Quame languages: Difference between revisions

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| region      = Txapoalli, Talma, Etalocin; today worldwide
| region      = Txapoalli, Talma, Etalocin; today worldwide
| name        = Quame
| name        = Quame
| altname    = Naquo-Talmic
| altname    = Naquo-Bjeheondo-Talman, Northwestern
| familycolor = Quame
| familycolor = Quame
| family      = One of Tricin's primary language families
| family      = One of Tricin's primary language families
| protoname  = [[Proto-Quame]]
| protoname  = [[Proto-Quame]]
| child1 = [[Roshterian|Roshtero]]-[[Talmic languages|Talmic]]
| child2 = [[Naquic languages|Naquic]]
| child3 = [[Aewedanoan]]
}}
}}


The '''Quame languages''' ([[Eevo]]: ''brits Cłem'', from ''*kʷēm-'', the reconstructed word for 1), also known as '''Naquo-Talmic''', are a major language family in [[Verse:Tricin|Tricin]]. It is well-established that that [[Naquic languages|Naquic]] and [[Talmic languages|Talmic]] form a Naquo-Talmic family; the relationship of other languages to Naquo-Talmic is conjectured by some but not well-established.
The '''Quame languages''' ([[Eevo]]: ''brits Cłem'', from ''*kʷēm'', the reconstructed word for 1), also known as '''Naquo-Bjeheondo-Talman''', are a major language family in [[Verse:Tricin|Tricin]]. It is well-established that that [[Naquic languages|Naquic]] and [[Talmic languages|Talmic]] form a Naquo-Talmic family; the relationship of other languages to Naquo-Talmic is conjectured by some but not well-established.


The Quame urheimat is surmised to be somewhere in Etalocin (the union of Clofabolocin and [[Verse:Tricin/Dodellia|Dodellia]]).
The Quame urheimat is surmised to be somewhere in Etalocin (the union of Clofabolocin and [[Verse:Tricin/Dodellia|Dodellia]]). Proto-Quame was spoken 3000 years ago.


Proto-Quame phonology is inspired by classical IE languages and Tsez.
Proto-Quame phonology is inspired by classical IE languages (esp. Greek and Proto-Celtic) and Tsez.


==Family tree==
==Family tree==
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** [[Nurian]]
** [[Nurian]]
** [[Naquian]]
** [[Naquian]]
** [[Wiobian]]
** [[Aevehāne]]


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
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|  
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|-
|-
! rowspan="3" |Plosive
! rowspan="3" |Plosive
! |<small>plain</small>
! |<small>plain (asp.)</small>
| '''*p'''
|  
| '''*t'''
| '''*t'''
| '''*T'''
| '''*T'''
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| '''*q'''
| '''*q'''
| '''*qʷ'''
| '''*qʷ'''
| '''*ʔ'''
| '''*{{aleph}}'''
|-
|-
! |<small>ejective</small>
! |<small>ejective</small>
| '''*pʼ'''
|  
| '''*tʼ'''
| '''*tʼ'''
| '''*Tʼ'''
| '''*Tʼ'''
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|-
|-
! colspan="2" style="" |Fricative
! colspan="2" style="" |Fricative
| '''*φ'''
| '''*s'''
|  
|  
| '''*s'''
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|  
|  
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|  
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|  
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| '''*h'''
|-
|-
! colspan="2" |Resonant
! colspan="2" |Resonant
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==Grammar==
==Grammar==
===Typology===
===Typology===
Somewhat like German, Proto-Quame was a fusional language in which nouns, adjectives and articles inflected for four cases, three genders, and two numbers, and definiteness. The basic word order was V2, modifier-modified.
No case, number + classifier marking articles, clusivity (very un-IE)
 
Proto-Quame roots were monosyllabic and obeyed the sonority hierarchy.
===Pronouns===
TODO: table
====Nom/Acc====
X = some laryngeal
 
V = some vowel
*nā = I (Tal./Nqu. ''nā'')
*wey(-r) = thou (Thn. ''veir'', Nqu. ''uī'')
*kā(-mi) = we (exc) (Thn. ''cām'', Nqu. ''txā'')
*gwon(-mi-ti) = we (inc) (Thn. ''gonti'', Nqu. ''quon'')
*sen(-kwi) = blotp (Thn. ''senci'', Nqu. ''sen'')
 
====Genitive====
*χ, nχ = my (Thn. ''-na'', ''-a''; Nqu. ''a''; Sjo. ''kha'')
*something with ''r'' = thy; (Thn. ''-r''; Nqu. ''ir'')
*smo = our (exc) (Thn.''-smo'', Nqu. ''zmo'')
*sgwiX = our (inc) (Thn. ''-swē'', Nqu. ''zquī'')
*dkoX = blotp's (Thn. ''-scō'', Nqu. ''tłō'')
 
====Demonstratives====
*m- = proximal, this, here
*kw- = distal, that, there
*ta- = what, who
**t(a)Xs = what (Thn. ''tās'')
 
===Ablaut===
Much like PIE, PQ had an ablaut system where roots (usually of 2 or 3 consonants) were inflected in different ablaut grades.
 
Functions of ablaut
*Noun inflections
*Verb inflections
*Verb voices
*Deriving nouns and verbs
 
Ablaut grades
*''o''-grade: present tense
*''a''-grade: derived nouns
*''e''-grade: preterite tense
*''∅''-grade: derivations
*lengthened grades: various verb aspects/voices
 
===Declension===
Nouns, articles and adjectives had:
* three genders: masculine, feminine, neuter
* four cases: nominative, accusative, dative, and genitive
** Some speculate that Proto-Quame originally had an intransitive-transitive alignment. The nominative and accusative may have originally been intransitive and transitive cases respectively, since stative verbs in the 3rd person singular have nominative endings, while eventive verbs in the 3rd person singular have endings similar to accusative endings.
* two numbers: singular and plural.
** Some nouns had broken plurals formed by reduplicating of the first syllable or using a different ablaut grade. The broken plural used singular affixes.
* for adjectives: strong and weak declensions, as in Proto-Germanic.
 
Possible declensions:
*a-stems
*x̌-stems
*i-stems
*u-stems
*consonant stems
*heteroclitic stems: r/s
====Definite article ''*hān~hin-''====
*nom: sg. ''hān'', ''honi'', ''hons''; pl. ''nis'', ''nar'', ''non''
*acc: sg. ''nam'', ''nas'', ''hin''; pl. ''nôi'', ''nôd'', ''nôs''
*dat: sg. ''nīd'', ''nea'', ''nis''; pl. ''nôsis'', ''naisis'', ''nôsis''
*gen: sg. ''nī'', ''nea'', ''nā''; pl. ''nôni'', ''naini'', ''nôni''
 
====Nouns====
=====Strong declension=====
(similar but not exactly the same endings as the definite article)
=====Weak declension=====
(a lot of redundancy; nom. def. -t > def. -tł in Naquian, const. state *-t in Talmic)
 
The weak declension was the form used with definite articles.
 
The construct state (possessed noun in genitive phrases) was indicated by a weak declension noun that was ''not'' preceded by the definite article.
*''tekts'' = a child (nom.)
*''hans tektat'' = the child (nom.)
*''hī hrondīn tektat'' or ''tektat hī hrondīn'' = the man's child (nom.)
 
====Adjectives====
=====Strong declension=====
=====Weak declension=====
 
===Verbs===
Verbs were conjugated for subject, object, aspect, and mood (but not for voice).
 
*Subject agreement: For each pronoun, and gender in 3rd person
*Aspects: present, preterite, stative
*Moods: indicative, subjunctive, jussive, imperative
*Austronesian alignment, realized with various trigger verb prefixes.
====Stative conjugation====
-dei, -woi, -pim, -pi, -ps, -me(r), -nte(r), -kʷe(r), -be(r)
 
====Active conjugation====
-ni, -ri, -mi, -si, -ø, -mek, -nti, -kʷi, -ti
 
====Participles====
*''-kʷom'' = active ptcp.
**variant ''-nkʷom, -ikʷoi, -skʷos''
*''-nom'' = passive ptcp.
 
==Derivations==
*''-tl-, -tlom'' = agent, instrument, participle
*''-ā-'' = verbalizer from nouns
*''-ye-, -i-'' = verbalizer from adjectives and verbs
*''-ma-'' = adjective


OVS; focus prominent; Wackernagel clitics
=== Classifiers ===
*qon, pl. stē = animates (humans, more "animate" animals like pets)
*ṭēn, pl. yes = honorific form of ne
*kwon, pl. φrī = organisms not viewed as sentient: plants, fungi, "lower" animals, pests
*φās, pl. nē = generic inanimates
*smār, pl. smin = tiny, point-like objects; mass nouns
*oyr, pl. φal = long, thin objects
*φū, pl. zoy = flat sheets
*gī, pl. krūh = food items
*rāw, pl. sya = abstractions; intellectual works such as art, books, ...
*kmāh, pl. lū = manmade structures: houses, buildings, cities; tools
** Units of measurement do not take classifiers with numerals.


==Derivational morphology==
* ''-sa'': "Caland" suffix
* Compounding (head-final)
[[Category:Tricin]][[Category:Quame languages|*]][[Category:Proto-languages]]
[[Category:Tricin]][[Category:Quame languages|*]][[Category:Proto-languages]]




[[Category:Language families|Q]]
[[Category:Language families|Q]]

Latest revision as of 23:55, 9 October 2022

Quame languages/Lexicon

Quame languages/Swadesh list

Quame
Naquo-Bjeheondo-Talman, Northwestern
Created byIlL
Geographic
distribution		Txapoalli, Talma, Etalocin; today worldwide
Linguistic classificationOne of Tricin's primary language families
Proto-languageProto-Quame

The Quame languages (Eevo: brits Cłem, from *kʷēm, the reconstructed word for 1), also known as Naquo-Bjeheondo-Talman, are a major language family in Tricin. It is well-established that that Naquic and Talmic form a Naquo-Talmic family; the relationship of other languages to Naquo-Talmic is conjectured by some but not well-established.

The Quame urheimat is surmised to be somewhere in Etalocin (the union of Clofabolocin and Dodellia). Proto-Quame was spoken 3000 years ago.

Proto-Quame phonology is inspired by classical IE languages (esp. Greek and Proto-Celtic) and Tsez.

Family tree

Phonology

Consonants

The following inventory of consonants is reconstructed for PQ and is now accepted by the majority of Trician scholars.

Labial Dental Alveolar Palatal Velar Uvular Glottal
plain labialized plain labialized
Nasal *m *n
Plosive plain (asp.) *t *T *k *kʷ *q *qʷ *ʔ
ejective *tʼ *Tʼ *kʼ *kʷʼ *qʼ *qʷʼ
voiced *b *d *D *g *gʷ *ɢ *ɢʷ
Fricative *φ *s
Resonant *l *r *y /j/ *w

Vowels

Front Central Back
Close *i *ī *u *ū
Mid *e *ē *o *ō
Open *a *ā

Suprasegmentals

Stress was phonemic.

Phonotactics

Rules:

  • Grassmann's Law operates in many descendants.

Grammar

Typology

No case, number + classifier marking articles, clusivity (very un-IE)

OVS; focus prominent; Wackernagel clitics

Classifiers

  • qon, pl. stē = animates (humans, more "animate" animals like pets)
  • ṭēn, pl. yes = honorific form of ne
  • kwon, pl. φrī = organisms not viewed as sentient: plants, fungi, "lower" animals, pests
  • φās, pl. nē = generic inanimates
  • smār, pl. smin = tiny, point-like objects; mass nouns
  • oyr, pl. φal = long, thin objects
  • φū, pl. zoy = flat sheets
  • gī, pl. krūh = food items
  • rāw, pl. sya = abstractions; intellectual works such as art, books, ...
  • kmāh, pl. lū = manmade structures: houses, buildings, cities; tools
    • Units of measurement do not take classifiers with numerals.

Derivational morphology

  • -sa: "Caland" suffix
  • Compounding (head-final)
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