Flei/Old draft: Difference between revisions

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'''Ciêng''' (''nă rhòb Chiểng'' from ''*nàs ròbàs cìhéŋàs'') is a classical language of [[Verse:Méich Bhaonnáiqh]].
'''{{PAGENAME}}''' (''nə rhọb {{PAGENAME}}'' from ''*nàh ròpàh qéqèpàh'') is a classical language of ___. It's inspired by Old Irish, Tiberian Hebrew, and Vietnamese.


Inspirations: Vietnamese, Old Irish, Tiberian Hebrew, Maltese (and Hmong?)
== Phonology ==
== Phonology ==
p t c k kħ q = /p t k q {{qeth}} ʔ/; ph th ch kh ħ = /f θ x χ ħ/
b d g għ q = /p t k {{qeth}} ʔ/;  


m n ng; mh nh ngh = /m n ŋ; v{{nas}} (lenis n) (lenis ŋ)/
aspirated stops p t c k kħ;
 
Spirants f θ x xħ ħ = /f θ x χ ħ/
 
m n ŋ; ṁ ṅ ŋ̇ = /m n ŋ; v{{nas}} (lenis n) (lenis ŋ)/


x s h = /ɬ ʃ h/
x s h = /ɬ ʃ h/


b ƀ đ d y g ǥ għ = /v pˁ tˁ ð y ɣ (Eevo L) ayin/
b ƀ đ d y g ǥ = /v b(impl) d(impl) ð j ɣ (Eevo L)/
 
r l rh /r l (flap)/


r l /r l/
hm hn hng hr voiceless resonants


i ê e a o ô u = /i e ɛ a ɔ o u/; ă = shva na; ĕ = ultrashort e; ie uo
i ê e a o ô u = /i e ɛ a ɔ o u/; ă = shva na; ĕ = ultrashort e; iê uô


Ultrashort vowels cannot carry independent tones
Ultrashort vowels cannot carry independent tones


tones: mid high low rising nga nang
tones: a á à ả ã ạ (mid~falling high low rising~dipping nga nang)
 
has lenition, lateralization and h-prothesis~aspiration mutations
=== Mutations ===
=== Mutations ===
# Lenition: m n ng p t c k kħ s v l r -> mh ng ngh b d y g għ h 0 l r
# Lenition: m n ŋ p t c k kħ s v l r -> ṁ ṅ ŋ̇ b d y g għ h 0 l rh
# L-coloring: m n ng p t c k kħ s v l r -> ƀ l ng ƀ đ ǥ ǥ għ x l l r
# L-coloring: m n ŋ p t c k kħ s v l r -> m l ŋ ƀ đ ǥ ǥ għ x l l r
# Aspiration: m n ng p t c k kħ s v l r -> m n ng ph th ch kh ħ s ph x rh
# Aspiration: m n ŋ p t c k kħ s v l r -> hm hn hŋ ph th ch kh ħ s ph x hr


== Proto-language ==
== Proto-language ==
5 vowels: i e a o u, each syllable had high and low tones
5 vowels: i e a o u; each mora had high and low tones


allowed syllables: CV, CVn, CVs, CVl (CVnC becomes CV(sokuon)C as in Hebrew)
allowed syllables: CV, CVn, CVh, CVl (CVnC becomes CV(sokuon)C as in Hebrew)


Todo: Stress patterns for construct nouns and dependent verbs
Todo: Stress patterns for construct nouns and dependent verbs


Consonants: m n ŋ p t c k q 2 s w l r y /m n ŋ p t k q{{adv}} q{{ret}} ʔ ʃ w l r j/
Consonants: m n ŋ p t c k q 2 s w l r y /m n ŋ p t k q{{adv}} q{{ret}} ʔ ʃ w l r j/
Tone reflexes (' denotes stress):
(these occur by moras with long vowels counting as 2 moras): 'á > á; 'à > à; 'á.á > ã; 'á.à > a; 'à.á > ả; 'à.à > ạ (This occurs before syncope)
umlaut like in OIr


== Morphology ==
== Morphology ==
Old Irish-style independent-dependent verbal allomorphy, which includes tone changes (the proto-stage had level tones and was predominantly CV, with geminates, nC and sC clusters. tones in reduced syllables leave a mark on the stressed syllable, making tones more complex)
=== Nouns ===
Nouns fall into 3 genders (human, animate and inanimate) and inflect for number (sg, du, pl) and case (abs erg gen lat loc voc). Possessed forms have unpredictable stems and comes from proto-forms that had a different stress pattern than absolute forms. The appropriate 3rd person possessed forms are used like construct state forms in possessive constructions.
 
The locative is used with prepositions to indicate location and is the default prepositional case; when the lative is used the same prepositions indicate destination, and when the ergative is used they indicate "motion from".
 
article nă + various mutations (also relativizer)
==== Possessive prefixes ====
===== Type 1 possession =====
Type 1 possession is somewhat like inalienable possession. It is marked by adding possessive prefixes to the ''dependent'' form of the noun.
* sèmpèŋàrán > sệpŋă-N 'body'
* hísèmpèŋàrán > ispŋăr-N 'my body'
* ŋusèmpèŋàrán > ŋùspŋăr-N 'thy body'
* àsèmpèŋàrán > àspŋăr-N (animate)
* ànsèmpèŋàrán > àspŋăr-N (inanimate)
* láhisèmpèŋàrán > lispŋăr-N 'our body'
* númasèmpèŋàrán > nospŋăr-N 'your body'
* àlsèmpèŋàrán > àxpŋăr-N '3pl's body'
===== Type 2 posssession =====
Type 2 possession is the default possessive strategy. It is marked by adding possessive prefixes to the ''independent'' form of the noun.
 
=== Adjectives ===
Adjectives agree with nouns, def adjectives take the def article (bc Hebrew)
 
=== Verbs ===
Old Irish-style independent-dependent verbal allomorphy, which includes tone changes
 
P{{PAGENAME}} rò.mátse, láh.ràmátse '3sg saves, 3sg does not save' --> ră:más, la:hrảmhăs
 
productive redup
==== Inflection ====
Present tense forms of ''să·kumʰa'' '3sg remembers':
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Person  !! Primitive {{PAGENAME}} !! Underlying form !! {{PAGENAME}} surface form
|-
| 1SG || ''so.kúmpa-sa-t(í), .sòkúmpa-sa-t(í)'' || ''să·kommpṡẻ, ·sủgmbẻ'' || ''să·kumʰẻ, ·sủmmẻ''
|-
| 2SG || ''so·kúmpa-sa-ŋ(u), ·sòkúmpa-sa-ŋ(u)'' || ''să·kommpṡəŋ, ·sủgmbəŋ'' || ''să·kumʰụ, ·sủmmụ''
|-
| 3SG || ''so·kúmpa-sáse, ·sòkúmpa-sáse'' || ''să·kommpṡa, ·sủgmba'' || ''să·kumʰa, ·sủmma''
|-
| 1PL || ''so·kúmpa-sa-lehi, ·sòkúmpa-sa-lehi'' || ''să·kommpṡlə̣j, ·sủgmblə̣j'' || ''să·kumʰlị, ·sủmlị''
|-
| 2PL || ''so·kúmpa-sa-numa, ·sòkúmpa-sa-numa'' || ''să·kommpṡnăm, ·sủgmbnăm'' || ''să·kumʰnăm, ·sủmnăm''
|-
| 3PL || ''so·kúmpa-sa-ro, ·sòkúmpa-sa-ro'' || ''să·kommpṡər, ·sủgmbər'' || ''să·kumʰăr, ·sủmmăr''
|}
 
== Syntax ==
VOS, head-initial


nouns have unpredictable allomorphs as well, worse than TibH construct state (absolute~construct since easy to justify with stress)
question particle să-L

Latest revision as of 23:28, 30 October 2024

Pages with the prefix 'Flei/Old draft' in the and 'Talk' namespaces:

Talk:

Flei/Old draft (nə rhọb Flei/Old draft from *nàh ròpàh qéqèpàh) is a classical language of ___. It's inspired by Old Irish, Tiberian Hebrew, and Vietnamese.

Phonology

b d g għ q = /p t k ʡ ʔ/;

aspirated stops p t c k kħ;

Spirants f θ x xħ ħ = /f θ x χ ħ/

m n ŋ; ṁ ṅ ŋ̇ = /m n ŋ; ṽ (lenis n) (lenis ŋ)/

x s h = /ɬ ʃ h/

b ƀ đ d y g ǥ = /v b(impl) d(impl) ð j ɣ (Eevo L)/

r l rh /r l (flap)/

hm hn hng hr voiceless resonants

i ê e a o ô u = /i e ɛ a ɔ o u/; ă = shva na; ĕ = ultrashort e; iê uô

Ultrashort vowels cannot carry independent tones

tones: a á à ả ã ạ (mid~falling high low rising~dipping nga nang)

Mutations

  1. Lenition: m n ŋ p t c k kħ s v l r -> ṁ ṅ ŋ̇ b d y g għ h 0 l rh
  2. L-coloring: m n ŋ p t c k kħ s v l r -> m l ŋ ƀ đ ǥ ǥ għ x l l r
  3. Aspiration: m n ŋ p t c k kħ s v l r -> hm hn hŋ ph th ch kh ħ s ph x hr

Proto-language

5 vowels: i e a o u; each mora had high and low tones

allowed syllables: CV, CVn, CVh, CVl (CVnC becomes CV(sokuon)C as in Hebrew)

Todo: Stress patterns for construct nouns and dependent verbs

Consonants: m n ŋ p t c k q 2 s w l r y /m n ŋ p t k q̟ q̠ ʔ ʃ w l r j/

Tone reflexes (' denotes stress): (these occur by moras with long vowels counting as 2 moras): 'á > á; 'à > à; 'á.á > ã; 'á.à > a; 'à.á > ả; 'à.à > ạ (This occurs before syncope)

umlaut like in OIr

Morphology

Nouns

Nouns fall into 3 genders (human, animate and inanimate) and inflect for number (sg, du, pl) and case (abs erg gen lat loc voc). Possessed forms have unpredictable stems and comes from proto-forms that had a different stress pattern than absolute forms. The appropriate 3rd person possessed forms are used like construct state forms in possessive constructions.

The locative is used with prepositions to indicate location and is the default prepositional case; when the lative is used the same prepositions indicate destination, and when the ergative is used they indicate "motion from".

article nă + various mutations (also relativizer)

Possessive prefixes

Type 1 possession

Type 1 possession is somewhat like inalienable possession. It is marked by adding possessive prefixes to the dependent form of the noun.

  • sèmpèŋàrán > sệpŋă-N 'body'
  • hísèmpèŋàrán > ispŋăr-N 'my body'
  • ŋusèmpèŋàrán > ŋùspŋăr-N 'thy body'
  • àsèmpèŋàrán > àspŋăr-N (animate)
  • ànsèmpèŋàrán > àspŋăr-N (inanimate)
  • láhisèmpèŋàrán > lispŋăr-N 'our body'
  • númasèmpèŋàrán > nospŋăr-N 'your body'
  • àlsèmpèŋàrán > àxpŋăr-N '3pl's body'
Type 2 posssession

Type 2 possession is the default possessive strategy. It is marked by adding possessive prefixes to the independent form of the noun.

Adjectives

Adjectives agree with nouns, def adjectives take the def article (bc Hebrew)

Verbs

Old Irish-style independent-dependent verbal allomorphy, which includes tone changes

PFlei/Old draft rò.mátse, láh.ràmátse '3sg saves, 3sg does not save' --> ră:más, la:hrảmhăs

productive redup

Inflection

Present tense forms of să·kumʰa '3sg remembers':

Person Primitive Flei/Old draft Underlying form Flei/Old draft surface form
1SG so.kúmpa-sa-t(í), .sòkúmpa-sa-t(í) să·kommpṡẻ, ·sủgmbẻ să·kumʰẻ, ·sủmmẻ
2SG so·kúmpa-sa-ŋ(u), ·sòkúmpa-sa-ŋ(u) să·kommpṡəŋ, ·sủgmbəŋ să·kumʰụ, ·sủmmụ
3SG so·kúmpa-sáse, ·sòkúmpa-sáse să·kommpṡa, ·sủgmba să·kumʰa, ·sủmma
1PL so·kúmpa-sa-lehi, ·sòkúmpa-sa-lehi să·kommpṡlə̣j, ·sủgmblə̣j să·kumʰlị, ·sủmlị
2PL so·kúmpa-sa-numa, ·sòkúmpa-sa-numa să·kommpṡnăm, ·sủgmbnăm să·kumʰnăm, ·sủmnăm
3PL so·kúmpa-sa-ro, ·sòkúmpa-sa-ro să·kommpṡər, ·sủgmbər să·kumʰăr, ·sủmmăr

Syntax

VOS, head-initial

question particle să-L

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