Neo-Kurdish: Difference between revisions

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{{Infobox language
{{Infobox language
| name = Neo-Kurdish language
| name = Neo-Kurdish language
Line 48: Line 13:
| fam4 = [[Northwestern Iranian languages|Northwestern Iranian group]]
| fam4 = [[Northwestern Iranian languages|Northwestern Iranian group]]
| fam5 = [[Kurdish languages |Kurdish languages]]
| fam5 = [[Kurdish languages |Kurdish languages]]
| map = [[File:Flag of Kurdistan.svg (3).png|thumb]]
| map = File:Flag of Kurdistan.svg (3).png
|mapcaption = The Kurdish flag}}
|mapcaption = The Kurdish flag}}


'''Neo-Kurdish''', natively '''Nûkurdî''', is an a posteriori constructed auxillary language in the [[Northwestern Iranian languages|Northwestern Iranian group]] of the [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European family]]. The goal of this project is to unify all Kurds with a single language. As of 2023, Kurds are very divided in a huge variety of dialects and/or languages, which makes it hard for Kurds of different regions to communicate with each other.
'''Neo-Kurdish''', natively '''Nûkurdî''', is an a posteriori constructed auxillary language in the [[Northwestern Iranian languages|Northwestern Iranian group]] of the [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European family]]. The goal of this project is to unify all Kurds with a single language. As of 2023, Kurds are very divided in a huge variety of dialects and/or languages, which makes it hard for Kurds of different regions to communicate with each other.
==Phonology==
==Phonology==
<!-- ***Phonology*** -->
<!-- ***Phonology*** -->
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! Glottal
! Glottal
|-
|-
! align=left |Nasal
! Nasal
| align="right" |m
|  
|  
|  
| align="center" colspan="3" | ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ n
|  
|  
|  
|  
|  
|  
| align="right" |ŋ
|  
|  
|  
|  
|-
! Plosive
| align="center" |p‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ b
|  
|  
|  
|  
| align="center" colspan="3" |t ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ d
|  
|  
| c
| align="center" |k ‌ ‌ ‌ g
| q
|  
|  
| ʔ
|-
! Sibilant affricate
|  
|  
|  
|  
|-
! Plosive
|  
|  
| colspan="2" align="right" |ts ‌  ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ dz
| align="center" |t∫ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ dʒ
|  
|  
|  
|  
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|  
|  
|  
|  
|-
! Non-sibilant affricate
|  
|  
|  
|  
|  
|  
|  
|  
|-
! Sibilant affricate
|  
|  
|  
|  
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|  
|  
|  
|  
|-
! Sibilant fricative
|  
|  
|  
|  
|  
|  
| colspan="2" align="right" |s ‌  ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ z
| align="center" |∫ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ʒ
|  
|  
|-
! Non-sibilant affricate
|  
|  
|  
|  
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|  
|  
|  
|  
|-
! Non-sibilant fricative
| align="right" |β
|  
|  
|  
|  
| align="center" |θ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ð
| align="right" |ð̠
|  
|  
|  
|  
|  
|  
| align="center" |x ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ɣ
|  
|  
| align="center" |ħ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ʕ
| h
|-
|-
! Approximant
! Approximant
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|  
|  
|  
|  
|  
| colspan="3" align="center" | ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ɾ
|  
|  
|  
|  
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|  
|  
|  
|  
|  
| colspan="3" align="center" | ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ r
|  
|  
|  
|  
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|  
|  
|  
|  
|  
| colspan="3" align="center" | ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ l
|  
|  
|  
|  
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-->
-->
==Grammar==
===Nouns===
Neo-Kurdish nouns are inflected as in the tables below:
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
! ‌
! colspan="5" align="center" |'''Ending with a consonant'''
! colspan="5" align="center" |'''Ending with a vowel'''
|-
!
! I
! II
! I, Ezafe
! II, Ezafe
! II, Ezafe 2
! I
! II
! I, Ezafe
! II, Ezafe
! II, Ezafe 2
|-
! Sj, Sg
| ‌
| -ek<br/>ـەک
| -í<br/>  ِ
| colspan="2" align="center" |-ekí<br/>ـەکِ
| ‌
| -yek<br/>ـیەک
| -ý<br/>  ِ
| colspan="2" align="center" |-yekí<br/>ـیەکِ
|-
! Oj, Sg
| -ê<br/>ـێ
| -êk<br/>ـێک
| -é<br/>ـێِ
| -êkí<br/>ـێکِ
| -eké<br/>ـەکێِ
| -yê<br/>ـیێ
| -yêk<br/>ـیێک
| -yé<br/>ـیێِ
| -yêkí<br/>ـیێکِ
| -yeké<br/>ـیەکێِ
|-
! Sj, Pl
| ‌
| -an<br/>ـان
| -í<br/>  ِ
| -ín<br/>ـِن
| -aní<br/>ـانِ
| ‌
| -yan<br/>ـیان
| -ý<br/>  ِ
| -yín<br/>ـیِن
| -yaní<br/>ـیانِ
|-
! Oj, Pl
| -ê<br/>ـێ
| -anê<br/>ـانێ
| -é<br/>ـێِ
| -én<br/>ـێِن
| -ané<br/>ـانێِ
| -yê<br/>ـیێ
| -yanê<br/>ـیانێ
| -yé<br/>ـیێِ
| -yén<br/>ـیێِن
| -yané<br/>ـیانێِ
|}
Now with two examples of each category:
Řoj - day, sun; Name - letter, document
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
! ‌
! colspan="5" align="center" |'''Ending with a consonant (řoj)'''
! colspan="5" align="center" |'''Ending with a vowel (name)'''
|-
!
! I
! II
! I, Ezafe
! II, Ezafe
! II, Ezafe 2
! I
! II
! I, Ezafe
! II, Ezafe
! II, Ezafe 2
|-
! Sj, Sg
| řoj<br/>ڕۆژ
| řojek<br/>ڕۆژەک
| řojí<br/>ڕۆژِ
| colspan="2" align="center" |řojekí<br/>ڕۆژەکِ
| name<br/>نامە
| nameyek<br/>نامەیەک
| nameý<br/>نامەِ
| colspan="2" align="center" |nameyekí<br/>نامەیەکِ
|-
! Oj, Sg
| řojê<br/>ڕۆژێ
| řojêk<br/>ڕۆژێک
| řojé<br/>ڕۆژێِ
| řojêkí<br/>ڕۆژێکِ
| řojeké<br/>ڕۆژەکێِ
| nameyê<br/>نامەیێ
| nameyêk<br/>نامەیێک
| nameyé<br/>نامەیێِ
| nameyêkí<br/>نامەیێکِ
| nameyeké<br/>نامەیەکێِ
|-
! Sj, Pl
| řoj<br/>ڕۆژ
| řojan<br/>ڕۆژان
| řojí<br/>ڕۆژِ
| řojín<br/>نامەِن
| řojaní<br/>ڕۆژانِ
| name<br/>نامە
| nameyan<br/>نامەیان
| nameý<br/>نامەِ
| nameyín<br/>نامەیِن
| nameyaní<br/>نامەیانِ
|-
! Oj, Pl
| řojê<br/>ڕۆژێ
| řojanê<br/>ڕۆژانێ
| řojé<br/>ڕۆژێِ
| řojén<br/>ڕۆژێِن
| řojané<br/>ڕۆژانێِ
| nameyê<br/>نامەیێ
| nameyanê<br/>نامەیانێ
| nameyé<br/>نامەیێِ
| nameyén<br/>نامەیێِن
| nameyané<br/>نامەیانێِ
|}
The difference between I and II depends on number. If the noun is in singular form, I indicates a definite noun, whereas II indicates an indefinite noun unless it is accompanied by an article (řoj - day; řojek - a day; ew řojek - that day). If the noun is in plural form however, I indicates a noun that is defined by a number and II indicates a noun without a number (sê řoj - three days; řojan - days). However it is not seen as wrong if for the object case one uses the II. form even if it is accompanied by a number, for example: "Two days ago" can be translated to either "Berî du řojê" or "Berî du řojanê".


==Syntax==
==Syntax==
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| '''3PP''' || đê<br/>ڎێ || van/wan<br/>ڤان/وان || -şan<br/>ـشان
| '''3PP''' || đê<br/>ڎێ || van/wan<br/>ڤان/وان || -şan<br/>ـشان
|}
|}
===Verbs===
Conjunction of regular verbs:
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
! rowspan="2" align="center" |
! colspan="2" align="center" |Stem ending with a vowel
! colspan="2" align="center" |Stem ending with a consonant
|-
! Normal
! Progressive
! Normal
! Progressive
|-
! colspan="5" align="center" |Present Stem
|-
| '''ez<br/>ئەز''' || -m<br/>ـم || -me<br/>ـمە || -im<br/>ـٕم || -ime<br/>ـٕمە
|-
| '''tu<br/>تو''' || -y<br/>ـی || -yê<br/>ـیێ || -î<br/>ـی || -iye<br/>ـؽە
|-
| '''đ<br/>ڎ''' || - || -ye<br/>ـیە || -e<br/>ـە || -eye<br/>ـەیە
|-
| '''ême<br/>ئێمە''' || -yn<br/>ـین || -yne<br/>ـینە || -în<br/>ـین || -îne<br/>ـینە
|-
| '''şime<br/>شٕمە''' || -n<br/>ـن || -ne<br/>ـنە || -in<br/>ـٕن || -ine<br/>ـٕنە
|-
| '''đê<br/>ڎێ''' || -n<br/>ـن || -ne<br/>ـنە || -in<br/>ـٕن || -ine<br/>ـٕنە
|-
! colspan="5" align="center" |Participal Stem
|-
| '''ez<br/>ئەز''' || -m<br/>ـم || -me<br/>ـمە || -im<br/>ـٕم || -ime<br/>ـٕمە
|-
| '''tu<br/>تو''' || -yî<br/>ـیی || -yê<br/>ـیێ || -î<br/>ـی || -iye<br/>ـؽە
|-
| '''đ<br/>ڎ''' || - || -we<br/>ـوە || - || -o<br/>ـۆ
|-
| '''ême<br/>ئێمە''' || -yn<br/>ـین || -yne<br/>ـینە || -în<br/>ـین || -îne<br/>ـینە
|-
| '''şime<br/>شٕمە''' || -n<br/>ـن || -ne<br/>ـنە || -in<br/>ـٕن || -ine<br/>ـٕنە
|-
| '''đê<br/>ڎێ''' || -n<br/>ـن || -ne<br/>ـنە || -in<br/>ـٕن || -ine<br/>ـٕنە
|-
! colspan="5" align="center" |Partcipe+(y)e Stem
|-
| '''ez<br/>ئەز''' || -m<br/>ـم || -me<br/>ـمە || -m<br/>ـم || -me<br/>ـمە
|-
| '''tu<br/>تو''' || -y<br/>ـی || -yê<br/>ـیێ || -y<br/>ـی || -yê<br/>ـیێ
|-
| '''đ<br/>ڎ''' || - || -w<br/>ـو || - || -w<br/>ـو
|-
| '''ême<br/>ئێمە''' || -yn<br/>ـین || -yne<br/>ـینە || -yn<br/>ـین || -yne<br/>ـینە
|-
| '''şime<br/>شٕمە''' || -n<br/>ـن || -ne<br/>ـەنە || -n<br/>ـن || -ne<br/>ـنە
|-
| '''đê<br/>ڎێ''' || -n<br/>ـن || -ne<br/>ـەنە || -n<br/>ـن || -ne<br/>ـنە
|}


<!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. -->
<!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. -->

Latest revision as of 21:59, 6 August 2023

Neo-Kurdish language
Ziŵaní Nûkurdî
زٕۋانِ نۉکوردی
Զըվՙանէ Նուգւրտի
Зьԝ'анэ Нукӧрди
Created byxgkurdî.05
EthnicityKurds
Native speakersn/a (2023)
Flag of Kurdistan.svg (3).png
The Kurdish flag

Neo-Kurdish, natively Nûkurdî, is an a posteriori constructed auxillary language in the Northwestern Iranian group of the Indo-European family. The goal of this project is to unify all Kurds with a single language. As of 2023, Kurds are very divided in a huge variety of dialects and/or languages, which makes it hard for Kurds of different regions to communicate with each other.

Phonology

Orthography

Consonants

Bilabial Labiodental Linguolabial Dental Alveolar Postalveolar Retroflex Palatal Velar Uvular Phar./Epig. Glottal
Nasal m ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ n ŋ
Plosive p‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ b t ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ d c k ‌ ‌ ‌ g q ʔ
Sibilant affricate ts ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ dz t∫ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ dʒ
Non-sibilant affricate
Sibilant fricative s ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ z ∫ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ʒ
Non-sibilant fricative β θ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ð ð̠ x ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ɣ ħ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ʕ h
Approximant
Tap/Flap ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ɾ
Trill ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ r
Lateral affricate
Lateral fricative
Lateral approximant ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ l
Lateral tap/flap

 

Vowels

Prosody

Stress

Intonation

Phonotactics

Morphophonology

Morphology

Grammar

Nouns

Neo-Kurdish nouns are inflected as in the tables below:

‌ Ending with a consonant Ending with a vowel
I II I, Ezafe II, Ezafe II, Ezafe 2 I II I, Ezafe II, Ezafe II, Ezafe 2
Sj, Sg ‌ -ek
ـەک 		-í
ِ 		-ekí
ـەکِ 		‌ -yek
ـیەک 		-ý
ِ 		-yekí
ـیەکِ
Oj, Sg -ê
ـێ 		-êk
ـێک 		-é
ـێِ 		-êkí
ـێکِ 		-eké
ـەکێِ 		-yê
ـیێ 		-yêk
ـیێک 		-yé
ـیێِ 		-yêkí
ـیێکِ 		-yeké
ـیەکێِ
Sj, Pl ‌ -an
ـان 		-í
ِ 		-ín
ـِن 		-aní
ـانِ 		‌ -yan
ـیان 		-ý
ِ 		-yín
ـیِن 		-yaní
ـیانِ
Oj, Pl -ê
ـێ 		-anê
ـانێ 		-é
ـێِ 		-én
ـێِن 		-ané
ـانێِ 		-yê
ـیێ 		-yanê
ـیانێ 		-yé
ـیێِ 		-yén
ـیێِن 		-yané
ـیانێِ

Now with two examples of each category:

Řoj - day, sun; Name - letter, document

‌ Ending with a consonant (řoj) Ending with a vowel (name)
I II I, Ezafe II, Ezafe II, Ezafe 2 I II I, Ezafe II, Ezafe II, Ezafe 2
Sj, Sg řoj
ڕۆژ 		řojek
ڕۆژەک 		řojí
ڕۆژِ 		řojekí
ڕۆژەکِ 		name
نامە 		nameyek
نامەیەک 		nameý
نامەِ 		nameyekí
نامەیەکِ
Oj, Sg řojê
ڕۆژێ 		řojêk
ڕۆژێک 		řojé
ڕۆژێِ 		řojêkí
ڕۆژێکِ 		řojeké
ڕۆژەکێِ 		nameyê
نامەیێ 		nameyêk
نامەیێک 		nameyé
نامەیێِ 		nameyêkí
نامەیێکِ 		nameyeké
نامەیەکێِ
Sj, Pl řoj
ڕۆژ 		řojan
ڕۆژان 		řojí
ڕۆژِ 		řojín
نامەِن 		řojaní
ڕۆژانِ 		name
نامە 		nameyan
نامەیان 		nameý
نامەِ 		nameyín
نامەیِن 		nameyaní
نامەیانِ
Oj, Pl řojê
ڕۆژێ 		řojanê
ڕۆژانێ 		řojé
ڕۆژێِ 		řojén
ڕۆژێِن 		řojané
ڕۆژانێِ 		nameyê
نامەیێ 		nameyanê
نامەیانێ 		nameyé
نامەیێِ 		nameyén
نامەیێِن 		nameyané
نامەیانێِ

The difference between I and II depends on number. If the noun is in singular form, I indicates a definite noun, whereas II indicates an indefinite noun unless it is accompanied by an article (řoj - day; řojek - a day; ew řojek - that day). If the noun is in plural form however, I indicates a noun that is defined by a number and II indicates a noun without a number (sê řoj - three days; řojan - days). However it is not seen as wrong if for the object case one uses the II. form even if it is accompanied by a number, for example: "Two days ago" can be translated to either "Berî du řojê" or "Berî du řojanê".



Syntax

Constituent order

Noun phrase

Verb phrase

Sentence phrase

Dependent clauses

Example texts

Other resources

Personal Pronouns

Rectus Obliquus Possessive
1PS ez
ئەز		 min
مٕن		 -m
ـم
2PS tu
تو		 te
تە		 -t
ـت
3PSm đo
ڎۆ		 vî/wî
ڤی/وی		 -ş
ـش
3PSf đe
ڎە		 vê/wê
ڤێ/وێ		 -ş
ـش
1PP ême
ئێمە		 ma
ما		 -man
ـمان
2PP şime
شٕمە		 şima
شٕما		 -tan
ـتان
3PP đê
ڎێ		 van/wan
ڤان/وان		 -şan
ـشان

Verbs

Conjunction of regular verbs:

Stem ending with a vowel Stem ending with a consonant
Normal Progressive Normal Progressive
Present Stem
ez
ئەز		 -m
ـم		 -me
ـمە		 -im
ـٕم		 -ime
ـٕمە
tu
تو		 -y
ـی		 -yê
ـیێ		 -î
ـی		 -iye
ـؽە
đ
ڎ		 - -ye
ـیە		 -e
ـە		 -eye
ـەیە
ême
ئێمە		 -yn
ـین		 -yne
ـینە		 -în
ـین		 -îne
ـینە
şime
شٕمە		 -n
ـن		 -ne
ـنە		 -in
ـٕن		 -ine
ـٕنە
đê
ڎێ		 -n
ـن		 -ne
ـنە		 -in
ـٕن		 -ine
ـٕنە
Participal Stem
ez
ئەز		 -m
ـم		 -me
ـمە		 -im
ـٕم		 -ime
ـٕمە
tu
تو		 -yî
ـیی		 -yê
ـیێ		 -î
ـی		 -iye
ـؽە
đ
ڎ		 - -we
ـوە		 - -o
ـۆ
ême
ئێمە		 -yn
ـین		 -yne
ـینە		 -în
ـین		 -îne
ـینە
şime
شٕمە		 -n
ـن		 -ne
ـنە		 -in
ـٕن		 -ine
ـٕنە
đê
ڎێ		 -n
ـن		 -ne
ـنە		 -in
ـٕن		 -ine
ـٕنە
Partcipe+(y)e Stem
ez
ئەز		 -m
ـم		 -me
ـمە		 -m
ـم		 -me
ـمە
tu
تو		 -y
ـی		 -yê
ـیێ		 -y
ـی		 -yê
ـیێ
đ
ڎ		 - -w
ـو		 - -w
ـو
ême
ئێمە		 -yn
ـین		 -yne
ـینە		 -yn
ـین		 -yne
ـینە
şime
شٕمە		 -n
ـن		 -ne
ـەنە		 -n
ـن		 -ne
ـنە
đê
ڎێ		 -n
ـن		 -ne
ـەنە		 -n
ـن		 -ne
ـنە
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