Talsmic languages: Difference between revisions

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[[Proto-Talsmic/Themsarian|Themsárimai: '''Gávthent tálsmiment''']]


The '''Talsmic''' languages are a relatively isolated subbranch of the Zachydic language family; with [[Raxic]] they form the [[Raxo-Talsmic languages|Raxo-Talsmic]] subfamily. They are descended from '''Proto-Talsmic''' ('''PT''' or '''PTal''').
==Phylogeny==
{{clade
  |label1=Raxo-Talsmic|1={{clade|label1=[[Talsmic languages|Proto-Talsmic]]
  |1={{clade
  |label1=Proto-Northwest Talsmic
  |1={{clade
    |1=[[Themsarian|Noble Themsarian]]
    |2=[[Qelorian]]
      }}
  |label2=Proto-Southeast Talsmic
  |2={{clade
    |1=[[Snaħħian]]
      }}
  |3={{clade
    |1=[[Núrian]]
      }}
    }}
|2=[[Ractamic|Ractamic languages]]
    }}}}
==Characteristics==
The historical Talsmic languages have all shared the following characteristics to some extent:
*conversion of a former case system into a system of state distinctions (e.g. definiteness, possessedness, predicative/attributive, generic/specific)
*rigidly head-initial word order
**verb-initial clauses; modern Talsmic languages are topic-prominent and thus have V2 independent clauses and verb-initial dependent clauses.
*heavy grammatical use of pronominal suffixes/enclitics on possessed nouns, verbs and prepositions, that index their dependents
**some descendants eventually creep toward being polysynthetic, supplanting former finite verbs with possessed infinitives/participles of complex compound verbs, and predicative nouns
*[[w:Differential object marking|differential]] indexing of the direct object and the possessor, and occasionally the prepositional object
*grammatical apophony (tonal, vocalic or consonantal)
*word order changes for topicalization and focusing
Characteristic phylogenetic innovations vis-à-vis Zachydic include:
*prominence of tense rather than aspect in verbal TAM, unlike in mainland Zachydic languages.
*Rhotacization of /*z/ to /*r/ / V_V and V_#, and secondary rhotacization (often before consonants, the choice of which depends on the language).
*Development of Proto-Zachydic ejective stops into aspirated stops, which have fricativized in daughter languages.
*Conflation of non-labialized and labialized dorsal stops, and preservation of the velar-uvular distinction.
**Also common is the transition of the uvular series into the radical series; uvulars are still found in some phonetically conservative languages and dialects, however.
*Assibilation of affricates occuring after primary rhotacization (/*cʼ, *c/ > /*s/, /*ʒ/ > /*z/ etc.) greatly reduces the consonant inventory; this also contributes to the fricative-rich flavor of Talsmic.
==Proto-Talsmic phonology==
The following is the Proto-Talsmic sound system as reconstructed by Nūrian Talsmicist Dàzīr pyr Chlī̀sa.
===Consonant inventory===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="greentable lightgreenbg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
! colspan="10"|Proto-Talsmic reconstructed consonants
|-
! colspan="2" |
!  |Labial
!  |Alveolar
!  |Lateral
!  |Palatal
!  |Velar
!  |Uvular
!  |Glottal
|-
! colspan="2" style="" |Nasal
| *m
| *n
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="3" |Plosive
! |<small>voiceless</small>
| *p
| *t
| *ƛ
|
| *k
| *q
| *ʔ
|-
! |<small>voiced</small>
| *b
| *d
| *λ
|
| *g
|
|
|-
! |<small>aspirated</small>
| *pʰ
| *tʰ
| *ƛʰ
|
| *kʰ
| *qʰ
|
|-
! rowspan="2" style="" |Fricative
! |<small>voiceless</small>
|
| *s
| *ł
|
|
|
| *h
|-
! |<small>voiced</small>
|
| *z
| *ḽ
|
|
|rowspan="2"| *ʁ
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Approximant
| *w
|
| *l
| *j
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Trill
|
| *r
|
|
|
|
|
|}
/qʰ/ may have been realized as an affricate, [qχ].
===Vocalic inventory===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="greentable lightgreenbg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 90px; "|
! style="width: 90px; " |Front
! style="width: 90px; " |Central
! style="width: 90px; " |Back
|-
! style="" |Close
| *i *ī
|
| *u *ū
|-
! style="" |Mid
| *e *ē
|
| *o *ō
|-
! style="" |Open
|
| *a *ā
|
|}
The only diphthongs were those that could be considered vowel-[j/w] sequences.
==Proto-Talsmic morphology==
===Nominal morphology===
Nouns and adjectives had retained from Proto-Zachydic 6 cases (nominative, accusative, genitive/prepositional, allative, ablative, locative/instrumental), 3 numbers, 2 genders (masculine, feminine), and additionally possessive inflection for nouns. Like its daughter languages as well as Proto-Zachydic, Common Talsmic is thought to have been a [[w:differential object marking|differential object marking]] language; only definite or specific direct objects were marked with the accusative case.
[Genitive is partitive > indefinite?]
{| class="greentable lightgreenbg" style="width: 550px; text-align: center;"
|+'''Declension'''
!scope="col"|
! colspan="6" scope="col"|''*çúma=ʔ'' 'air'
! colspan="6" scope="col"|''*méisar'' 'segment'
|-
!scope="col"|Gender →
! colspan="6" scope="col"|Masculine
! colspan="6" scope="col"|Feminine
|-
!scope="col"|Case ↓
!colspan="2" scope="col"|Singular
!colspan="2" scope="col"|Dual
!colspan="2" scope="col"|Plural
!colspan="2" scope="col"|Singular
!colspan="2" scope="col"|Dual
!colspan="2" scope="col"|Plural
|-
!scope="col"|Nominative
|colspan="2" scope="col"|''*çúma''
|colspan="2" scope="col"|''*çúmōr''
|colspan="2" scope="col"|''*çúmū''
|colspan="2" scope="col"|''*méisar''
|colspan="2" scope="col"|''*méisoir''
|colspan="2" scope="col"|''*méisāne''
|-
!scope="col"|Accusative
|colspan="2" scope="col"|''*çúmeç''
|colspan="2" scope="col"|''*çúmōç''
|colspan="2" scope="col"|''*çúmūt''
|colspan="2" scope="col"|''*méisaç''
|colspan="2" scope="col"|''*méisoiç''
|colspan="2" scope="col"|''*méisina''
|-
!scope="col"|Genitive/Prepositional
|colspan="2" scope="col"|''*çúmu''
|colspan="2" scope="col"|''*çúmār''
|colspan="2" scope="col"|''*çúmakʰe''
|colspan="2" scope="col"|''*méiset''
|colspan="2" scope="col"|''*méisair''
|colspan="2" scope="col"|''*méis(in)ir''
|-
!scope="col"|Ablative
|colspan="2" scope="col"|''*çúmenʔ''
|colspan="2" scope="col"|
|colspan="2" scope="col"|
|colspan="2" scope="col"|''*méisanʔ''
|colspan="2" scope="col"|
|colspan="2" scope="col"|
|-
!scope="col"|Allative
|colspan="2" scope="col"|
|colspan="2" scope="col"|?
|colspan="2" scope="col"|
|colspan="2" scope="col"|
|colspan="2" scope="col"|
|colspan="2" scope="col"|?
|-
!scope="col"|Instrumental
|colspan="2" scope="col"|''*çúmīl''
|colspan="2" scope="col"|
|colspan="2" scope="col"|
|colspan="2" scope="col"|''*méisai''
|colspan="2" scope="col"|
|colspan="2" scope="col"|
|}
The essive case (''*-ēri'') was marginal, and was only used adverbially (cf. Th. ''-ēr'' adverbial suffix).
Some nouns took the "thematic" suffix/clitic ''*-ʔ'' with an uncertain meaning, a holdover from the classifier system in Proto-Zachydic.
===Pronominal morphology===
Proto-Talsmic free pronouns can be reconstructed with less confidence because all case marking except as clitics and suffixes was eliminated.
====Full personal pronouns====
====Possessive suffixes====
===Verbal morphology===
====Tense====
The Proto-Talsmic verbal system has converted the pre-existing aspect-based perfective/imperfective dichotomy into a time-based one (past/non-past). The irregularity of the past system is probably a result of conflation of many different parent aspect systems.
====Aspect====
The following aspect suffixes can be reconstructed:
*prospective ''*-eh-''
*inceptive ''*-lʁa-''
*cessative ''*-mbe-''
====Mood====
Proto-Talsmic has kept many moods intact (imperative, desiderative, hortative, optative). The negative imperative used the prohibitive particle along with the hortative form, as in Proto-Zachydic. The moods are frequently collapsed by its progeny (e.g. jussive in Themsaran).
====Thematic suffixes====
Proto-Talsmic saw the development of thematic vowels from derivational suffixes. Thematic vowels are found in many Talsmic languages, but modern languages often generalize the ''a''-paradigm to the expense of the others.
*''*-īn'': basic verbs
*''*-a-īn'': denominative or transitive verbs
*''*-e-īn'': dynamic or reflexive verbs
====TAM/subject affix paradigm====
Todo: rederive past tense... they don't look like they could (all) be perfective suffixes.
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg  " style=" text-align: center;"
|-
!colspan="4" | Subject affixes
|-
!colspan="4" | Present/Non-past
|-
!style="width: 50px; "|
!style="width: 125px; "|Singular
!style="width: 125px; "|Dual
!style="width: 125px; "|Plural
|-
!|1.ex
|''-īn''
|''-dir''
|''-mī''
|-
!|1.in
|''-''
|''-ʁ-sē''
|''-n-sē''
|-
!|2
|''-r''
|''-r-sē''
|''-l-sē''
|-
!|3.m
|''-m''
|rowspan="2"|''-iri-''
|''-ʁih''
|-
!|3.f
|''-isi''
|''-tih''
|-
!colspan="4" | Simple past
|-
!style="width: 50px; "|
!style="width: 125px; "|Singular
!style="width: 125px; "|Dual
!style="width: 125px; "|Plural
|-
!|1.ex
|''-nʔe''
|''-sid''
|''-mā''
|-
!|1.in
|''-''
|''-ʁʔā'', ''-tar''
|''-nʔā'', ''-taq''
|-
!|2
|''-rʔe''
|''-rʔā''
|''-lʔā''
|-
!|3.m
|''-ā(-m)''
|rowspan="2"|''-ā-iri''
|''-ā-ʁih''
|-
!|3.f
|''-ā-isi''
|''-ā-tih''
|-
!colspan="4" | Prospective
|-
!style="width: 50px; "|
!style="width: 125px; "|Singular
!style="width: 125px; "|Dual
!style="width: 125px; "|Plural
|-
!|1.ex
|''-eh-īn''
|''-eh-dir''
|''-eh-mī''
|-
!|1.in
|''-''
|''-eh-ʁsē''
|''-eh-nsē''
|-
!|2
|''-eh-r''
|''-eh-rsē''
|''-eh-lsē''
|-
!|3.m
|''-eh-m''
|rowspan="2"|''-eh-iri-''
|''-eh-ʁēj''
|-
!|3.f
|''-eh-isi''
|''-eh-tēj''
|-
!colspan="4" | Imperative
|-
!style="width: 50px; "|
!style="width: 125px; "|Singular
!style="width: 125px; "|Dual
!style="width: 125px; "|Plural
|-
!|1.in
|''-''
|''-ʁsi''
|''-nsi''
|-
!|2
|''-h''
|''-rsi''
|''-lsi''
|-
!colspan="4" | Hortative
|-
!style="width: 50px; "|
!style="width: 125px; "|Singular
!style="width: 125px; "|Dual
!style="width: 125px; "|Plural
|-
!|1.ex
|''-īn-ti''
|''-dis-ti''
|''-mī-ti''
|-
!|1.in
|''-''
|''-ʁs-ti''
|''-ns-ti''
|-
!|2
|''-ti''
|''-rs-ti''
|''-ls-ti''
|-
!|3.m
|''-m-ti''
|rowspan="2"|''-iri-ti''
|''-ʁih-ti''
|-
!|3.f
|''-isi-ti''
|''-tih-ti''
|-
!colspan="4" | Desiderative
|-
!style="width: 50px; "|
!style="width: 125px; "|Singular
!style="width: 125px; "|Dual
!style="width: 125px; "|Plural
|-
!|1.ex
|''-īn-ʔi''
|''-dir-ʔi''
|''-mī-ʔi''
|-
!|1.in
|''-''
|''-ʁsē-ʔi''
|''-nsē-ʔi''
|-
!|2
|''-r-ʔi''
|''-rsē-ʔi''
|''-lsē-ʔi''
|-
!|3.m
|''-m-ʔi''
|rowspan="2"|''-iri-ʔ''
|''-ʁih-ʔi''
|-
!|3.f
|''-isi-ʔi''
|''-tih-ʔi''
|-
!colspan="4" | Optative
|-
!style="width: 50px; "|
!style="width: 125px; "|Singular
!style="width: 125px; "|Dual
!style="width: 125px; "|Plural
|-
!|1.ex
|''-īn-aʔ''
|''-dir-aʔ''
|''-mī-aʔ''
|-
!|1.in
|''-''
|''-ʁs-aʔ''
|''-ns-aʔ''
|-
!|2
|''-r-aʔ''
|''-rs-aʔ''
|''-ls-aʔ''
|-
!|3.m
|''-m-aʔ''
|rowspan="2"|''-ir-aʔ''
|''-ʁ-aʔ''
|-
!|3.f
|''-is-aʔ''
|''-t-aʔ''
|}
===Other verbal affixes===
Other reconstructible affixes include:
*''*-pe-'' potential (e.g. Thm. ''tacvéi'' 'know (a fact)' < ''tak-pe-īn'' 'be able to say')
*''*-re-'' passive
*''*-ina-'' causative, i.e. supply sb with a [verb]-''in''
*''*-ska-'' causative
*''*az-'', "towards" directional prefix.
*the memory evidential prefix ''*ʔṇʔ-''.
==Proto-Talsmic syntax==
Basic word order was most likely SVO, as evinced by the order {{sc|verb-object suffix}} in all daughter languages.
==Sound changes to Proto-Talsmic==
*<nowiki>*</nowiki>wj
**> *j / #_
**> *w / otherwise
*/*ɢ/ > /*ʁ/
*C[+ejective]
**> C[+aspirated] (the pathway may have been /*kʼ/ > /*kˀ/ > /*k<sup>ʡ</sup>/ > /*kᴴ/ > /*kʰ/)
**> C[-aspirated] / _C
**> /*ʔ/ / _#
*C[-ejective]
**> C[-aspirated]
**> C[+aspirated] / _C
*/*z/ > /*r/ / V_V, V_#
*/*c *ʒ *cʰ/ > /*s *z *s/, /*cc *ʒʒ *ccʰ/ > /*ts *dz *ts/
==Sound changes from Proto-Talsmic==<!--
{| class="greentable lightgreenbg"
|-
|+ '''Talsmic consonant correspondences'''
! PTal||[[Themsaran|Thm]]||[[Low Themsaran|LThm]]||[[Tizian|Tiz]]||[[Snaħħian|Sn]]||[[Qelorian|Qel]]
|-
| '''*m'''  || ''m'' || /m/ || /m/ || /m/ || /m/
|-
| '''*p'''  || ''p'' || /p/, /b/|| ||    || /p/
|-
| '''*b'''  || ''b'' || /b/ ||    ||    || /b/
|-
| '''*pʰ''' || ''f'' || /h/ ||    ||    || /p/
|-
| '''*n'''  || ''n'' || /n/ ||    ||    || /n/
|-
| '''*t'''  || ''t'' || /t/, /d/ ||    || || /t/
|-
| '''*d'''  || ''d'' || /j/ ||    ||    || /d/
|-
| '''*tʰ''' || ''th'' || /f/ || || /ħ/    || /t/
|-
| '''*s'''  || ''s'' || /s~ʃ/ ||  ||    /s/ || /s/
|-
| '''*z'''  || ''z'', ''r'' || /z~ʒ/, /ɾ/ ||  || /z/ || /z/
|-
| '''*ł'''  || ''th'', ''ch'' || /f/ || /ʃ/, /tʃʰ/ || /ʃ/ || /x/
|-
| '''*ḽ'''  || ''ð'', ''ch'' || /v/ || /ʒ/, /dʒʱ/ || /ʒ/ || /j/
|-
| '''*ƛ'''  || ''ŧ'' || /ts~tʃ/  || /tʃ/, /tʃʰ/ || /tʃ/  || /ts/
|-
| '''*λ'''  || ''ł'' || /j/ ||  /j/, /ɧ/ || /dʒ/      || /dz/
|-
| '''*k'''  || ''c'', ''ch'' || /k/, /g/, /tʃ/, /ʒ/  || /k/, /kʰ/ || || /k/
|-
| '''*g'''  || ''g'', ''ch'' || /g/, /ʒ/, /w/ || /g/, /gʱ/ || || /g/
|-
| '''*kʰ''' || ''ch'', ''c'' || /x/, /ʃ/ || /x/, /kxʰ/ || || /k/
|-
| '''*q'''  || ''q'', ''ħ'' || /ɴ/, /h/ || /ʡ/, /ʡʰ/ || /ŋ~ɴ/ || /ʕ/
|-
| '''*ʁ'''  || ''ħ'', ''v'' || /h/, /w/ || /w/, /ʍ/ || /ʁ/ || /ħ/
|-
| '''*qʰ''' || ''ħ'' || /h/ || /ʕ/, /ħ/ || /ʕ/, /ħ/ || /ʕ/
|-
| '''*l''' || ''l'' || /l/ ||    || || /l/
|-
| '''*r''' || ''r'' || /ɾ/ ||    || /ʁ/ || /r/
|-
| '''*w''' || ''v'' || /v/ ||    || /f/ || /b/, /w/
|-
| '''*j''' || ''ı'' || /j/ ||    ||  || /j/
|-
| '''*h''' || ''h'' || /h/ ||    ||  || Ø
|-
| '''*ʔ''' || Ø || Ø ||    ||  || Ø
|}-->
<!--
===to Snaħħian===
<nowiki>*</nowiki>ç *ɟ *ŧ > /ʃ ʒ tʃ/
/ts dz/ > /st zd/
/ʁ/ > /ʁ/
/h/ > /ʔ/
/ʃ ʒ tʃ/ > /s z ts/
/k g x ts dz s/ > /t͡ʃ d͡ʒ ʃ t͡ʃ d͡ʒ ʃ/ _V[+front]
/b d g/
*> [β ð ɣ] / V_V, V_#
*> [m n ŋ] / C[+nasal, +homorganic]_
/p t t͡s k/ > /b d d͡z g/ / V_V, V_#, C[+nasal]_
/pp tt tt͡s kk/ > /p t t͡s k/
[ð ɣ]
*> /j/ / _V[+front], _#
*> [ɦ] / _V[-front]
[β]
*> [ɦ] / _V[+front]
*> /ɸ~β/ / _V[-front], _#
<nowiki>*</nowiki>zd, *žd > *dz, *dž
/l/ > /w/ / _C
===to Tizian===
*/w/ > /v/
*/ʁ/
**> /w/ _C[-velar],
**> /ʕ/ otherwise
*/n/ > /ː/ _C[-glide]
*/l/ > /r/ _C[-glide]
*/z/ > /r/ / _C[+voiced, not /z/]
*/sŧ, šŧ/ > /št/
*Stress accent develops from initial stress.
*/aː/ > /o/
*/eː oː/ > /e˞ o˞/ <ee oo>
*/iː uː ʉː/ > /iɚ uɚ ʉɚ/ medially.
*/ai ei/ > /ei i/
*/ç ʝ/
**> /ʃ ʒ/
*/p t ŧ k b d g/ > /pʰ tʰ ŧʰ kʰ bʰ dʰ gʰ/
**_V[+high tone]
**_C[+fricative]#
-->
==Vocabulary==
===ʔ===
*''*ʔáʔmar=ʔ'': ‘fist’ > Thm. ''ámmáin'' ‘grip, handle’
*''*ʔan-'': 'father' > Thm. ''anétt''
*''*ʔā́ƛʰe-'': 'heaven' > Thm. ''ā́them'' ‘holy’
*''*ʔāmar'': 'mother'
*''*ʔāzda'': ‘great, big’ > Thm. ''ā́rd''
*''*ʔiʔ'': 'and' > Thm. ''ie''
*''*ʔihira'': > Thm. ''ī́r'' 'island'
*''*ʔikta'': > Thm. ''ícht'' ‘jar, jug’
*''*ʔina'': ‘I’ (1sg pronoun) > Thm. ''ná''
*''*ʔinh-'': ‘lie, to settle down’ > Thm. ''inthī́'' ‘let me lie’, ''insé'' ‘city, town’
*''*ʔūra'': 'many, much' > Thm. ''ū̀r''
===b===
*''*búka'': 'way' > Thm. ''búcosáin'' 'doubt (< have two ways)'
===d===
*''*da'': 'הִנֵּה, here it is' (deictic/presentative particle) > Thm. ''-d'' in some def. suffixes, ''daer'' 'is not' (predicate negation), ''dáte'' 'here/near us (inclusive)'
===g===
===h===
*''*hám'': 'do not (prohibitive)' > Thm. ''hám'
*''*hir'': 'not (indicative)' > Thm. ''hir-'' ''negative prefix'', ''tír'' (< ''*ʔet-hir'' 'not ever') 'not (indicative)', ''daer'' (< ''*da-hir'') 'am/is/are not (predicate)'
===j===
*''*jénaqa'': 'water' > Thm. ''jénā́''
===k===
*''*kéhma'': 'one' > Thm. ''cḗm''
===kʰ===
===l===
===ł===
===ḽ===
===ƛ===
===ƛʰ===
===λ===
===m===
===n===
*''*neła'' 'sweet, pleasant' > Thm. ''néth''
===p===
===pʰ===
*''*pʰinʔar'' 'daughter' > Thm. ''fínne''
===q===
===qʰ===
===r===
===ʁ===
===s===
===t===
===w===
*''*wélja'': name > Thm. ''véli''
===z===
[[Category:Proto-languages]][[Category:Language families|T]][[Category:Talsmic languages]]

Latest revision as of 04:53, 12 November 2018

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