|
|
| (14 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown) |
| Line 1: |
Line 1: |
| ==Proto-Talsmic phonology==
| | #redirect [[Hlou-Shum languages]] |
| ===Consonant inventory===
| |
| {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="greentable lightgreenbg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
| |
| ! colspan="10"|Proto-Talsmic reconstructed consonants
| |
| |-
| |
| ! colspan="2" |
| |
| ! |Labial
| |
| ! |Alveolar
| |
| ! |Lateral
| |
| ! |Palatal
| |
| ! |Velar
| |
| ! |Uvular
| |
| ! |Glottal
| |
| |-
| |
| ! colspan="2" style="" |Nasal
| |
| | *m
| |
| | *n
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan="3" |Plosive
| |
| ! |<small>voiceless</small>
| |
| | *p
| |
| | *t
| |
| | *ƛ
| |
| |
| |
| | *k
| |
| | *q
| |
| | *ʔ
| |
| |-
| |
| ! |<small>voiced</small>
| |
| | *b
| |
| | *d
| |
| | *λ
| |
| |
| |
| | *g
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| ! |<small>aspirated</small>
| |
| | *pʰ
| |
| | *tʰ
| |
| | *ƛʰ
| |
| |
| |
| | *kʰ
| |
| | *qʰ
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan="2" style="" |Fricative
| |
| ! |<small>voiceless</small>
| |
| |
| |
| | *s
| |
| | *ł
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| | *h
| |
| |-
| |
| ! |<small>voiced</small>
| |
| |
| |
| | *z
| |
| | *ḽ
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |rowspan="2"| *ʁ
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| ! colspan="2" |Approximant
| |
| | *w
| |
| |
| |
| | *l
| |
| | *j
| |
| |
| |
| | |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| ! colspan="2" |Trill
| |
| |
| |
| | *r
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| ===Vocalic inventory===
| |
| {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="greentable lightgreenbg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
| |
| ! style="width: 90px; "|
| |
| ! style="width: 90px; " |Front
| |
| ! style="width: 90px; " |Central
| |
| ! style="width: 90px; " |Back
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="" |Close
| |
| | *i *ī
| |
| |
| |
| | *u *ū
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="" |Mid
| |
| | *e *ē
| |
| |
| |
| | *o *ō
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="" |Open
| |
| |
| |
| | *a *ā
| |
| |
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| ==Sound changes==
| |
| #''*ph *th *ƛh *kh *qh'' > resp. aspirates
| |
| #First spirantization:
| |
| #:''*qʰ > *χ''
| |
| #:''*pʰ > *f''
| |
| #Radicalization:
| |
| #:''*q > *ʡ''
| |
| #:''*χ > *ħ''
| |
| #Assimilation of dentals:
| |
| #:''*ts *ths'' > *ss'' | |
| #:''*dz *thz'' > ''*zz'' > later ''*z''
| |
| #:''*ƛs > *ƛʰ''
| |
| #:''*ƛz > λ''
| |
| #Some cluster changes:
| |
| #:''*tk > *kt''
| |
| #:''*tp *db *kp *gb > *tw *dw *kw *gw'' (should be earlier than PTal?)
| |
| #:''*kt *łt *kþ'' > ''*xt''
| |
| #:''*pþ'' > ''*ps''
| |
| #:''*ʡt'' > ''*ħt''
| |
| #Second spirantization:
| |
| #:tʰ > þ
| |
| #:kʰ > x
| |
| #:ƛʰ > ł
| |
| #:ʔC > C[+long]
| |
| #C̓ʔ, Ch > Ce usually,
| |
| #:mʔ, nʔ, lʔ, rʔ > also mp, nt, lt, rt (especially in function morphemes)
| |
| #:mh, nh, lh, rh > also nf, nþ, lþ, rþ
| |
| #Loss of laterals (nearly unique to Themsaran?):
| |
| #:ƛ > ŧ /ts/
| |
| #:ł > þ
| |
| #:λ > l, λλ > ld
| |
| #:ḽ > ð, ḽḽ > lð
| |
| #Rhotacization:
| |
| #:z > r / _C[+voiced]
| |
| #:dl > rl
| |
| #Epenthetic vowels are added:
| |
| #:CC[+resonant]# > CyC[+resonant]# and in many functional morphemes.
| |
| #w > v (a velarized labiodental approximant)
| |
| #ʁ / V_V, _C[+coronal] > v (a Themsarian-only sound change)
| |
| #ʁ otherwise > ʕ
| |
| #Loss of glottal stop:
| |
| #*clitic =ʔ becomes final downstep
| |
| #*vowel contractions: (~ denotes *ʔ or *h)
| |
| #*''*a~ > ā''
| |
| #*''*a~e, *ajV *a~i > ae''
| |
| #*''*aj, a~ī > ai''
| |
| #*''*a~o, *awV(sometimes), *a~u > ao''
| |
| #*''*aw, > au (sometimes)''
| |
| #*''*e~C > eaC''
| |
| #*''*ej, *ew, *e~ī > ei''
| |
| #*''*e~u, *e~ū > ju, jū''
| |
| #*''*ēj > ie''
| |
| #*''*ē~ > ie (sometimes)''
| |
| #*''*i~C > ieC''
| |
| #*''*o~C > oaC''
| |
| #*''*o~i, oj, u~i, uj > ȳ''
| |
| #*''*o~ī > oi''
| |
| #*''*ow > ū''
| |
| #*''*u~C > uoC''
| |
| #*''*u~ī > ui''
| |
| #''*ʕ'' > ''*ħ''
| |
| #''*vv, *zz'' > ''*wv *z''
| |
| #:''*bb *dd *gg'' > *mb *nd *ng''; also ''*ʡʡ *ħħ'' > ''*ʡ *ħ'', lengthening previous vowel
| |
| #C[+radical] > ''*a'' / _#
| |
| | |
| ==Classical Themsarian phonology==
| |
| ===Consonant inventory===
| |
| {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
| |
| ! colspan="9"|Consonants
| |
| |-
| |
| ! colspan="2" |
| |
| ! |Labial
| |
| ! |Dental
| |
| ! |Alveolar
| |
| ! |Palatal
| |
| ! |Velar
| |
| ! |Radical
| |
| ! |Glottal
| |
| |-
| |
| ! colspan="2" style="" |Nasal
| |
| | '''m''' /m/
| |
| |colspan="2"| '''n''' /n/
| |
| |
| |
| | <span style="color:gray;">'''n''' [ŋ]</span>
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan="2" |Plosive
| |
| ! |<small>voiceless</small>
| |
| | '''p''' /p/
| |
| |colspan="2"| '''t''' /t/
| |
| |
| |
| | '''c''' /k/
| |
| | '''q''' /ʡ/
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| ! |<small>voiced</small>
| |
| | '''b''' /b/
| |
| |colspan="2"| '''d''' /d/
| |
| |
| |
| | '''g''' /g/
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan="2" style="" |Fricative
| |
| ! |<small>voiceless</small>
| |
| | '''f''' /f/
| |
| | '''th''' /θ/
| |
| | '''s''' /s/
| |
| |
| |
| |rowspan="2"| '''ch''' /x~ɣ/
| |
| | '''ħ''' /ħ~ʜ/
| |
| |rowspan="2" | '''h''' /h~ɦ/
| |
| |-
| |
| ! |<small>voiced</small>
| |
| |
| |
| | '''ð''' /ð/
| |
| | '''z''' /z/
| |
| |
| |
| | <span style="color:gray;">'''q''' [ʕ~ʢ]</span>
| |
| |-
| |
| ! colspan="2" |Affricate
| |
| |
| |
| |colspan="3"| '''ŧ''' /t̪s̪~ts~tɕ~tʃ/
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| ! colspan="2" |Approximant
| |
| | '''v''' /ʋˠ/
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| | '''j''' /j/
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| ! colspan="2" |Trill
| |
| |
| |
| |colspan="2"| '''r''' /r/
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| ! colspan="2" |Lateral app.
| |
| |
| |
| |colspan="2"| '''l''' /l/
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| ===Vocalic inventory===
| |
| {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
| |
| ! rowspan="2" style="width: 90px; "|
| |
| ! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |Front
| |
| ! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |Central
| |
| ! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |Back
| |
| |-
| |
| !style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
| |
| !style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
| |
| !style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
| |
| !style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
| |
| !style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
| |
| !style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="" |Close
| |
| | '''i''' /i/
| |
| | '''ī''' /iː/
| |
| | '''y''' /ʉ̜/
| |
| | '''ȳ''' /ʉ̜ː/
| |
| | '''u''' /u/
| |
| | '''ū''' /uː/
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="" |Mid
| |
| | '''e''' /e̞/
| |
| | '''ē''' /e̞ː/
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| | '''o''' /o̞/
| |
| | '''ō''' /o̞ː/
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="" |Open
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| | '''a''' /a/
| |
| | '''ā''' /aː/
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |}
| |