small>
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| ! <small>phar.</small>
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| ! <small>plain</small>
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| ! <small>phar.</small>
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| |-
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| !colspan="2"| Nasal
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| | '''m''' m || '''M''' mˁ | |
| | '''n''' n̪ || '''N''' n̪ˁ
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| | [ŋ]
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| | [ɴ]
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| |-
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| !rowspan="2" | Stop
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| !<small>aspirated</small>
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| | '''p''' pʰ || '''P''' pˁʰ | |
| | '''t''' t̪ʰ || '''T''' t̪ˁʰ
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| | '''k''' k̟ʰ
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| | '''K''' q̟ʰ
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| |rowspan=2|'''2''' ʔ
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| |-
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| !<small>unaspirated</small>
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| | '''b''' b || '''B''' bˁ
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| | '''d''' d̪ || '''D''' d̪ˁ
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| | '''g''' ɡ̟
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| | '''G''' ɢ̟
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| |-
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| !rowspan="2"|Fricative
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| !<small>voiceless</small>
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| | '''f''' φ || '''F''' φˁ
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| | '''s''' s || '''S''' sˁ
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| | '''š''' ʃ
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| | '''x''' x̟ || '''X''' χ̟
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| | '''h''' h
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| |-
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| !<small>voiced</small>
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| | '''w''' β || '''W''' wˁ
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| | '''z''' z || '''Z''' zˁ~ðˁ
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| | '''ž''' ʒ
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| | '''j''' j || '''Γ''' ʁ̟
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| |-
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| !colspan=2| Trill
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| | '''r''' r || '''R''' rˁ
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| |-
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| !colspan=2| Lateral
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| | '''l''' l || '''L''' l̪ˁ
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| |}
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| voicing distinction in stops is realized like in Irish; w = [β̞], [β] before vowels
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| t d T D n N L are dental
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| word-final nonemphatic consonants are slightly palatalized (relic of -i endings?): ''walid'' 'child' /βalid/ [βælid̪ʲ].
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| Clusters may not follow bwb sws in native words or with Irish words put into Arabic patterns. Irish broad and slender consonants are borrowed as emphatic and nonemphatic consonants, respectively (unless possibly after a stressed syllable, where they're subject to emphasis/nonemphasis spreading).
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| Emphatic aspirated stops are aspirated less strongly than non-emphatic aspirated stops; unaspirated emphatic stops are more fully voiced than unaspirated nonemphatic stops.
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| has a similar vowel inventory to Irish, with short /u/ (retained from Classical Arabic) realized as [y] after nonemphatic consonants and with more vowels from lost ayin
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| a e i o u ə ā ē ī ō ū ė əj əw aj aw ea oa ia ua
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| a is [æ] after nonemphatics, [ɑ] after emphatics
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| o is [o] after nonemphatics, [ɔ] after emphatics
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| i is [i] after nonemphatics, [ɪ] after emphatics
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| u is [ʏ] after nonemphatics, [ʊ] after emphatics
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| unstressed a is similar to stressed a; unstressed ə is [ʌ] after an emphatic and [ɜ̟] after a nonemphatic
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| Stress is no longer predictable
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| === Minimal pairs ===
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| * n vs. N: ''nahər'' 'river'; ''Nahər'' 'snake': ''Nahər ilmē hu nahər'' 'A river is a snake of water'
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| == Morphology == | | == Morphology == |
| should extract consonantal roots from Irish words
| | Most Qwbmwdqwg roots are tritonal. Some roots in the qwT<sub>1</sub>mwT<sub>2</sub>kwT<sub>3</sub> verb stem: |
| === Pronouns === | | * ''qw'''l'''mw'''b'''kw'''j''''' = to preside |
| * inə, int(ə), hu(wə), hi(jə), nahn(ə), intum, hum | | * ''qw'''b'''mw'''d'''kw'''g''''' = to speak |
| | * ''qw'''x'''mw'''b'''kw'''b''''' = to hear |
| | * ''qw'''j'''mw'''g'''kw'''d''''' = to see |
| | * ''qw'''b'''mw'''x'''kw'''s''''' = to eat |
| | * ''qw'''z'''mw'''x'''kw'''v''''' = to drink |
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| | Some roots are bitonal: |
| | * ''qw'''x'''kw'''j''''' 'to stand' |
| | * ''qw'''s'''kw'''s''''' 'to go, to walk' |
| | * ''qw'''b'''kw'''x''''' 'to fly' |
| === Nouns === | | === Nouns === |
| sound plurals: m. -0 > -īn, f. -ə > -ēh/ōh/ijēh;
| | The plural marker is ''-qoob'': ''mw'''b'''kw'''x''''' 'bird', ''mw'''b'''kw'''x'''qoob'' 'birds'. |
| | | ==== Patterns ==== |
| m. pl. const. -ė
| | (b-j-v 'to do' is used as the placeholder root) |
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| f. sg. const. -ət/-t (''Gījə'' 'prayer' -> ''Gījət'' 'prayer of', ''Gījəti'' 'my prayer'); f. pl. const. -ēt/-ōt
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| emphasis spreading to the syllables after a posttonic emphatic
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| * Gījə 'prayer', Gījəti 'my prayer'; Gījətuh 'his prayer'
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| * taNGə 'language', taNGəTi 'my language'; taNGəTuh 'his language'; taNGijēh 'languages'
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| * baNəXT 'blessing; to bless', bəNōWiX 'blessings'?
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| todo: broken plurals
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| article əl- (moon) or əC- (sun); sun letters D d Z z T t L l N n S s R r š
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| sg and sound pl fem possessives: -i -ək -uh -hə -nə -kum -hum
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| sound pl masc possessives: -ejjə -ėk -ėh -ėhə -ėnə -ėkum -ėhum
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| irish -ə nouns are borrowed as feminine -ə
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| head-marked (house.CONST DEF-king, house-3SG.M DEF-king) or double-marked possessives (house-SG.M DAT DEF-king)
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| === Adjectives === | |
| all adjectives have the same declension: -0 -ə -īn -āh. Inanimate plurals are treated as sg fem
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| === Verbs === | | === Verbs === |
| loan verbs use -əXəZ for VN from MidIr *-aghadh (~ Scottish Gaelic -achadh, Irish -ú)
| | {| class="wikitable" |
| | | |+ ''qwlmwlkwd'' 'to sleep' |
| retain passive binyanim as impersonal; maSdars serve the same grammatical roles as Irish verbnouns
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| Gzarot split based on emphatic/nonemphatic, then simplification
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| negative ma-š sticks to the first (focused) constituent; the unmarked construction is ''máDWi huš'' 'he did not admit' for pronoun subjects, but ''máDWiš šēMəS'' 'Séamus did not admit' for noun subjects.
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| ==== Inherited 3-consonant binyanim ====
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| ==== 4-consonant roots ====
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| {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;" | |
| |+ Irish loan verb conjugation: ''targəm'' 'he translated' (Arabic ''tarjama'') | |
| ! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
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| ! style="width: 75px; " | 1sg
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| ! style="width: 75px; " | 2sg
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| ! style="width: 75px; " | 3sg.m
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| ! style="width: 75px; " | 3sg.f
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| ! style="width: 75px; " | 1pl
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| ! style="width: 75px; " | 2pl
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| ! style="width: 75px; " | 3pl
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| |- | | |- |
| ! past; conditional | | ! Person !! Non-past !! Past/Stative |
| | ''tərgámt inə, tərgám(t)nə''
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| | ''tərgámt int, tərgám(t)int''
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| | ''tárgəm hu''
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| | ''tárgəmət hi''
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| | ''tərgámnə nahn, tərgámnan''
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| | ''tərgámtum, tərgám(t)intum''
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| | ''tárgəmu hum''
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| |- | | |- |
| ! future | | ! 1sg |
| | ''nətárgəminə'' | | || ''qoolmwlqwd'' || ''qwlkwlqoodqoox'' |
| | ''tətárgəmint'' | |
| | ''jətárgəm hu'' | |
| | ''tətárgəm hi''
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| | ''nətárgəmunan''
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| | ''tətárgmintum''
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| | ''jətárgmu hum'' | |
| |- | | |- |
| ! imperative | | ! 2sg |
| | ''-'' | | || ''koolmwlqwd'' || ''qwlkwlqoodkwt'' |
| | ''tárgəm!'' | |
| | ''-'' | |
| | ''-''
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| | ''-''
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| | ''tárgəmu!''
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| | ''-'' | |
| |- | | |- |
| ! passive participle | | ! 3sg |
| |colspan=7| ''mittárgəm'' | | || ''moolmwlqwd'' || ''qwlkwlqood'' |
| |- | | |- |
| ! verbal noun | | ! 1pl |
| |colspan=7| ''tárgəməXəZ''
| | || ''qoolmwlqood'' || ''qwlkwlqoodqoov'' |
| |}
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| ==== Irish verbs ====
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| Loan verb paradigm based on loaned Irish -aigh verbs (partly fitted to native 3-y verbs)
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| usually lenited? (bc past tense)
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| {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
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| |+ Irish loan verb conjugation: ''aDWi'' 'he admitted, confessed' (from ''admhaigh'')
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| ! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
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| ! style="width: 75px; " | 1sg
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| ! style="width: 75px; " | 2sg
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| ! style="width: 75px; " | 3sg.m
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| ! style="width: 75px; " | 3sg.f
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| ! style="width: 75px; " | 1pl
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| ! style="width: 75px; " | 2pl
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| ! style="width: 75px; " | 3pl
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| |-
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| ! past; conditional
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| | ''əDWė́t inə, əDWė́tnə, əDWė́nə''
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| | ''əDWė́t int, əDWė́tint, əDWė́nt''
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| | ''áDWi hu''
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| | ''áDWiT hi''
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| | ''aDWė́nə nahn, aDWė́nan''
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| | ''əDWė́tum, əDWė́ntum''
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| | ''áDWu hum''
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| |-
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| ! future
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| | ''náDWiNə''
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| | ''táDWiNT''
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| | ''jáDWi hu''
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| | ''táDWi hi''
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| | ''náDWuNaN''
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| | ''táDWiNTuM''
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| | ''jáDWu hum''
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| |-
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| ! imperative
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| | ''-''
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| | ''áDWi!''
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| | ''-''
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| | ''-''
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| | ''-''
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| | ''áDWu!''
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| | ''-'' | |
| |-
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| ! passive participle
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| |colspan=7| ''mitáDWi''
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| |- | |
| ! verbal noun
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| |colspan=7| ''áDWəXəZ'' (used in constructions such as ''inə f-áDWəXəZ'' 'I confess') | |
| |}
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| ==== Newer loan verbs ====
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| {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
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| |+ Irish loan verb conjugation: ''maksimízi'' 'he maximized' (from French ''maximiser'')
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| ! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
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| ! style="width: 75px; " | 1sg
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| ! style="width: 75px; " | 2sg
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| ! style="width: 75px; " | 3sg.m
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| ! style="width: 75px; " | 3sg.f
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| ! style="width: 75px; " | 1pl
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| ! style="width: 75px; " | 2pl
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| ! style="width: 75px; " | 3pl
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| |- | | |- |
| ! past; conditional | | ! 2pl |
| | ''maksimizė́t inə, maksimizė́tnə, maksimizė́nə'' | | || ''koolmwlqood'' || ''qwlkwlqoodkoov'' |
| | ''maksimizė́t int, maksimizė́tint, maksimizė́nt'' | |
| | ''maksimízi hu'' | |
| | ''maksimízit hi''
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| | ''maksimizė́nə nahn, maksimizė́nan''
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| | ''maksimizė́tum, maksimizė́ntum''
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| | ''maksimízu hum'' | |
| |- | | |- |
| ! future | | ! 3pl |
| | ''nəmaksimízinə'' | | || ''moolmwlqood'' || ''qwlkwlqoodmooj'' |
| | ''təmaksimízint'' | |
| | ''jəmaksimízi hu'' | |
| | ''təmaksimízi hi''
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| | ''nəmaksimízinan''
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| | ''təmaksimízintum''
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| | ''jəmaksimízu hum'' | |
| |- | | |- |
| ! imperative | | ! Participle |
| | ''-'' | | |colspan=2| ''moolqwlqwd'' |
| | ''maksimízi!''
| |
| | ''-''
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| | ''-''
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| | ''-''
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| | ''maksimízu!''
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| | ''-'' | |
| |- | | |- |
| ! passive participle | | ! Verbal noun |
| |colspan=7| ''maksimizė́''
| | |colspan=2| ''qwlmwlkwd'' |
| |-
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| ! verbal noun
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| |colspan=7| ''maksimízəXəZ'' (used in constructions such as ''inə fi-maksimízəXəZ'' 'I maximize') | |
| |} | | |} |
|
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| === Prepositions === | | ==== Patterns ==== |
| frė = against? frejjə, frėk, frėh, frėhə, frėnə, frėkum, frėhum (that -hə for 3fs really sounds Scottish Gaelic)
| | (b-j-v 'to do' is used as the placeholder root) |
|
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| ālə = on; alejjə, alėk, ...
| | Need nif3al and hif3il |
|
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| mijejn 'about' (~ Scottish Gaelic mu dheidhinn): mijejni, mijejnək, mijejnih, mijejnhə, mijejnnə, mijejnkum, mijejnhum
| | === Pronouns === |
| | No subject pronouns |
|
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| fī is matched to faoi sometimes
| | Pronominal affixes: todo |
|
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| === Numerals === | | == Syntax == |
| wēhəd, tnėn, tlētə, aRBa, hamsə, sittə, saba, tmēnjə, disa, āšRə
| | === Word order === |
| | Stolen from Lushootseed: predicate-first clauses and determiner-based noun phrases |
|
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| 2awwəl, tēni, tēlit, RōBa, hāmis, sētit, sēba, tmēni, dēsa, āšir
| | === Noun phrases === |
| | Noun phrases acting as constituents rather than as predicates need the determiner ''qw'': |
|
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|
| == Syntax ==
| | : Compare: |
| Irish/Gàidhlig relex; VSO and verbnouns whose possessors are direct objects. Even more Irishy than Irta Modern Hebrew; grammar-wise it's the most Irishy Irtan Semlang.
| | :''Qw'''d'''kw'''l'''qw'''b''' qw qw'''b'''mw'''d'''qw'''g'''.'' |
| | : Qwbmwdqwg is easy. |
| | :''Qw'''b'''mw'''d'''qw'''g''' kwt. Qoo Kwskwskwskws kwt.'' |
| | : This is Qwbmwdqwg. And this is Quququqquq. |
|
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| Question particle əl (from hal)
| | === Emphasis === |
| | The emphatic pronoun is ''koo'' in all persons and numbers. It serves the same role as Irish emphatic forms. |
|
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| == Texts ==
| | * ''qoo'''s'''mw'''s''''' 'I go' |
| === The Lord's Prayer ===
| | * ''qoo'''s'''mw'''s''' koo'' / ''koo qoo'''s'''mw'''s''''' '<i>I</i> go' |
| called ''əl-Padir'' or ''əl-misērnə''
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| [[Category:Semitic languages]] | | [[Category:Conlangs]] |
| | [[Category:Angai]] |