Kawa: Difference between revisions
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===Orthography=== | |||
Kawa uses the Latin script with 2 additional letters: ⟨Ŋŋ⟩, ⟨Ƿƿ⟩ | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | |||
|+ Kawa Alphabet | |||
|- | |||
! Letter | |||
| Aa | |||
| Bb | |||
| Dd | |||
| Ee | |||
| Ff | |||
| Gg | |||
| Hh | |||
| Ii | |||
| Jj | |||
| Kk | |||
| Mm | |||
| Nn | |||
| Ŋŋ | |||
| Oo | |||
| Pp | |||
| Qq | |||
| Ss | |||
| Tt | |||
| Uu | |||
| Vv | |||
| Ww | |||
| Ƿƿ | |||
| Zz | |||
|- | |||
! IPA | |||
| /a/ | |||
| /b/ | |||
| /tʷ/ | |||
| /e/ | |||
| /f/ | |||
| /g/ | |||
| /h/ | |||
| /i/ | |||
| /j/ | |||
| /k/ | |||
| /m/ | |||
| /n/ | |||
| /ŋ/ | |||
| /o/ | |||
| /p/ | |||
| /kʷ/ | |||
| /s/ | |||
| /t/ | |||
| /u/ | |||
| /v/ | |||
| /w/ | |||
| /ʍ/ | |||
| /sʷ/ | |||
|- | |||
! Name | |||
| /am/ | |||
| /ba/ | |||
| /tʷa/ | |||
| /em/ | |||
| /fa/ | |||
| /ga/ | |||
| /ha/ | |||
| /im/ | |||
| /ja/ | |||
| /ka/ | |||
| /ma/ | |||
| /na/ | |||
| /ŋa/ | |||
| /om/ | |||
| /pa/ | |||
| /kʷa/ | |||
| /sa/ | |||
| /ta/ | |||
| /um/ | |||
| /va/ | |||
| /wa/ | |||
| /ʍa/ | |||
| /sʷa/ | |||
|} | |||
===Consonants=== | ===Consonants=== | ||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | ||
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Notes: | Notes: | ||
# During allophonic realisation, /w/ is affected by /ʍ/, however, in the writing system, it is seen as the soft version of /h/ | # During allophonic realisation, /w/ is affected by /ʍ/, however, in the writing system, it is seen and analysed as the soft version of /h/ | ||
===Vowels=== | ===Vowels=== | ||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 250px" | ||
|+ Vowel Phonemes | |+ Vowel Phonemes | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 65: | Line 146: | ||
|} | |} | ||
=== | ===Phonotactics=== | ||
Kawa follows a ''(C)<sup>2</sup>V(C)'' syllable structure. | |||
'''Initial C''' | '''Initial C''' | ||
All consonants are allowed to be in initial position. | All consonants are allowed to be in initial position. | ||
'''Initial C<sup>2</sup>''' | '''Initial C<sup>2</sup>''' | ||
/kn/, /gn/, /st/, /stʷ/, /sk/, /skʷ/, /kʷʍ/, /tʷʍ/, /sʷʍ/, /Nw/, /Nʍ/<sup>1</sup>, /Nj/, /mb/ | |||
/kn/, /gn/, /st/, /stʷ/, /sk/, /skʷ/, /kʷʍ/, /tʷʍ/, /sʷʍ/, /Nw/, /Nʍ/<sup>1</sup>, /Nj/<sup>2</sup>, /mb/ | |||
# [+nasal] > [-voice] /_ʍ | |||
# A speaker may realise /nj/ as /ɲ/ (nj > ɲ) | |||
'''V''' | '''V''' | ||
* /a/ is allowed after and befor all consonants | * /a/ is allowed after and befor all consonants | ||
* /e/ is allowed after and befor all consonants | * /e/ is allowed after and befor all consonants | ||
| Line 85: | Line 168: | ||
* /o/ is allowed after and befor all consonants | * /o/ is allowed after and befor all consonants | ||
* /u/ isn't allowed before or after /w/ | * /u/ isn't allowed before or after /w/ | ||
'''Final C''' | '''Final C''' | ||
/m/, /ŋ/, /b/, /g/, /t/, /f/, /v/, /s/ | /m/, /ŋ/, /b/, /g/, /t/, /f/, /v/, /s/ | ||
==Morphology== | ==Morphology== | ||
<!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. --> | <!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. --> | ||
| Line 112: | Line 196: | ||
| -mi | | -mi | ||
| -ma | | -ma | ||
|} | |||
===Pronouns=== | |||
Pronouns are inflected for Case, Person, and derogatress. | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | |||
|+ Personal Pronouns | |||
|- | |||
! | |||
! Nominative | |||
! Accusative | |||
! Dative | |||
! Genitive | |||
|- | |||
! 1<sup>st</sup> Person Plain | |||
| colspan="2" |imo | |||
| imwa | |||
| iŋi | |||
|- | |||
! 1<sup>st</sup> Person Derogatory | |||
| imwo | |||
| imƿo | |||
| ima | |||
| iŋwi | |||
|- | |||
! 2<sup>nd</sup> Person Plain | |||
| colspan="2" |teo | |||
| ta | |||
| da | |||
|- | |||
! 2<sup>nd</sup> Person Derogatory | |||
| dƿeo | |||
| gweo | |||
| dam | |||
| diwi | |||
|- | |||
! 3<sup>rd</sup> Person Plain | |||
| colspan="2" |sov | |||
| sovia | |||
| sovio | |||
|- | |||
! 3<sup>rd</sup> Person Derogatory | |||
| zof | |||
| zov | |||
| zia | |||
| zio | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
===Verbs=== | |||
Verbs are marked for tense and mood with a particle. | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | |||
|+Verb Particles | |||
|- | |||
! | |||
! Indicative | |||
! Imperative | |||
! Conditional | |||
|- | |||
! Present | |||
| gaŋ | |||
| rowspan="3" |qaŋ | |||
| gagaŋ | |||
|- | |||
! Past | |||
| goŋ | |||
| gogoŋ | |||
|- | |||
! Future | |||
| kam | |||
| kakam | |||
|} | |||
===The Copula=== | |||
The copula, ⟨qe⟩ /kʷ/ in Kawa functions both as the verb "to be" and the verb "to have". It is the only verb that conjugates differently, it conjugates as following: | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | |||
|+ The Copula | |||
|- | |||
! | |||
! Indicative | |||
! Imperative | |||
! Conditional | |||
|- | |||
! Present | |||
| gaŋqe | |||
| rowspan="3" |qeqe | |||
| gaqegaŋ | |||
|- | |||
! Past | |||
| goŋqe | |||
| goqegoŋ | |||
|- | |||
! Future | |||
| kamqe | |||
| kaqekam | |||
|} | |} | ||