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{{Infobox language
{{Infobox language
|image            = ???
|image            = Gwaxol.png
|imagesize        = 185px
|imagesize        = 185px
|imagecaption      = ''gwaxol⁵'' in the ??? script
|imagecaption      = ''xazat³ gwaxolsa⁵'' in the Hanoehn script
|name              = Gwaxol
|name              = Gwaxol
|nativename        = gwaxol⁵
|nativename        = gwaxol⁵
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|setting          = [https://pollasena.fandom.com/wiki/Pollasena_Wiki Pollasena]
|setting          = [https://pollasena.fandom.com/wiki/Pollasena_Wiki Pollasena]
|created          = 2022
|created          = 2022
|fam1              = [[Wasc languages | Wasc]], [[Nentammmi languages | Nentammmi]]
|fam1              = [[:Category:Wasc languages | Wasc]], [[:Category:Nentammmi languages | Nentammmi]]
|familycolor      = Creole
|familycolor      = Creole
|creator          = Dillon Hartwig
|creator          = Dillon Hartwig
|script            = ???
|era              = -800 to 200 MT
|script            = Hanoehn
|nation            = N/A
|nation            = N/A
|map              = GwaxolMap.png
|map              = GwaxolMap.png
|mapsize          = 280px
|mapsize          = 280px
|mapcaption        = Range Map of Gwaxol (brown), alongside Kelajw (white), 'Oa (pink), and Thuosha' (purple)
|mapcaption        = Range Map of Gwaxol (brown), alongside Khelaj (white), 'Oa (pink), Ku Te Kui (green), and Thuosha' (purple), c. -600 MT
|notice            = IPA
|notice            = IPA
}}
}}


'''Gwaxol''' /ˈgwɑhoʊl/ (<small>Gwaxol:&nbsp;</small><span class="nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" style="font-family:Gentium,'DejaVu Sans','Segoe UI',sans-serif"> gwaxol⁵ [[IPA for Gwaxol|[gʷɑ˩xo˥ɮ̊&#93;]]</span>) is a mixed [[Wasc languages|Wasc]]-[[Nentammmi]] language spoken in the southeastern Thotthashnem Desert.
'''Gwaxol''' /ˈgwɑhoʊl/ (<small>Gwaxol:&nbsp;</small><span class="nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" style="font-family:Gentium,'DejaVu Sans','Segoe UI',sans-serif"> gwaxol⁵ [[IPA for Gwaxol|[gʷɑ˩xo˥ɮ̊&#93;]]</span>) is a mixed [[:Category:Wasc languages|Wasc]]-[[:Category:Nentammmi languages|Nentammmi]] language spoken in the southeastern Thotthashnem Desert.


==Etymology==
==Etymology==
''Gwaxol⁵'', the language's autonym, is inherited from the [[Wascotl]]'s autonym ''*wasc-otl''.
''Gwaxol⁵'', the language's autonym, is inherited from the [[Wascotl]] autonym ''*wasc-otl''.


==Orthography==
==Orthography==
Gwaxol is written with the ??? script. Its romanization is as follows.
Gwaxol is written with the [[Appendix:Hanoehn Alphabet|Hanoehn script]]. Its romanization is as follows.


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Gwaxol script and romanization
|+ Gwaxol script and romanization
|-
|-
! (img) || (img) || (img) || (img) || (img) || (img) || (img) || (img)
! [[File:Hanoehn-KA.jpg|25px|frameless]] || [[File:Hanoehn-È.jpg|25px|frameless]] || [[File:Hanoehn-D.jpg|25px|frameless]] || [[File:Hanoehn-E.jpg|25px|frameless]] || [[File:Hanoehn-À.jpg|25px|frameless]] || [[File:Hanoehn-G.jpg|25px|frameless]] || [[File:Hanoehn-B.jpg|25px|frameless]] || [[File:Hanoehn-Ğ-Gwaxol.jpg|25px|frameless]]
|-
|-
! A a || Ä ä || D d || E e || Ë ë || G g || Gw gw || Ğ ğ
! A a || Ä ä || D d || E e || Ë ë || G g || Gw gw || Ğ ğ
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| /ɑ/ || /ɛ/ || /d/ || /e/ || /ə/ || /g/ || /gʷ/ || /ɣ/
| /ɑ/ || /ɛ/ || /d/ || /e/ || /ə/ || /g/ || /gʷ/ || /ɣ/
|-
|-
! (img) || (img) || (img) || (img) || (img) || (img) || (img) || (img)
! [[File:Hanoehn-H.jpg|25px|frameless]] || [[File:Hanoehn-I.jpg|25px|frameless]] || [[File:Hanoehn-Ï-Gwaxol.jpg|25px|frameless]] || [[File:Hanoehn-KA.jpg|25px|frameless]] || [[File:Hanoehn-P.jpg|25px|frameless]] || [[File:Hanoehn-R.jpg|25px|frameless]] || [[File:Hanoehn-HR.jpg|25px|frameless]] || [[File:Hanoehn-M-Gwaxol.jpg|25px|frameless]]
|-
|-
! H h || I i || Ï ï || K k || Kw kw || L l || Ł ł || M m
! H h || I i || Ï ï || K k || Kw kw || L l || Ł ł || M m
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| /h/ || /i/ || /ɨ/ || /k/ || /kʷ/ || /ɮ/ || /ɬ/ || /m/
| /h/ || /i/ || /ɨ/ || /k/ || /kʷ/ || /ɮ/ || /ɬ/ || /m/
|-
|-
! (img) || (img) || (img) || (img) || (img) || (img) || (img) || (img)
! [[File:Hanoehn-N.jpg|25px|frameless]] || [[File:Hanoehn-Ŋ.jpg|25px|frameless]] || [[File:Hanoehn-M.jpg|25px|frameless]] || [[File:Hanoehn-Z.jpg|25px|frameless]] || [[File:Hanoehn-O.jpg|25px|frameless]] || [[File:Hanoehn-Ö-Gwaxol.jpg|25px|frameless]] || [[File:Hanoehn-HS.jpg|25px|frameless]] || [[File:Hanoehn-S.jpg|25px|frameless]]
|-
|-
! N n || Ng ng || Nw nw || Nz nz || O o || Ö ö || R r || S s
! N n || Ng ng || Nw nw || Nz nz || O o || Ö ö || R r || S s
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| /n/ || /ŋ/ || /ŋʷ/ || /z̃/ || /o/ || /ɵ/ || /r/ || /s/
| /n/ || /ŋ/ || /ŋʷ/ || /z̃/ || /o/ || /ɵ/ || /r/ || /s/
|-
|-
! (img) || (img) || (img) || (img) || (img) || (img) || (img) || (img)
! [[File:Hanoehn-T.jpg|25px|frameless]] || [[File:Hanoehn-HT.jpg|25px|frameless]] || [[File:Hanoehn-U.jpg|25px|frameless]] || [[File:Hanoehn-Ü-Gwaxol.jpg|25px|frameless]] || [[File:Hanoehn-W-Gwaxol.jpg|25px|frameless]] || [[File:Hanoehn-KH.jpg|25px|frameless]] || [[File:Hanoehn-PH.jpg|25px|frameless]] || [[File:Hanoehn-Y.jpg|25px|frameless]]
|-
|-
! T t || Th th || U u || Ü ü || W w || X x || Xw xw || Y y
! T t || Th th || U u || Ü ü || W w || X x || Xw xw || Y y
|-
|-
| /s/ || /θ/ || /u/ || /ʉ/ || /ɣʷ/ || /x/ || /xʷ/ || /ʝ/
| /s/ || /θ/ || /u/ || /ʉ/ || /ɣʷ/ || /x/ || /xʷ/ || /ʝ/
|-
|-
! (img) || (img) || (img) || (img) || (img) || (img) || (img)
! [[File:Hanoehn-Z-Gwaxol.jpg|25px|frameless]] || ∅ || [[File:Hanoehn-1.jpg|25px|frameless]] || [[File:Hanoehn-5.jpg|25px|frameless]] || [[File:Hanoehn-51.jpg|25px|frameless]] || [[File:Hanoehn-15.jpg|25px|frameless]] || [[File:Hanoehn-6-Gwaxol.jpg|25px|frameless]]
|-
|-
! Z z || ¹ || ² || ³ || ⁴ || ⁵ || ⁶
! Z z || ¹ || ² || ³ || ⁴ || ⁵ || ⁶
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| /z/ || /˥-˥/ || /˩-˩/ || /˥-˧/ || /˧-˩/ || /˩-˥/ || /˥-˩-˧/
| /z/ || /˥-˥/ || /˩-˩/ || /˥-˧/ || /˧-˩/ || /˩-˥/ || /˥-˩-˧/
|}
|}
 
*Hyphens disambiguate /Cʷ, θ, ŋ, z̃/ ⟨Cw, th, ng, nz⟩ from /Cɣʷ, th, ng, nz/ ⟨C'w, t'h, n'g, n'z⟩
*Hyphens disambiguate /Cʷ, θ, ŋ, z̃/ ⟨Cw, th, ng, nz⟩ from /Cw, th, ng, nz/ ⟨C'w, t'h, n'g, n'z⟩
*Tone numbers are written word-finally
*Tone numbers are written word-finally


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*/ŋ, z̃, θ/ only occur in loanwords.
*/ŋ, z̃, θ/ only occur in loanwords.
*All consonants can be geminated intervocalically
*All consonants can be geminated intervocalically
*All consonants assimilate in voicing to following consonants and all voiced consonants devoice word-finally, but this voicing change does not change fortition; for example /ɮ/ devoices to [ɮ̊] rather than [ɬ], and /ɬ/ voices to [ɬ̬] rather than [ɮ].
*All consonants assimilate in voicing to following consonants and all voiced consonants devoice word-finally, but this voicing change does not come with fortition/lenition; for example /ɮ/ devoices to [ɮ̊] rather than [ɬ], and /ɬ/ voices to [ɬ̬] rather than [ɮ].


===Vowels===
===Vowels===
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Pronouns are marked for case, class, and number.
Pronouns are marked for case, class, and number.


A reduced set of pronouns is used to mark possession on preceding nouns. In familial and very informal speech these pronouns are also used as ergative and intransitive pronouns.
In familial and very informal speech, these possessive pronouns are also used as ergative and intransitive pronouns.


{| style="background: none"
{| style="background: none"
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! {{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|INAN2|inanimate 2}}
! {{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|INAN2|inanimate 2}}
| hut¹ || colspan="2" | hanz¹
| hut¹ || colspan="2" | hanz¹
|-
! {{gcl|NEG}}
| colspan="2" | yinan⁴ || yinön⁴ || yinan⁴ || yizzun⁶
|}
|}
| valign="top" |
| valign="top" |
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| valign="top" |
| valign="top" |
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Indefinite and relative/interrogative pronouns
|+ Other pronouns
|-
|-
! !! {{gcl|INDEF}} !! {{gcl|REL}}/{{gcl|Q}}
! !! {{gcl|INDEF}} !! {{gcl|REL}}/{{gcl|Q}} !! {{gcl|REFL}} !! {{gcl|RECP}} !! {{gcl|IMPRS}}
|-
|-
! {{gcl|HUM}}
! {{gcl|HUM}}
| zakw³ || ngïgw⁵
| zakw-³ || yïgw-⁵ || sekw³ || rowspan="3" | xas⁴ || rowspan="3" | thëy²
|-
|-
! {{gcl|ANIM}}
! {{gcl|ANIM}}
| zil³ || ngügw¹
| zil-³ || ngügw-¹ || rowspan="2" | mïllï⁶
|-
|-
! {{gcl|INAN}}
! {{gcl|INAN}}
| zat³ || hugw²
| zat-³ || hugw-²
|}
|}
|}
|}


When converbial suffixes are unused, subject referent switching is marked with the pronoun ''kang²''. ''Kang²'' is unused in non-subject referent switching.
When converbial suffixes are unused, subject referent switching is marked with the pronoun ''kang²''. ''Kang²'' is unused in non-subject referent switching.
Only personal and possessive pronouns cause agreement in verbs; if a non-personal/possessive is a core argument, the other argument causes intransitive agreement, and if there is no personal or possessive pronoun to cause agreement the verb is marked as impersonal.
Negative pronouns must be applied to negative verbs.


===Nouns===
===Nouns===
Nouns are marked for class, case, number, and definiteness.
Nouns are marked for class, case, number, and definiteness. Proper nouns are not marked for class.


{| style="background: none"
{| style="background: none"
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*Ergative ''-ngë'' is ''-ng'' after vowels
*Ergative ''-ngë'' is ''-ng'' after vowels
*Definite case particles can either precede or follow their nouns, but more often precede.
*Definite case particles can either precede or follow their nouns, but more often precede.
**With a demonstrative, case particles must follow, and the demonstrative is placed between the noun and article
*{{gcl|INAN2|inanimate 2}} marking is omitted in derived verbs.
All core arguments of ''hën¹'' are marked as intransitive.
====Possession====
Possessed nouns are marked with a preceding possessive pronoun agreeing in class. Possessor-possessum pairs are each marked with the same case. Predicative possession is marked with ''hën¹'' and dative possessum.


===Verbs===
===Verbs===
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|}
|}


In infinitive verbs a prefix ''si-'' is used in place of agreement marking.
In infinitive and impersonal verbs a prefix ''si-'' is used in place of agreement marking.


Interrogative verbs use preceding particles marked for tense, and tense is optionally double-marked in a second set of non-interrogative particles. These particles cannot be applied to imperative or prohibitive verbs.
Interrogative verbs use preceding particles marked for tense, and tense is optionally double-marked in a second set of non-interrogative particles. These particles cannot be applied to imperative or prohibitive verbs.


{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ TAM suffixes
|+ Tense particles
|-
|-
! !! {{gcl|PST}} !! {{gcl|PRES}} !! {{gcl|FUT}}
! !! {{gcl|PST}} !! {{gcl|PRES}} !! {{gcl|FUT}}
|-
|-
!
!
| lëh || dïh || sëh
| dïh || lëh || sëh
|-
|-
! {{gcl|Q}}
! {{gcl|Q}}
| lënz || dïs || sës
| dïs || lënz || sës
|}
|}


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Comparative and superlative adjectives are marked with ''nex'' following the adjective.
Comparative and superlative adjectives are marked with ''nex'' following the adjective.
====Postnouns====
Some adjectives act as noun suffixes (slotted before class marking) and do not allow direct agreement or negation; these adjectives mark comparison with ''nex'' following their noun.


===Adverbs===
===Adverbs===
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===Numerals and classifiers===
===Numerals and classifiers===
Gwaxol uses base-60 and subbase-6 numerals, with non-compound words for one through twelve and multiples of six up to sixty. Numerals one through twelve agree in gender with their noun.
Gwaxol uses base-60 and subbase-6 numerals, with non-compound words for one through twelve and multiples of six up to sixty. Numerals one through twelve agree in gender with their noun unless they modify another numeral, where the inanimate form is used.


{| style="background: none"
{| style="background: none"
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===Negation===
===Negation===
''-len'' and ''kwör'' are used to negate verbs and nouns respectively. Non-comparative adjectives use ''kwör'' and comparative adjectives use ''-len''.
''-len'' and ''kwör'' are used to negate verbs and nouns respectively. Non-comparative adjectives use ''kwör'' and comparative adjectives use ''-len''.
Double negative ''-len kwör'' and ''kwörkwör'' are emphatic.


===Derivational morphology===
===Derivational morphology===
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====Reduplication====
====Reduplication====
Full stem reduplication is used to broaden adjectives (for example ''töngtöng²'' "somewhat narrow" from ''töng²'' "narrow"), derive new iterative or reflexive meanings from some verbs (for example ''harar³'' "it returns to it" from ''har³'' "it goes to it" (stem ''-ar³-''), collectivize nouns (for example ''kotkotol³'' "fishes (collective)" from ''kotol³'' "fish"), and generalize pronouns (for example ''xöxö¹'' "one of them" from ''xö¹'' "him/her/them").
Full stem reduplication is used to derive diminutive adjectives (for example ''töngtöng²'' "somewhat narrow" from ''töng²'' "narrow"), new iterative or reflexive meanings from some verbs (for example ''harar³'' "it returns to it" from ''har³'' "it goes to it" (stem ''-ar³-''), collectivize nouns (for example ''kotkotol³'' "fishes (collective)" from ''kotol³'' "fish"), and generalize pronouns (for example ''xöxö¹'' "one of them" from ''xö¹'' "him/her/them"). In compound terms only the first stem is generally reduplicated.


Full reduplication (including any affixes) with dipping tone can be used to convey uncertainty, especially in response to questions.
Full reduplication (including any affixes) with dipping tone can be used to convey uncertainty, especially in response to questions.


Initial CV reduplication and gemination is used to augment or intensify words (for example ''xexxerkwë⁴'' "great hunter" from ''xerkwë⁴'' "hunter").
Initial CV reduplication and stem-initial gemination is used to derive augmentative words (for example ''xexxerkwë⁴'' "great hunter" from ''xerkwë⁴'' "hunter").


Non-productive reduplication also occurs in some verbs and onomatopoeia (for example ''tadakw⁵'' "it bleeds it out, it empties it of blood" from ''takw⁵'' "to bleed").
Non-productive reduplication also occurs in some words (for example ''tadakw⁵'' "it bleeds it out, it empties it of blood" from ''takw⁵'' "to bleed").


==Syntax==
==Syntax==
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==Example texts==
==Example texts==
===Universal Declaration of Human Rights Article 1===
===Universal Declaration of Human Rights Article 1===
'''???
'''Kwëngngur¹ rangä⁵ roxatro¹ käxtikwsa¹ käm rewaxxatsa³ xam⁴ mägwe¹. Xozis³ zatngë³ hëskwaxat¹ käm kwuxwxat⁵ hox² kwasmigwngä¹ xasxu⁴ zi thöngxatro³ güxetikwsa³.


{{interlinear
{{interlinear
|
|Kwëng-ngur¹ ra⁵-ngä rox¹-at-ro käx¹-tikw-sa käm rewax³-xat-sa xam⁴ mägwe¹.
|
|HUM.INTR-free same-CVB birth-{{gcl|INAN2|inanimate 2}}-CVB honorable-NZ-GEN.INDEF and right-{{gcl|INAN1|inanimate 1}}.PL-GEN.INDEF all mortal
||display-messages=no|italics2=no|italics3=no|ablist=COMP:comparative:comparison_(grammar)}}
||display-messages=no|italics2=no|italics3=no}}
<br>
<br>
{{interlinear
{{interlinear
|
|Xo-zis³ zat³-ngë ëskwa¹-xat käm kwuxw⁵-xat hox² kwas-migw¹-ngä xas⁴-xu zi thöng³-xat-ro güx³-e-tikw-sa.
|
|{{gcl|INAN2|inanimate 2}}>{{gcl|INAN1|inanimate 1}}-give INAN.INDEF-ERG reason-{{gcl|INAN1|inanimate 1}} and conscience-{{gcl|INAN1|inanimate 1}} HUM.DAT HUM>HUM-do-CVB RECP-DAT.INDEF HORT method-{{gcl|INAN1|inanimate 1}}-CVB brother-HUM.PL-NZ-GEN.INDEF
||display-messages=no|italics1=yes|italics2=no|italics3=no}}
||display-messages=no|italics1=yes|italics2=no|italics3=no}}


===Linguifex-hosted translations===
===Linguifex-hosted translations===
*[https://linguifex.com/wiki/Category:Translated_works_in_Gwaxol Linguifex translations]
*[[:Category:Translated works in Gwaxol|Translated works in Gwaxol]]
*[[Gwaxol/Test Case Sentences]]


===Conlang Atlas of Language Structures-hosted translations===
===Conlang Atlas of Language Structures-hosted translations===
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==Other resources==
==Other resources==
[https://cals.info/language/gwaxol/ CALS]
*[https://cals.info/language/gwaxol/ CALS]
 
*[[Gwaxol/Swadesh]]
[https://pollasena.fandom.com/wiki/Gwaxol Pollasena Wiki]


[[Category:Gwaxol language]]
[[Category:Gwaxol language]]
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[[Category:Wasc languages]]
[[Category:Wasc languages]]
[[Category:Nentammmi languages]]
[[Category:Nentammmi languages]]
[[Category:Languages of Pollasena]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]
Retrieved from "https://duo.linguifex.com/wiki/Gwaxol"