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| ==Proto-Talsmic phonology==
| | #redirect [[Hlou-Shum languages]] |
| ===Consonant inventory===
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| {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="greentable lightgreenbg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
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| ! colspan="10"|Proto-Talsmic reconstructed consonants
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| |-
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| ! colspan="2" |
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| ! |Labial
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| ! |Alveolar
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| ! |Lateral
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| ! |Palatal
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| ! |Velar
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| ! |Uvular
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| ! |Glottal
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| |-
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| ! colspan="2" style="" |Nasal
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| | *m
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| | *n
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| |-
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| ! rowspan="3" |Plosive
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| ! |<small>voiceless</small>
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| | *p
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| | *t
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| | *ƛ
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| | *k
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| | *q
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| | *ʔ
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| |-
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| ! |<small>voiced</small>
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| | *b
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| | *d
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| | *λ
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| | *g
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| |-
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| ! |<small>aspirated</small>
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| | *pʰ
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| | *tʰ
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| | *ƛʰ
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| | *kʰ
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| | *qʰ
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| |-
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| ! rowspan="2" style="" |Fricative
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| ! |<small>voiceless</small>
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| | *s
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| | *ł
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| | *h
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| |-
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| ! |<small>voiced</small>
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| | *z
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| | *ḽ
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| |rowspan="2"| *ʁ
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| |-
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| ! colspan="2" |Approximant
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| | *w
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| | *l
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| | *j
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| | |
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| |-
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| ! colspan="2" |Trill
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| | *r
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| |}
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| | |
| ===Vocalic inventory===
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| {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="greentable lightgreenbg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
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| ! style="width: 90px; "|
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| ! style="width: 90px; " |Front
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| ! style="width: 90px; " |Central
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| ! style="width: 90px; " |Back
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| |-
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| ! style="" |Close
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| | *i *ī
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| | *u *ū
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| |-
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| ! style="" |Mid
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| | *e *ē
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| | *o *ō
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| |-
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| ! style="" |Open
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| | *a *ā
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| |}
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| ==Sound changes==
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| #ph, th, ƛh, kh, qh > resp. aspirates
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| #First spirantization:
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| #:qʰ > χ
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| #:pʰ > f
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| #Radicalization:
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| #:q > ʡ
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| #:χ > ħ
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| #Assimilation of dentals:
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| #:ts, ths > ss
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| #:dz, thz > zz > later z
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| #:ƛs > ƛʰ
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| #:ƛz > λ
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| #Some cluster changes:
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| #:tk > kt
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| #:tp, db, kp, gb > tv, dv, kv, gv (should be earlier than PTal?)
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| #:kt, łt, kþ > xt
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| #:pþ > ps
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| #:qt > ħt
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| #Second spirantization:
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| #:tʰ > þ
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| #:kʰ > x
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| #:ƛʰ > ł
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| #:ʔC > C[+long]
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| #C̓ʔ, Ch > Ce usually,
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| #:mʔ, nʔ, lʔ, rʔ > also mp, nt, lt, rt (especially in function morphemes)
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| #:mh, nh, lh, rh > also nf, nþ, lþ, rþ
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| #Loss of laterals (nearly unique to Themsaran?):
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| #:ƛ > ŧ /ts/
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| #:ł > þ
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| #:λ > l, λλ > ld
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| #:ḽ > ð, ḽḽ > lð
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| #Rhotacization:
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| #:z > r / _C[+voiced]
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| #:dl > rl
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| #Epenthetic vowels are added:
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| #:CC[+resonant]# > CyC[+resonant]# and in many functional morphemes. | |
| #w > v (a velarized labiodental approximant)
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| #ʁ / V_V, _C[+coronal] > v (a Themsarian-only sound change)
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| #ʁ otherwise > ʕ
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| #Loss of glottal stop:
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| #*clitic =ʔ becomes final downstep
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| #*vowel contractions: (~ denotes *ʔ or *h)
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| #*''*a~ > ā''
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| #*''*a~e, *ajV *a~i > ae''
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| #*''*aj, a~ī > ai''
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| #*''*a~o, *awV(sometimes), *a~u > ao''
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| #*''*aw, > au (sometimes)''
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| #*''*e~C > eaC''
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| #*''*ej, *ew, *e~ī > ei''
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| #*''*e~u, *e~ū > ju, jū''
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| #*''*ēj > ie''
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| #*''*ē~ > ie (sometimes)''
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| #*''*i~C > ieC''
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| #*''*o~C > oaC''
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| #*''*o~i, oj, u~i, uj > ȳ''
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| #*''*o~ī > oi''
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| #*''*ow > ū''
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| #*''*u~C > uoC''
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| #*''*u~ī > ui''
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| #ʕ > ħ
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| #vv. zz > wv z
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| #:bb, dd, gg > mb, nd, ng; also qq ħħ > q ħ, lengthening previous vowel
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| #Loss of word-final radicals:
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| C[+radical] > a / _#
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