Verse:Mwail/Qocwane: Difference between revisions

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'''Qocwane''' (''Qocwanet vŷŷxxŷcê'') is the official language of Qocwane, located in our timeline's Hungary. It is inspired by Finnish, Wakashan languages, Salishan languages, and Nuosu.
'''{{PAGENAME}}''' (''nə rhọb {{PAGENAME}}'' from ''*nàh ròpàh qéqèpàh'') is a classical language of ___. It's inspired by Old Irish, Tiberian Hebrew, and Vietnamese.


== Phonology ==
== Phonology ==
b d g għ q = /p t k {{qeth}} ʔ/;
=== Suprasegmentals ===
Qocwane prosody is almost the same as Finnish; stress always falls on the first syllable.
=== Consonants ===
* /m n l ʋ j w/ '''m n l v j w'''
* /p t ts tɬ k kʷ ʔ/ '''p t z x c cw q'''
* /f s ɬ x xʷ h/ '''f s ł ç çw h'''
/k x/ palatalize in words with ATR harmony and may uvularize in words with RTR harmony.


aspirated stops p t c k kħ;
'''mm nn ll vv jj ww pp tt zz xx cc ccw qq''' are the only allowed geminates in native words.


Spirants f θ x xħ ħ = /f θ x χ ħ/
=== Vowels ===
 
Qocwane has 8 vowel qualities, all with vowel length.
m n ŋ; ṁ ṅ ŋ̇ = /m n ŋ; v{{nas}} (lenis n) (lenis ŋ)/
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
 
!rowspan=2 colspan=2|
x s h = /ɬ ʃ h/
! scope="col" rowspan=2 | Front
 
! scope="col" colspan=2 | Non-front
b ƀ đ d y g ǥ = /v b(impl) d(impl) ð j ɣ (Eevo L)/
|-
! scope="col" | <small>unrounded</small>
! scope="col" | <small>rounded</small>
|-
! scope="row" rowspan=2 | Syllabic<br />consonant
! scope="row" | <small>loose</small>
|
| z̩ '''ŷ'''
|
|-
! scope="row" | <small>tight</small>
|
| z̠̩ '''y'''
|
|-
! scope="row" | Close
! scope="row" | <small>loose</small>
| i{{lowered}} '''ê'''
| ə{{adv}} '''â'''
| u{{lowered}} '''ô'''
|-
! Open-mid
! rowspan="2" |<small>tight</small>
| ɛ '''e'''
|
| ɔ '''o'''
|-
! scope="row" | Open
|
| ɑ '''a'''
|
|}


r l rh /r l (flap)/
Qocwane has loose/tight vowel harmony:
* loose: '''ŷ ŵ ê â ô'''
* tight: '''y w e a o'''


hm hn hng hr voiceless resonants
Diphthongs: '''ea êâ oa ôâ ae âê ao âô'''


i ê e a o ô u = /i e ɛ a ɔ o u/; ă = shva na; ĕ = ultrashort e; iê uô
'''â(â)''' /ə(:)/ is realized as [œ(:)] when stressed.


Ultrashort vowels cannot carry independent tones
''oa'' is often realized as [ɔ:]


tones: a á à ả ã ạ (mid~falling high low rising~dipping nga nang)
<!--The syllabic consonants y(r) u(r) are essentially the usual Sinological vowels ɿ ʮ, so ⟨y⟩ can be identified with the vowel of the Mandarin 四 sì "four", but they have diverse realizations. Y(r) completely assimilates to a preceding coronal except in voice, e.g. /ɕz̩˨˩/ [ɕʑ̩˨˩] ꑮ xyp "to marry", and is [m͡l̩] after a labial nasal, e.g. /m̥z̩˧sz̩˧/ [m̥m͡l̩˧sɹ̩˧] ꂪꌦ hmy sy "cloth". U(r) assimilates similarly after laterals, retaining its rounding, e.g. /l̥v̩ʷ˧/ [l̥l̩ʷ˧] ꆭ hlu "to stir-fry", and is [m̩ʷ] after a labial nasal, e.g. /m̥v̩ʷ˧/ [m̥m̩ʷ˧] ꂥ hmu "mushroom"; moreover it induces a labially trilled release of preceding labial or alveolar stops, e.g. /ⁿdv̩ʷ˨˩/ [ⁿdʙβ̩˨˩] ꅥ ndup "to hit". -->
=== Mutations ===
# Lenition: m n ng p t c k kħ s v l r -> mh ng ngh b d y g għ h 0 l rh
# L-coloring: m n ng p t c k kħ s v l r -> m l ng ƀ đ ǥ ǥ għ x l l r
# Aspiration: m n ng p t c k kħ s v l r -> hm hn hng ph th ch kh ħ s ph x hr


== Proto-language ==
== Morphophonology ==
5 vowels: i e a o u; each mora had high and low tones
Qocwane words participate in consonant gradation:


allowed syllables: CV, CVn, CVh, CVl (CVnC becomes CV(sokuon)C as in Hebrew)
strong -> weak
* geminates -> nongeminates
* p -> f
* f -> v
* t -> ł
* ł -> l
* z -> s
* s -> h
* x -> ł
* c -> ç
* cw -> çw
* ç -> j
* çw -> w
* q -> 0


Todo: Stress patterns for construct nouns and dependent verbs
== Grammar ==
 
Finnic-like
Consonants: m n ŋ p t c k q 2 s w l r y /m n ŋ p t k q{{adv}} q{{ret}} ʔ ʃ w l r j/
 
Tone reflexes (' denotes stress):
(these occur by moras with long vowels counting as 2 moras): 'á > á; 'à > à; 'á.á > ã; 'á.à > a; 'à.á > ả; 'à.à > ạ (This occurs before syncope)
 
umlaut like in OIr
 
== Morphology ==
=== Nouns ===
=== Nouns ===
Nouns fall into 3 genders (human, animate and inanimate) and inflect for number (sg, du, pl) and case (abs erg gen lat loc voc). Possessed forms have unpredictable stems and comes from proto-forms that had a different stress pattern than absolute forms. The appropriate 3rd person possessed forms are used like construct state forms in possessive constructions.
8 to 10 cases, normal nom-acc alignment


The locative is used with prepositions to indicate location and is the default prepositional case; when the lative is used the same prepositions indicate destination, and when the ergative is used they indicate "motion from".
TODO
 
[weak grade]-l = nom pl
article nă + various mutations (also relativizer)
[weak grade]-t = gen sg
==== Possessive prefixes ====
* sèmpèngàrán > sệpngă-N 'garment'
* hísèmpèngàrán > ispngăr-N 'my garment'
* ngusèmpèngàrán > ngùspngăr-N 'thy garment'
* àsèmpèngàrán > àspngăr-N (animate)
* ànsèmpèngàrán > àspngăr-N (inanimate)
* láhisèmpèngàrán > lispngăr-N 'our garment'
* númasèmpèngàrán > nospngăr-N 'your garment'
* àlsèmpèngàrán > àxpngăr-N '3pl's garment'
 
=== Adjectives ===
Adjectives agree with nouns, def adjectives take the def article (bc Hebrew)
 
=== Verbs ===
Old Irish-style independent-dependent verbal allomorphy, which includes tone changes
 
P{{PAGENAME}} rò.mátse, láh.ràmátse '3sg saves, 3sg does not save' --> ră:más, la:hrảmhăs
 
productive redup
==== Inflection ====
Present tense forms of ''să·kumʰa'' '3sg remembers':
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Person  !! Primitive {{PAGENAME}} !! Underlying form !! {{PAGENAME}} surface form
|-
| 1SG || ''so.kúmpa-sa-t(í), .sòkúmpa-sa-t(í)'' || ''să·kommpṡẻ, ·sủgmbẻ'' || ''să·kumʰẻ, ·sủmmẻ''
|-
| 2SG || ''so·kúmpa-sa-ŋ(u), ·sòkúmpa-sa-ŋ(u)'' || ''să·kommpṡəŋ, ·sủgmbəŋ'' || ''să·kumʰụ, ·sủmmụ''
|-
| 3SG || ''so·kúmpa-sáse, ·sòkúmpa-sáse'' || ''să·kommpṡa, ·sủgmba'' || ''să·kumʰa, ·sủmma''
|-
| 1PL || ''so·kúmpa-sa-lehi, ·sòkúmpa-sa-lehi'' || ''să·kommpṡlə̣j, ·sủgmblə̣j'' || ''să·kumʰlị, ·sủmlị''
|-
| 2PL || ''so·kúmpa-sa-numa, ·sòkúmpa-sa-numa'' || ''să·kommpṡnăm, ·sủgmbnăm'' || ''să·kumʰnăm, ·sủmnăm''
|-
| 3PL || ''so·kúmpa-sa-ro, ·sòkúmpa-sa-ro'' || ''să·kommpṡər, ·sủgmbər'' || ''să·kumʰăr, ·sủmmăr''
|}


== Syntax ==
VOS, head-initial


question particle să-L
naaqe 'human’, naaet 'human-GEN’, naael 'human-PL'

Latest revision as of 10:41, 24 June 2025

Qocwane (Qocwanet vŷŷxxŷcê) is the official language of Qocwane, located in our timeline's Hungary. It is inspired by Finnish, Wakashan languages, Salishan languages, and Nuosu.

Phonology

Suprasegmentals

Qocwane prosody is almost the same as Finnish; stress always falls on the first syllable.

Consonants

  • /m n l ʋ j w/ m n l v j w
  • /p t ts tɬ k kʷ ʔ/ p t z x c cw q
  • /f s ɬ x xʷ h/ f s ł ç çw h

/k x/ palatalize in words with ATR harmony and may uvularize in words with RTR harmony.

mm nn ll vv jj ww pp tt zz xx cc ccw qq are the only allowed geminates in native words.

Vowels

Qocwane has 8 vowel qualities, all with vowel length.

Front Non-front
unrounded rounded
Syllabic
consonant 		loose z̩ ŷ
tight z̠̩ y
Close loose i̞ ê ə̟ â u̞ ô
Open-mid tight ɛ e ɔ o
Open ɑ a

Qocwane has loose/tight vowel harmony:

  • loose: ŷ ŵ ê â ô
  • tight: y w e a o

Diphthongs: ea êâ oa ôâ ae âê ao âô

â(â) /ə(:)/ is realized as [œ(:)] when stressed.

oa is often realized as [ɔ:]


Morphophonology

Qocwane words participate in consonant gradation:

strong -> weak

  • geminates -> nongeminates
  • p -> f
  • f -> v
  • t -> ł
  • ł -> l
  • z -> s
  • s -> h
  • x -> ł
  • c -> ç
  • cw -> çw
  • ç -> j
  • çw -> w
  • q -> 0

Grammar

Finnic-like

Nouns

8 to 10 cases, normal nom-acc alignment

TODO [weak grade]-l = nom pl [weak grade]-t = gen sg


naaqe 'human’, naaet 'human-GEN’, naael 'human-PL'

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