Azano: Difference between revisions

From Linguifex
Jump to navigation Jump to search
 
(36 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown)
Line 17: Line 17:
|Çç
|Çç
|Dd
|Dd
|Ee
|Ëë
|Ēē
|Ēē
|Ëë
|Ee
|Êê
|Êê
|Ff
|Ff
Line 42: Line 42:
|Hh
|Hh
|Ħħ
|Ħħ
|Ii
|Īī
|Īī
|Ii
|Îî
|Îî
|Jj
|Jj
Line 99: Line 99:
|Yy
|Yy
|Zz
|Zz
|Žž
|Źź
|
|
|
|
Line 121: Line 121:
|
|
|}
|}
/ʔ/ is never written as it's found between vowels (in syllable boundaries) or before/after vowel letters (only if no consonant precedes/proceeds the vowel).


=== Consonants ===
=== Consonants ===
Line 137: Line 139:
|-
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |Nasal
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |Nasal
| style="text-align:center;" | m
| style="text-align:center;" |m
|
|
| style="text-align:center;" | n
| style="text-align:center;" |n
|
|
|
|
Line 148: Line 150:
|-
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |Approximant
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |Approximant
| style="text-align:center;" | Liquid
| style="text-align:center;" |Liquid
|
| style="text-align:center;" | r
| style="text-align:center;" | l
|
|
|
| style="text-align:center;" |r
| style="text-align:center;" |l
|
|
| style="text-align:center;" |(ɥ)
| style="text-align:center;" |(ɰ)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | Glide
| style="text-align:center;" |Glide
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| style="text-align:center;" | j
| style="text-align:center;" |j
| style="text-align:center;" | w
| style="text-align:center;" |w
|
|
|
|
Line 171: Line 173:
|-
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |Plosive
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |Plosive
| style="text-align:center;" | Tenuis
| style="text-align:center;" |Tenuis
| style="text-align:center;" | p
| style="text-align:center;" |p
|
|
| style="text-align:center;" | t
| style="text-align:center;" |t
|
|
|
|
| style="text-align:center;" | k
| style="text-align:center;" |k
| style="text-align:center;" | q
| style="text-align:center;" |q
|
|
| style="text-align:center;" | ʔ
| style="text-align:center;" |ʔ
|-
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | Voiced
| style="text-align:center;" |Voiced
| style="text-align:center;" | b
| style="text-align:center;" |b
|
|
| style="text-align:center;" | d
| style="text-align:center;" |d
|
|
|
|
| style="text-align:center;" | g
| style="text-align:center;" |g
| style="text-align:center;" | ɢ
| style="text-align:center;" |ɢ
|
|
|
|
Line 196: Line 198:
|
|
|
|
| style="text-align:center;" | t͡s
| style="text-align:center;" |t͡s
| style="text-align:center;" | t͡ʃ
| style="text-align:center;" |t͡ʃ
|
|
|
|
Line 205: Line 207:
|-
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |Fricative
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |Fricative
| style="text-align:center;" | Tenuis
| style="text-align:center;" |Tenuis
| style="text-align:center;" | f
| style="text-align:center;" |f
|
|
| style="text-align:center;" | s
| style="text-align:center;" |s
| style="text-align:center;" | ʃ
| style="text-align:center;" |ʃ
|
|
|
|
| style="text-align:center;" | χ
| style="text-align:center;" |χ
| style="text-align:center;" | ħ
| style="text-align:center;" |ħ
| style="text-align:center;" | h
| style="text-align:center;" |h
|-
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | Voiced
| style="text-align:center;" |Voiced
| style="text-align:center;" | v
| style="text-align:center;" |v
|
|
| style="text-align:center;" | z
| style="text-align:center;" |z
| style="text-align:center;" | ʒ
| style="text-align:center;" |ʒ
|
|
|
|
| style="text-align:center;" | ʁ
| style="text-align:center;" |ʁ
| style="text-align:center;" | ʕ
| style="text-align:center;" |ʕ
|
|
|}
|}
==== Allophony ====
* Phonemes /t͡ʃ ʃ ʒ/ have different realisations depending on the proceeding vowel.
** Before vowels /i e ɛ æ y ø œ ʉ ɵ ɞ/ palatalisation takes place, therefore [t͡ɕ ɕ ʑ].
** Before vowels /ɨ ə ɐ ɯ ɤ ɑ u o ɔ/ becomes [ʈ͡ʂ ʂ ʐ]
* [ɥ] is an allophone of the palatal approximant /j/ under vowels [y ø œ ʉ ɵ ɞ]
* /w/ is realised as [ɰ] under vowels [ɨ ə ɯ ɤ]


=== Vowels ===
=== Vowels ===
Line 279: Line 289:
Azano, a language that shares phonotactic similarities with Arabic, adheres to comparable rules for sound arrangement. In Azano, the phonotactic patterns align with those observed in Arabic. Within Azano, an average syllable structure can be described as follows:
Azano, a language that shares phonotactic similarities with Arabic, adheres to comparable rules for sound arrangement. In Azano, the phonotactic patterns align with those observed in Arabic. Within Azano, an average syllable structure can be described as follows:


* C (light)
* V (light)


* CV (light)
* CV (light)
Line 288: Line 295:
* CVVC (super-heavy)
* CVVC (super-heavy)
* CVCC (super-heavy)
* CVCC (super-heavy)
* CVVCC (super-heavy)


The syllable structure of Azano exhibits certain phonotactic restrictions that shape the organization of sounds within words. In Azano, syllables typically cannot commence with a vowel sound or a cluster of consonants. Furthermore, the language generally avoids the occurrence of super-heavy syllables, except in word-final positions. However, an interesting exception arises when a CVV- sequence precedes a geminate consonant, resulting in the formation of non-final CVVC- syllables. While Azano adheres to these core syllable structure principles, loanwords have the potential to introduce variations in its phonotactics. Loanwords, borrowed from other languages and integrated into Azano, may occasionally disregard certain phonotactic rules. For instance, loanwords might permit the presence of initial consonant clusters, which would typically be restricted in native Azano words. Similarly, loanwords may also allow the occurrence of CVVC syllables in non-final positions, even without the presence of geminate consonants. A slight divergence from Arabic phonotactics is observed in Azano, where both consonants and vowels can function as individual syllables. Notably, when a single consonant forms a syllable on its own, only fricatives and sonorants are permitted to be syllabic. These intricate phonotactic patterns shape the unique characteristics of the Azano language and contribute to its linguistic diversity.
A syllable cannot start with a vowel, if no consonant is written then it always starts with the glottal stop.


== Morphology ==<!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. --><!-- Here are some example subcategories:
== Grammar ==
Azano is a fusional language where words use a single inflectional morpheme to denote multiple syntactic/semantc roles of words. Nouns inflect for gender (only nouns, demonstratives and relatives), case, number, person (only in pronouns), and spatial deixis (only in demonstratives). Verbs conjugate for Tense (Present, Imperfect, Future, Preterite, Perfect, Pluperfect, Relative Past and Relative Future), Voice (active voice and passive voice), Person (1st, 2nd and 3rd Person), Number (Singular and Plural) and Mood (Indicative, Subjunctive, Conditional, Imperative).


Nouns
=== Pronouns ===
Adjectives
{| class="wikitable"
Verbs
|+Personal Pronouns
Adverbs
! rowspan="2" |
Particles
! colspan="3" |Singular
Derivational morphology
! colspan="3" |Plural
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1
| style="text-align:center;" | 2
| style="text-align:center;" | 3
| style="text-align:center;" | 1
| style="text-align:center;" | 2
| style="text-align:center;" | 3
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | Nominative
| style="text-align:center;" | an
| style="text-align:center;" | kä
| style="text-align:center;" | huwa
| style="text-align:center;" | nabt
| style="text-align:center;" | vabt
| style="text-align:center;" | tabt
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | Accusative
| style="text-align:center;" | æna
| style="text-align:center;" | käval
| style="text-align:center;" | hawa
| style="text-align:center;" | nøş
| style="text-align:center;" | vøş
| style="text-align:center;" | tøş
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | Genitive
| style="text-align:center;" | enkâ
| style="text-align:center;" | ağnobal
| style="text-align:center;" | howlat
| style="text-align:center;" | nozalt
| style="text-align:center;" | vozalt
| style="text-align:center;" | tozalt
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | Dative
| style="text-align:center;" | ğena
| style="text-align:center;" | şova
| style="text-align:center;" | hüja
| style="text-align:center;" | nômaħ
| style="text-align:center;" | vômaħ
|tômaħ
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | Ablative
| style="text-align:center;" | abena
| style="text-align:center;" | âsbar
| style="text-align:center;" | hidniža
| style="text-align:center;" | neltfavis
| style="text-align:center;" | veltfavis
| style="text-align:center;" | teltfavis
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | Vocative
| style="text-align:center;" | ala
| style="text-align:center;" | tanbihâ
| style="text-align:center;" | hœylap
| style="text-align:center;" | nyœ
| style="text-align:center;" | vyœ
| style="text-align:center;" | tyœ
|}
A feature noticeable in Azano is that pronouns in the '''accusative case''' can be used reflexively, or intensively. Similar to the English pronouns "myself, yourself, themself, himself, herself, itself".


-->
{| class="wikitable"
|+Possessive Pronouns
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="3" |Singular
! colspan="3" |Plural
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1
| style="text-align:center;" | 2
| style="text-align:center;" | 3
| style="text-align:center;" | 1
| style="text-align:center;" | 2
| style="text-align:center;" | 3
|-
|Nominative
| style="text-align:center;" | matus
| style="text-align:center;" | tanos
| style="text-align:center;" | salos
| style="text-align:center;" | notus
| style="text-align:center;" | vonos
| style="text-align:center;" | solus
|-
|Accusative
| style="text-align:center;" | meiri
| style="text-align:center;" | terem
| style="text-align:center;" | salem
| style="text-align:center;" | nori
| style="text-align:center;" | vori
| style="text-align:center;" | sori
|-
|Genitive
| style="text-align:center;" | marius
| style="text-align:center;" | terius
| style="text-align:center;" | sarius
| style="text-align:center;" | naltus
| style="text-align:center;" | valtus
| style="text-align:center;" | saltus
|-
|Dative
| style="text-align:center;" | mazis
| style="text-align:center;" | tezis
| style="text-align:center;" | sazis
| style="text-align:center;" | naxrabut
| style="text-align:center;" | vaxrabut
| style="text-align:center;" | saxrabut
|-
|Ablative
| style="text-align:center;" | med
| style="text-align:center;" | ted
| style="text-align:center;" | sed
| style="text-align:center;" | nod
| style="text-align:center;" | vod
| style="text-align:center;" | sad
|-
|Vocative
| style="text-align:center;" | meia
| style="text-align:center;" | teia
| style="text-align:center;" | seia
| style="text-align:center;" | neiro
| style="text-align:center;" | veiro
| style="text-align:center;" | seiro
|}


== Syntax ==
{| class="wikitable"
 
|+Demonstrative Pronouns
=== Constituent order ===
! rowspan="3" |
 
! colspan="4" |Masculine
=== Noun phrase ===
! colspan="4" |Feminine
! colspan="4" |Neuter
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |Singular
! colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |Plural
! colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |Singular
! colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |Plural
! colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |Singular
! colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |Plural
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | Proximal
| style="text-align:center;" | Distal
| style="text-align:center;" | Proximal
| style="text-align:center;" | Distal
| style="text-align:center;" | Proximal
| style="text-align:center;" | Distal
| style="text-align:center;" | Proximal
| style="text-align:center;" | Distal
| style="text-align:center;" | Proximal
| style="text-align:center;" | Distal
| style="text-align:center;" | Proximal
| style="text-align:center;" | Distal
|-
|Nominative
| style="text-align:center;" | tim
| style="text-align:center;" | tibâ
| style="text-align:center;" | şabrēki
| style="text-align:center;" | cœyft
| style="text-align:center;" | holao
| style="text-align:center;" | valeo
| style="text-align:center;" | ibis
| style="text-align:center;" | zaçiřb
| style="text-align:center;" | şêsb
| style="text-align:center;" | jîk
| style="text-align:center;" | zêmiln
| style="text-align:center;" | jēvin
|-
|Accusative
| style="text-align:center;" | timæ
| style="text-align:center;" | atima
| style="text-align:center;" | âşbek
| style="text-align:center;" | vystaln
| style="text-align:center;" | aglao
| style="text-align:center;" | vätoe
| style="text-align:center;" | ibnis
| style="text-align:center;" | alaziřb
| style="text-align:center;" | alşxifř
| style="text-align:center;" | jikin
| style="text-align:center;" | mizêlni
| style="text-align:center;" | jevin
|-
|Genitive
| style="text-align:center;" | abtima
| style="text-align:center;" | öbtima
| style="text-align:center;" | baixşer
| style="text-align:center;" | biesnam
| style="text-align:center;" | aĝleo
| style="text-align:center;" | avteno
| style="text-align:center;" | mahibis
| style="text-align:center;" | vatřaip
| style="text-align:center;" | heşb
| style="text-align:center;" | jiktin
| style="text-align:center;" | azêldin
| style="text-align:center;" | ējvin
|-
|Dative
| style="text-align:center;" | qulta
| style="text-align:center;" | kulte
| style="text-align:center;" | raşĝuk
| style="text-align:center;" | maloud
| style="text-align:center;" | darlaho
| style="text-align:center;" | latevo
| style="text-align:center;" | zalbit
| style="text-align:center;" | řaleib
| style="text-align:center;" | hesb
| style="text-align:center;" | jiktibin
| style="text-align:center;" | êminzik
| style="text-align:center;" | ejvin
|-
|Ablative
| style="text-align:center;" | xâlâztâ
| style="text-align:center;" | valezte
| style="text-align:center;" | şağbek
| style="text-align:center;" | iemneo
| style="text-align:center;" | fenalħo
| style="text-align:center;" | atvon
| style="text-align:center;" | fælit
| style="text-align:center;" | ħæltřâm
| style="text-align:center;" | aheşb
| style="text-align:center;" | jikitbin
| style="text-align:center;" | ozemni
| style="text-align:center;" | vējin
|-
|Vocative
| style="text-align:center;" | îbtar
| style="text-align:center;" | ife
| style="text-align:center;" | zoluğbep
| style="text-align:center;" | fiemlo
| style="text-align:center;" | xiesto
| style="text-align:center;" | ğatvo
| style="text-align:center;" | actvölë
| style="text-align:center;" | alqêo
| style="text-align:center;" | ahesb
| style="text-align:center;" | jinbikti
| style="text-align:center;" | kêzmani
| style="text-align:center;" | vejin
|}


=== Verb phrase ===
==Nouns==
See [https://linguifex.com/wiki/Azano/Noun_Declension  Noun Declension].


=== Sentence phrase ===
==Verbs==
See [https://linguifex.com/wiki/Azano/Verb_Conjugation  Verb Conjugation].


=== Dependent clauses ===<!-- etc. etc. -->
==Adjectives==
See [https://linguifex.com/wiki/Azano/Adjective_Inflection  Adjective Inflection].


== Example texts ==<!-- An example of a translated or unique text written in your language. Again, it is recommended that you make sure that the phonology, constraints, phonotactics and grammar are more or less finished before writing. -->
== Example texts ==<!-- An example of a translated or unique text written in your language. Again, it is recommended that you make sure that the phonology, constraints, phonotactics and grammar are more or less finished before writing. -->
Line 318: Line 553:
== Other resources ==<!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. --><!-- Template area -->  
== Other resources ==<!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. --><!-- Template area -->  


[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Azano]]
[[Category:Azano]]

Latest revision as of 05:10, 13 July 2023

Introduction

Azano stands as a co-official language, holding its ground alongside the widely spoken Faiten. With an estimated population of 2,500,000 million speakers, Azano boasts a significant number of individuals proficient in its unique linguistic expressions. Remarkably, Azano does not fall under the umbrella of any established language family, setting it apart as a distinctive language isolate. Through its independent existence, Azano has developed its own linguistic characteristics although phonologically influenced by Germanic languages, shaping a one of a kind linguistic heritage within the cultural tapestry of Faitonia.

Azano, historically spoken by the indigenous people of Azalova (previously known as Faitonia), underwent significant linguistic transformations as the nation opened its doors to immigrants. Chinese, French, and Italian settlers were among the first to establish themselves in the country, paving the way for subsequent waves of German immigrants. As these diverse groups integrated into the local society, the Azano language naturally absorbed various linguistic elements from the Germanic languages spoken by the newcomers. Consequently, Azano evolved into a diverse tapestry of influences from various Germanic languages, reflecting the cultural amalgamation brought about by centuries of immigration and settlement in Azalova. Furthermore, the linguistic tapestry of Faitonia expanded even further with the arrival of Arab settlers, who, in pursuit of business opportunities, began engaging in trade activities within the region.

Phonology

Orthography

Aa Ææ Ââ Ää Bb Cc Çç Dd Ee Ëë Ēē Êê Ff
ɐ æ ɑ ɞ b t͡s t͡ʃ d e ɛ ə ɤ f
Gg Ĝĝ Ğğ Hh Ħħ Ii Īī Îî Jj Kk Ll Mm Nn
g ɢ ʕ h ħ i ɨ ɯ j k l m n
Oo Ôô Öö Øø Œœ Pp Qq Rr Řř Ss Şş Tt Uu
o ɔ ɵ ø œ p q r ʁ s ʃ t u
Üü Vv Ww Xx Yy Zz Źź
ʉ v w χ y z ʒ

/ʔ/ is never written as it's found between vowels (in syllable boundaries) or before/after vowel letters (only if no consonant precedes/proceeds the vowel).

Consonants

Consonant Inventory
Labial Dental Alveolar Post-Alveolar Palatal Velar Uvular Pharyngeal Glottal
Nasal m n
Approximant Liquid r l (ɥ) (ɰ)
Glide j w
Plosive Tenuis p t k q ʔ
Voiced b d g ɢ
Affricate t͡s t͡ʃ
Fricative Tenuis f s ʃ χ ħ h
Voiced v z ʒ ʁ ʕ

Allophony

  • Phonemes /t͡ʃ ʃ ʒ/ have different realisations depending on the proceeding vowel.
    • Before vowels /i e ɛ æ y ø œ ʉ ɵ ɞ/ palatalisation takes place, therefore [t͡ɕ ɕ ʑ].
    • Before vowels /ɨ ə ɐ ɯ ɤ ɑ u o ɔ/ becomes [ʈ͡ʂ ʂ ʐ]
  • [ɥ] is an allophone of the palatal approximant /j/ under vowels [y ø œ ʉ ɵ ɞ]
  • /w/ is realised as [ɰ] under vowels [ɨ ə ɯ ɤ]

Vowels

Vowel Inventory
Front Centre Back
Flat Round Flat Round Flat Round
Closed i y ɨ ʉ ɯ u
High Mid e ø ə ɵ ɤ o
Low Mid ɛ œ ɞ ɔ
Open æ ɐ ɑ

Phonotactics

Azano, a language that shares phonotactic similarities with Arabic, adheres to comparable rules for sound arrangement. In Azano, the phonotactic patterns align with those observed in Arabic. Within Azano, an average syllable structure can be described as follows:


  • CV (light)
  • CVV (heavy)
  • CVC (heavy)
  • CVVC (super-heavy)
  • CVCC (super-heavy)
  • CVVCC (super-heavy)

A syllable cannot start with a vowel, if no consonant is written then it always starts with the glottal stop.

Grammar

Azano is a fusional language where words use a single inflectional morpheme to denote multiple syntactic/semantc roles of words. Nouns inflect for gender (only nouns, demonstratives and relatives), case, number, person (only in pronouns), and spatial deixis (only in demonstratives). Verbs conjugate for Tense (Present, Imperfect, Future, Preterite, Perfect, Pluperfect, Relative Past and Relative Future), Voice (active voice and passive voice), Person (1st, 2nd and 3rd Person), Number (Singular and Plural) and Mood (Indicative, Subjunctive, Conditional, Imperative).

Pronouns

Personal Pronouns
Singular Plural
1 2 3 1 2 3
Nominative an kä huwa nabt vabt tabt
Accusative æna käval hawa nøş vøş tøş
Genitive enkâ ağnobal howlat nozalt vozalt tozalt
Dative ğena şova hüja nômaħ vômaħ tômaħ
Ablative abena âsbar hidniža neltfavis veltfavis teltfavis
Vocative ala tanbihâ hœylap nyœ vyœ tyœ

A feature noticeable in Azano is that pronouns in the accusative case can be used reflexively, or intensively. Similar to the English pronouns "myself, yourself, themself, himself, herself, itself".

Possessive Pronouns
Singular Plural
1 2 3 1 2 3
Nominative matus tanos salos notus vonos solus
Accusative meiri terem salem nori vori sori
Genitive marius terius sarius naltus valtus saltus
Dative mazis tezis sazis naxrabut vaxrabut saxrabut
Ablative med ted sed nod vod sad
Vocative meia teia seia neiro veiro seiro
Demonstrative Pronouns
Masculine Feminine Neuter
Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural
Proximal Distal Proximal Distal Proximal Distal Proximal Distal Proximal Distal Proximal Distal
Nominative tim tibâ şabrēki cœyft holao valeo ibis zaçiřb şêsb jîk zêmiln jēvin
Accusative timæ atima âşbek vystaln aglao vätoe ibnis alaziřb alşxifř jikin mizêlni jevin
Genitive abtima öbtima baixşer biesnam aĝleo avteno mahibis vatřaip heşb jiktin azêldin ējvin
Dative qulta kulte raşĝuk maloud darlaho latevo zalbit řaleib hesb jiktibin êminzik ejvin
Ablative xâlâztâ valezte şağbek iemneo fenalħo atvon fælit ħæltřâm aheşb jikitbin ozemni vējin
Vocative îbtar ife zoluğbep fiemlo xiesto ğatvo actvölë alqêo ahesb jinbikti kêzmani vejin

Nouns

See Noun Declension.

Verbs

See Verb Conjugation.

Adjectives

See Adjective Inflection.

Example texts

Other resources

Retrieved from "https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Azano&oldid=317172"