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| {{Infobox language
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| |creator = [[User:IlL|IlL]]
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| |name = Socovíc
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| |nativename = socovíc/socovija lesán
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| |region =
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| |speakers = 393,000
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| |date = 2013
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| |familycolor=Afro-Asiatic
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| |fam1=[[w:Afro-Asiatic languages|Afro-Asiatic]]
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| |fam2=[[w:Semitic languages|Semitic]]
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| |fam3=North Semitic
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| |script=[[w:Latin script|Latin]], [[w:Arabic alphabet|Arabic]], [[w:Hebrew alphabet|Hebrew]]
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| }}
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| ==Background==
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| '''Socovíc''' (Socovíc: ''socovíc'' /ˈsotsoviːts/ or ''socovija lesán'' /ˈsotsovija ˈlesaːn/), sometimes called '''Sotsovian''' in English, is a Semitic language spoken in the Turkey and Bosphorus area. A North Semitic language, it shares many features with Central Semitic tongues such as Arabic, Aramaic and Hebrew; however, it preserves archaic features that have not survived in Central Semitic languages, as well as some innovations in its grammar. The name of the language, ''socovíc'', seems to have originated from {{recon|√s-t-w}}, a root meaning 'north' in Socovíc (cf. Hebrew {{heb|סְתָו}} ''săṯâw'' 'winter').
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|
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| ==Phonology==
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| ===Consonants===
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| {| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="width: 700px; text-align: center;"
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| ! colspan="2"|
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| ! | Labial
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| ! | Dental
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| ! |Alveolar
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| ! | Retroflex
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| ! | Palatal
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| ! | Velar
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| ! | Uvular
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| ! | Glottal
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| |-
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| ! colspan="2" | Nasal
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| | '''m''' /m/
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| | '''n''' /n/
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| |-
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| ! rowspan="2" |Plosive
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| ! | <small>voiceless</small>
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| | '''p''' /p/
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| | '''t''' /t/
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| | '''k''' /k/
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| | '''q''' /q/
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| |-
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| ! | <small>voiced</small>
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| | '''b''' /b/
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| | '''d''' /d/
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| | '''g''' /g/
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| |-
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| ! rowspan="2" |Fricative
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| ! | <small>voiceless</small>
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| | '''f''' /f/
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| | '''þ''' /θ/
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| | '''s''' /s/
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| | '''š''' /ʂ/
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| | '''ch''' /x/
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| | '''h''' /h/
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| |-
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| ! | <small>voiced</small>
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| | '''v''' /v/
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| | '''z''' /z/
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| | '''ž''' /ʐ/
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| |-
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| ! colspan="2" |Affricate
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| | '''c''' /ts/
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| | '''č''' /ʈʂ/
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| |-
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| ! colspan="2" |Trill
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| | '''r''' /r/
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| |-
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| ! colspan="2" |Approximant
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| | '''l''' /l/
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| | '''j''' /j/
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| |}
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|
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| ===Vowels===
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| ====Oral====
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| {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
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| ! rowspan="2" style="width: 90px; "|
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| ! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |Front
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| ! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |Central
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| ! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |Back
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| |-
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| !style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
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| !style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
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| !style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
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| !style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
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| !style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
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| !style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
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| |-
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| ! style="" |Close
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| | '''i''' /i/
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| | '''í''' /iː/
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| | '''u''' /u/
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| | '''ú''' /uː/
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| |-
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| ! style="" |Mid
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| | '''e''' /e̞/
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| | '''é''' /e̞ː/
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| | '''y''' /ə/
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| | '''ý''' /əː/
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| | '''o''' /o̞/
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| | '''ó''' /o̞ː/
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| |-
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| ! style="" |Open
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| | '''ě''' /æ/
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| | '''ě''' /æː/
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| | '''a''' /a/
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| | '''á''' /aː/
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| |}
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|
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| ====Nasal====
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|
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| {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
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| ! rowspan="2" style="width: 90px; "|
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| ! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |Front
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| ! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |Central
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| ! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |Back
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| |-
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| !style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
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| !style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
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| !style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
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| !style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
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| !style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
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| !style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
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| |-
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| ! style="" |Close
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| |-
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| ! style="" |Mid
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| | '''ę''' /ɛ̃ː/
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| | '''ǫ''' /ɔ̃ː/
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| |-
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| ! style="" |Open
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| |}
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|
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| ===Stress===
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| Stress always falls on the first syllable of a word.
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|
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| ==Diachronics==
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| ===Vowels===
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| {| class="wikitable"
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| ! Proto-North Semitic
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| ! Proto-socovíc
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| |-
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| | i
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| | ь
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| |-
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| | u
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| | ъ
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| |-
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| | a
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| | o
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| |-
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| | ī
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| | i
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| |-
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| | ū
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| | y
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| |-
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| | aj
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| | ě
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| |-
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| | aw
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| | u
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| |-
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| | ā
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| | a
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| |-
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| | an
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| | ǫ
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| |-
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| | in
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| | ę, ь
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| |-
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| | un
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| | ǫ, ъ
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| |}
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|
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| Havlík's law: strong {{recon|ъ}} > {{recon|o}}, strong {{recon|ь}} > {{recon|e}}, weak jers vanish without doing anything
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|
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| Cja > Cě
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|
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| ===Consonants===
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| {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width:650px; text-align:center;"
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| |-
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| ! PSem
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| ! {{recon|b}}
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| ! {{recon|d}}
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| ! {{recon|g}}
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| ! {{recon|p}}
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| ! {{recon|t}}
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| ! {{recon|k}}
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| ! {{recon|ṭ}}
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| ! {{recon|ḳ}}
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| ! {{recon|ð}}
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| ! {{recon|z}}
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| ! {{recon|þ}}
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| ! {{recon|š}}
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| ! {{recon|ś}}
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| ! {{recon|s}}
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| ! {{recon|þ̣}}
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| ! {{recon|ṣ}}
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| ! {{recon|ṣ́}}
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| ! {{recon|ɣ}}
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| ! {{recon|ʕ}}
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| ! {{recon|ʔ}}
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| ! {{recon|x}}
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| ! {{recon|ħ}}
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| ! {{recon|h}}
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| ! {{recon|m}}
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| ! {{recon|n}}
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| ! {{recon|l}}
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| ! {{recon|r}}
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| ! {{recon|w}}
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| ! {{recon|j}}
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| |-
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| ! {{PAGENAME}}
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| | ''b''
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| | ''d''
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| | ''ž''
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| | ''p''
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| | ''c''
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| | ''č''
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| | ''t''
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| | ''k''
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| | ''v''
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| | ''z''
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| | ''f''
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| | ''s''
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| | ''š''
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| | ''s''
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| | ''f''
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| | ''š''
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| | ''þ''
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| | ''g''
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| | <sup>''a''</sup>, ː
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| | ː
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| | ''ch''
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| | ''h<sup>a</sup>''
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| | ''h''
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| | ''m''
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| | ''n''
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| | ''l''
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| | ''r''
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| | ''v''
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| | ''j''
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| |}
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|
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| ==Nouns==
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| {{PAGENAME}} nouns inflect for 4 cases:
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| * nominative
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| * genitive-accusative
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| * dative
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| * instrumental-locative
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|
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| {{PAGENAME}} nouns are notable for inheriting the oldest version of the Proto-Semitic case system, the diptotic (two-case) system, with nominative singular ''-''Ø < {{recon|''-ъ''}} < PSem {{recon|''-u''}} and genitive/accusative singular ''-o'' < PSem {{recon|''-a''}}. Feminine singular nominative {{recon|''-atu''}} was changed to {{recon|''-ā''}} > ''-a'' under Indo-European influence. The dative and instrumental/locative were formed by suffixing inflected forms of the prepositions *la 'to' and *bi 'with/by, in'.
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|
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| ===Masculine nouns of type ''moloč''===
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|
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| {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 400px; text-align: center;"
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| ! colspan="5" | Masculine noun: ''moloč'' 'king'
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| |-
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| ! style="width: 100px;" | Case !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
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| |-
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| ! nom.
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| | ''moloč'' || ''molč'''a''''' || ''molč'''y'''''
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| |-
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| ! gen./acc.
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| | ''molč'''o''''' || ''molč'''ě''''' || ''molč'''i'''''
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| |-
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| ! dative
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| | ''molč'''lu''''' || ''molč'''ěluma''''' || ''molč'''ilúm'''''
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| |-
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| ! ins./loc.
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| | ''molč'''bi''''' || ''molč'''ěbima''''' || ''molč'''ibím'''''
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| |}
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|
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|
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| {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 400px; text-align: center;"
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| ! colspan="5" | Masculine noun: ''júm'' 'day'
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| |-
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| ! style="width: 100px;" | Case !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
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| |-
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| ! nom./voc.
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| | ''júm'' || ''júm'''a''''' || ''júm'''y'''''
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| |-
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| ! gen./acc.
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| | ''júm'''o''''' || ''júm'''ě''''' || ''júm'''i'''''
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| |-
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| ! dative
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| | ''júm'''lu''''' || ''júm'''ěluma''''' || ''júm'''ilúm'''''
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| |-
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| ! ins./loc.
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| | ''júm'''bi''''' || ''júm'''ěbima''''' || ''júm'''ibím'''''
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| |}
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|
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| ===Masculine *-ь-stems===
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| {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 400px; text-align: center;"
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| ! colspan="5" | Masculine noun: ''fob'' 'antelope'
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| |-
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| ! style="width: 100px;" | Case !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
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| |-
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| ! nom./voc.
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| | ''fob'' || ''fob'''ě''''' || ''fob'''je'''''
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| |-
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| ! gen./acc.
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| | ''fob'''je''''' || ''fob'''jě''''' || ''fob'''ji'''''
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| |-
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| ! dative
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| | ''fob'''lu''''' || ''fob'''jěluma''''' || ''fob'''jilúm'''''
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| |-
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| ! ins./loc.
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| | ''fobe'''bi''''' || ''fob'''jěbima''''' || ''fob'''jibím'''''
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| |}
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|
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| ===Masculine nouns of type ''ráj''===
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| Example nouns: ''máj'' 'water', ''somáj'' 'heaven', ''ráj'' 'splendor'
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|
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| ===Feminine nouns of type ''molča''===
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|
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| {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 400px; text-align: center;"
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| ! colspan="5" | Feminine noun: ''molča'' 'queen'
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| |-
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| ! style="width: 100px;" | Case !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
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| |-
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| ! nom./voc.
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| | ''molč'''a''''' || ''molč'''ota''''' || ''molč'''ác'''''
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| |-
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| ! gen./acc.
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| | ''molč'''oto''''' || ''molč'''ocě''''' || ''molč'''aci'''''
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| |-
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| ! dative
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| | ''molč'''ótla''''' || ''molč'''ótluma''''' || ''molč'''átlěn'''''
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| |-
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| ! ins./loc.
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| | ''molč'''ótbě''''' || ''molč'''ótbima''''' || ''molč'''átbín'''''
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| |}
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|
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|
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| {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 400px; text-align: center;"
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| ! colspan="5" | Feminine noun: ''syra'' 'performance; ritual'
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| |-
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| ! style="width: 100px;" | Case !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
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| |-
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| ! nom./voc.
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| | ''syr'''a''''' || ''syr'''ota''''' || ''syr'''ác'''''
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| |-
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| ! gen./acc.
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| | ''syr'''oto''''' || ''syr'''ocě''''' || ''syr'''aci'''''
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| |-
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| ! dative
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| | ''syr'''ótla''''' || ''syr'''ótluma''''' || ''syr'''átlěn'''''
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| |-
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| ! ins./loc.
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| | ''syr'''ótbě''''' || ''syr'''ótbima''''' || ''syr'''átbín'''''
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| |}
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|
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| ===Feminine nouns of type ''lesán''===
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| This declension class does not use the usual feminine suffix {{recon|''-at-''}} in the singular and dual, but still adds feminine dative and instrumental/locative suffixes in the singular. This class includes many feminine body part nouns. Examples: ''qӗn'' 'eye'; ''ovon, ovn-'' 'ear'; ''beton, betn-'' 'stomach'; ''koron, korn-'' 'horn'; ''lӗl'' 'night'; ''oroþ, orþ-'' 'earth'.
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|
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| {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 400px; text-align: center;"
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| ! colspan="5" | Feminine noun: ''lesán'' 'tongue, language'
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| |-
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| ! style="width: 100px;" | Case !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
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| |-
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| ! nom./voc.
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| | ''lesán'' || ''lesán'''a''''' || ''lesán'''ác'''''
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| |-
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| ! gen./acc.
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| | ''lesán'''o''''' || ''lesán'''ě''''' || ''lesán'''aci'''''
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| |-
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| ! dative
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| | ''lesán'''la''''' || ''lesán'''ěluma''''' || ''lesán'''átlěn'''''
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| |-
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| ! ins./loc.
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| | ''lesán'''bě''''' || ''lesán'''ěbima''''' || ''lesán'''átbín'''''
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| |}
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|
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| ===Feminine abstract ''-íc'' nouns===
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|
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| {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 400px; text-align: center;"
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| ! colspan="5" | Feminine noun: ''omyníc'' 'truth'
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| |-
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| ! style="width: 100px;" | Case !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
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| |-
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| ! nom./voc.
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| | ''omyn'''íc''''' || ''omyn'''ita''''' || ''omyn'''ijác'''''
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| |-
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| ! gen./acc.
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| | ''omyn'''ito''''' || ''omyn'''icě''''' || ''omyn'''ijaci'''''
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| |-
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| ! dative
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| | ''omyn'''ítla''''' || ''omyn'''ítluma''''' || ''omyn'''ijátlěn'''''
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| |-
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| ! ins./loc.
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| | ''omyn'''ítbě''''' || ''omyn'''ítbima''''' || ''omyn'''ijátbín'''''
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| |}
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|
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| ==Adjectives==
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| Adjectives tend to precede nouns: ''rób běþ'' 'big egg', ''taba spara'' 'good story'.
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|
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| Adverbs are formed by adding the suffix ''-ǫ'': ''tab'' 'good' > ''tabǫ'' 'well', ''hočam'' 'wise' > ''hočamǫ'' 'wisely'.
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| ===Adjectives ending in a consonant===
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| {| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible " style="text-align: center;"
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| ! colspan="7" | Adjective declension: ''tab'' 'good'
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| |-
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| ! rowspan="2" style="width: 100px;" |
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| ! colspan="2" | Singular !! colspan="2" | Dual !! colspan="2" | Plural
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| |-
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| ! style="width: 100px;" | <small>masculine</small> !! style="width: 100px;" | <small>feminine</small> !! style="width: 100px;" | <small>masculine</small> !! style="width: 100px;" | <small>feminine</small> !! style="width: 100px;" | <small>masculine</small> !! style="width: 100px;" | <small>feminine</small>
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| |-
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| ! nominative
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| | ''tab''''' || ''tab'''a''''' || ''tab'''a''''' || ''tab'''ota''''' || ''tab'''y''''' || ''tab'''ác'''''
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| |-
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| ! gen./acc.
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| | ''tab'''o'' || ''tab'''oto'' || ''tab'''ě''''' || ''tab'''ocě''''' || ''tab'''i''''' || ''tab'''aci'''''
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| |-
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| ! dative
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| | ''tab'''lu''''' || ''tab'''ótla''''' || ''tab'''ěluma''''' || ''tab'''ótluma''''' || ''tab'''ilúm''''' || ''tab'''átlěn'''''
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| |-
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| ! ins./loc.
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| | ''tab'''bi''''' || ''tab'''ótbě''''' || ''tab'''ěbima''''' || ''tab'''ótbima''''' || ''tab'''ibím''''' || ''tab'''átbín'''''
| |
| |}
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|
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| ===Nisba adjectives===
| |
|
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| ==Pronouns==
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|
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| {| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible " style="text-align: center;"
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| ! colspan="10" | Personal pronouns
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| |-
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| ! rowspan="2" style="width: 100px;" | Case !! colspan="3" | First person
| |
| |-
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| ! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
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| |-
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| ! Nominative
| |
| |''nák''|| ''náma'' || ''nány''
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| |-
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| ! Genitive
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| |''meni''|| ''mennama, menma'' || ''menny''
| |
| |-
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| ! Dative
| |
| |''li''|| ''lonama, loma'' || ''lony''
| |
| |-
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| ! Accusative
| |
| |''níc''|| ''mác'' || ''nýc''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Ins./Loc.
| |
| |''bi''|| ''bema'' || ''bny''
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
|
| |
| {| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible " style="text-align: center;"
| |
| ! colspan="11" | Personal pronouns, cont.
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan="3" style="width: 100px;" | Case !! colspan="5" | Second person !! colspan="5" | Third person
| |
| |-
| |
| ! colspan="2" | Singular !! rowspan="2" style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! colspan="2" | Plural !! colspan="2" | Singular !! rowspan="2" style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! colspan="2" | Plural
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="width: 100px;" | <small>masculine</small> !! style="width: 100px;" | <small>feminine</small> !! style="width: 100px;" | <small>masculine</small> !! style="width: 100px;" | <small>feminine</small> !! style="width: 100px;" | <small>masculine</small> !! style="width: 100px;" | <small>feminine</small> !! style="width: 100px;" | <small>masculine</small> !! style="width: 100px;" | <small>feminine</small>
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Nominative
| |
| |''ǫto''|| ''ǫc'' || ''ǫtma'' || ''ǫtmy'' || ''ǫtna'' || ''ho'' || ''hi'' || ''homa'' || ''homy'' || ''hena''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Genitive
| |
| |''męk''|| ''męč'' || ''mękma'' || ''mękmy'' || ''męčna'' || ''men'' || ''mená'' || ''menema'' || ''menemy'' || ''menen''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Dative
| |
| |''lók''|| ''lóč'' || ''lókma'' || ''lókmy'' || ''lóčna'' ||''lu''||''lá''||''luma''||''lumy''||''lěn''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Accusative
| |
| |''kác''||''číc''|| ''kmác'' || ''kmýc'' ||''čnác''||''hóc''||''hác''||''homác''||''homýc''||''henác''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Ins./Loc.
| |
| |''bek''||''beč''||''bekma''||''bekmy''||''bečna''||''bí''||''bě''||''bíma''||''bímy''||''bín''
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
|
| |
| {| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible " style="width: 270px; text-align: center;"
| |
| ! colspan="3" | Interrogative pronouns
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="width: 90px;" | Case !! style="width: 90px;" | 'who' !! style="width: 90px;" | 'what'
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Nominative
| |
| | ''mi'' || ''ma''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Genitive
| |
| | ''menmi'' || ''menma''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Dative
| |
| | ''milu'' || ''malu''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Accusative
| |
| | ''míc'' || ''ma''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Ins./Loc.
| |
| | ''mibi'' || ''mabi''
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
|
| |
|
| |
| {| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible " style="text-align: center;"
| |
| ! colspan="7" | Demonstrative/relative pronoun
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan="2" style="width: 100px;" |
| |
| ! colspan="2" | Singular !! colspan="2" | Dual !! colspan="2" | Plural
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="width: 100px;" | <small>masculine</small> !! style="width: 100px;" | <small>feminine</small> !! style="width: 100px;" | <small>masculine</small> !! style="width: 100px;" | <small>feminine</small> !! style="width: 100px;" | <small>masculine</small> !! style="width: 100px;" | <small>feminine</small>
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Nom./Voc.
| |
| | ''vy'' || ''věc'' || ''va'' || ''věta'' || ''oly'' || ''olác''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Genitive
| |
| | ''vu'' || ''věto'' || ''vě'' || ''věcě'' || ''oli'' || ''olaci''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Dative
| |
| | ''vulu'' || ''větla'' || ''věluma''''' || ''větluma''''' || ''olilúm'' || ''olátlěn''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Acc.
| |
| | ''vu''<sup>an</sup> <br/> ''vy''<sup>inan</sup> || ''věc'' || ''va'' || ''věta'' || ''oly'' || ''olác''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Ins./Loc.
| |
| | ''vubi'' || ''větbě'' || ''věbima'' || ''větbima'' || ''olibím'' || ''olátbín''
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
| ==Numerals==
| |
| Cardinal numerals one and two (and those ending in "1" or "2") are declined as adjectives. Cardinals that end in ''šolaf'' (3) through ''cés'' (9) or in ''hošor'' (10-19) are declined like feminine singular nouns in adnominal position (''Jef šolafa ęsáj'' 'There are three people') and like masculine singular nouns in nominal position (''Jef šolaf'' 'There are three').
| |
|
| |
| Since {{PAGENAME}} has singular and dual forms, modifying numerals one and two are not needed; thus ''Ǫšú bně v bęto'' 'I have two sons and a daughter' is just as correct as ''Ǫšú flě bně v ahdoto bęto''.
| |
|
| |
| {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=" text-align: center;"
| |
| |-
| |
| !colspan="6"|Netagin numerals
| |
| |-
| |
| !style="width: 60px; "|
| |
| !style="width: 120px; "|''n''
| |
| !style="width: 120px; "|''n''th
| |
| !style="width: 120px; "|''n'' each/at a time
| |
| !style="width: 120px; "|''n''-fold; ''n''-ad
| |
| !style="width: 120px; "|1/''n''
| |
| |-
| |
| |0
| |
| |''sefor''
| |
| |''-''
| |
| |''-''
| |
| |''-''
| |
| |''-''
| |
| |-
| |
| |1
| |
| |''ahod (m), ahda (f)''
| |
| |''mehálúdh''
| |
| |''halúdhládh''
| |
| |''halálédh''
| |
| |''-''
| |
| |-
| |
| |2
| |
| |''fla (m), flota (f)''
| |
| |''megáḥúz''
| |
| |''gaḥuzḥáz''
| |
| |''gaḥáḥéz''
| |
| |''géḥáz''
| |
| |-
| |
| |3
| |
| |''šolaf, šolafa''
| |
| |''metzábhúl''
| |
| |''tzebhulbál''
| |
| |''tzebhábhél''
| |
| |''tzibál''
| |
| |-
| |
| |4
| |
| |''roba, roboha''
| |
| |''memháqhútz''
| |
| |''meqhutzqátz''
| |
| |''meqháqhétz''
| |
| |''miqátz''
| |
| |-
| |
| |5
| |
| |''chǫs, chǫsa''
| |
| |''mepházúmh''
| |
| |''pezumhzámh''
| |
| |''pezázémh''
| |
| |''pizzámh''
| |
| |-
| |
| |6
| |
| |''séf, séfa''
| |
| |''melábhún''
| |
| |''lebhunbán''
| |
| |''lebhábhén''
| |
| |''libán''
| |
| |-
| |
| |7
| |
| |''sóp, sópa''
| |
| |''meqhátzúdh''
| |
| |''qetzudhtzádh''
| |
| |''qetzátzédh''
| |
| |''qittzádh''
| |
| |-
| |
| |8
| |
| |''fomán, fomána''
| |
| |''mecháˁúš''
| |
| |''ceˁušˁáš''
| |
| |''ceˁáˁéš''
| |
| |''céˁáš''
| |
| |-
| |
| |9
| |
| |''cés, césa''
| |
| |''merápheh''
| |
| |''rephuipheh''
| |
| |''rephápheh''
| |
| |''ripeh''
| |
| |-
| |
| |10
| |
| |''hošor, hošora''
| |
| |''meḥáchúbh''
| |
| |''ḥachubhcábh''
| |
| |''ḥacháchébh''
| |
| |''ḥicábh''
| |
| |-
| |
| |11
| |
| |''ahod v hošor''
| |
| |''ḥáchúbh mehálúdh''
| |
| |''-''
| |
| |''-''
| |
| |''-''
| |
| |-
| |
| |20
| |
| |''hošory''
| |
| |''megháḥúz nḥachúbh''
| |
| |''-''
| |
| |''-''
| |
| |''-''
| |
| |-
| |
| |21
| |
| |''hošory v ahod''
| |
| |''gáḥéz nḥachúbh mehálúdh''
| |
| |''-''
| |
| |''-''
| |
| |''-''
| |
| |-
| |
| |30
| |
| |''šolafy''
| |
| |''-''
| |
| |''-''
| |
| |''-''
| |
| |''-''
| |
| |-
| |
| |40
| |
| |''robohy''
| |
| |''-''
| |
| |''-''
| |
| |''-''
| |
| |''-''
| |
| |-
| |
| |50
| |
| |''chǫsy''
| |
| |''-''
| |
| |''-''
| |
| |''-''
| |
| |''-''
| |
| |-
| |
| |60
| |
| |''séfy''
| |
| |''-''
| |
| |''-''
| |
| |''-''
| |
| |''-''
| |
| |-
| |
| |70
| |
| |''sópy''
| |
| |''-''
| |
| |''-''
| |
| |''-''
| |
| |''-''
| |
| |-
| |
| |80
| |
| |''fomány''
| |
| |''-''
| |
| |''-''
| |
| |''-''
| |
| |''-''
| |
| |-
| |
| |90
| |
| |''césy''
| |
| |''-''
| |
| |''-''
| |
| |''-''
| |
| |''-''
| |
| |-
| |
| |100
| |
| |''meja''
| |
| |''mejocí''
| |
| |''-''
| |
| |''-''
| |
| |''-''
| |
| |-
| |
| |1000
| |
| |''olop''
| |
| |''olpí''
| |
| |''-''
| |
| |''-''
| |
| |''-''
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
| ==Verbs==
| |
| :''See also: [[{{PAGENAME}}/Verbal subparadigms|Verbal subparadigms]].''
| |
| The lemma form of verbs is the aorist 3rd person masculine. In the aorist, the 3fs form is always identical to the 3md form.
| |
|
| |
| Todo: verbal system too Central Semitic. Use the prefix-conjugated preterite for aorist, and stative for present/future?
| |
|
| |
| ===G-stems: ''kotol''===
| |
| {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 400px; text-align: center;"
| |
| ! colspan="4" | ''kotlec, ktol, joktol, kotol, katel'' 'kill'
| |
| |-
| |
| ! colspan="4" | Infinitive/Verbal noun
| |
| |-
| |
| | colspan="4" | ''kotlec''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! colspan="4" | Participle
| |
| |-
| |
| | colspan="4" | ''katel''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! colspan="4" | Imperative
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="width: 100px;" | !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
| |
| |-
| |
| ! 2.m
| |
| | ''ktol!''
| |
| |rowspan="2"| ''ktola!'' || ''ktoly!''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! 2.f
| |
| | ''ktoli!'' || ''ktolna!''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! colspan="4" | Present
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="width: 100px;" | !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
| |
| |-
| |
| ! 1
| |
| | ''oktol'' || ''noktla'' || ''noktol''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! 2.m
| |
| | ''toktol''
| |
| |rowspan="2"| ''toktla'' || ''toktly''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! 2.f
| |
| | ''toktli'' || ''toktolna''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! 3.m
| |
| | ''joktol''
| |
| |rowspan="2"| ''joktla'' || ''joktly''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! 3.f
| |
| | ''joktli'' || ''joktolna''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! colspan="4" | Imperfect
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="width: 100px;" | !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
| |
| |-
| |
| !| 1
| |
| | ''fóktol'' || ''fonoktla'' || ''fonoktol''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! 2.m
| |
| | ''fotoktol''
| |
| |rowspan="2"| ''fotoktla'' || ''fotoktly''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! 2.f
| |
| | ''fotoktli'' || ''fotoktolna''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! 3.m
| |
| | ''fojoktol''
| |
| |rowspan="2"| ''fojoktla'' || ''fojoktly''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! 3.f
| |
| | ''fojoktli'' || ''fojoktolna''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! colspan="4" | Aorist
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="width: 100px;" | !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
| |
| |-
| |
| ! 1
| |
| | ''kotolok'' || ''kotolma'' || ''kotolny''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! 2.m
| |
| | ''kotolot''
| |
| |rowspan="2"| ''kotoltma'' || ''kotoltmy''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! 2.f
| |
| | ''kotoloc'' || ''kotoltna''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! 3.m
| |
| | ''kotol'' || ''kotola'' || ''kotoly''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! 3.f
| |
| | ''kotola'' || ''kotolota'' || ''kotolna''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! colspan="4" | Future I
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="width: 100px;" | !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
| |
| |-
| |
| ! 1
| |
| | ''rþi oktol'' || ''rþi noktla'' || ''rþi noktol''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! 2.m
| |
| | ''rþi toktol''
| |
| |rowspan="2"| ''rþi toktla'' || ''rþi toktly''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! 2.f
| |
| | ''rþi toktli'' || ''rþi toktolna''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! 3.m
| |
| | ''rþi joktol''
| |
| |rowspan="2"| ''rþi joktla'' || ''rþi joktly''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! 3.f
| |
| | ''rþi joktli'' || ''rþi joktolna''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! colspan="4" | Future II
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="width: 100px;" | !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
| |
| |-
| |
| ! 1
| |
| | ''očun katel''|| ''nočuna katla'' || ''nočun katly''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! 1.f
| |
| | ''očun katla'' || ''nočuna katlota'' || ''nočun katlác''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! 2.m
| |
| | ''točun katel'' || ''točuna katla'' || ''točuny katly''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! 2.f
| |
| | ''točuni katla''|| ''točuna katlota'' || ''točunna katlác''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! 3.m
| |
| | ''jočun katel'' || ''jočuna katla'' || ''jočuny katly''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! 3.f
| |
| | ''jočuni katla''|| ''jočuna katlota'' || ''jočunna katlác''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! colspan="4" | Perfect
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="width: 100px;" | !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
| |
| |-
| |
| ! 1.m
| |
| | ''nák katel'' || ''náma katla'' || ''nány katly''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! 1.f
| |
| | ''nák katla'' || ''náma katlota'' || ''nány katlác''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! 2.m
| |
| | ''ǫto katel'' || ''ǫtma katla'' || ''ǫtmy katly''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! 2.f
| |
| | ''ǫc katla'' || ''ǫtma katlota'' || ''ǫtna katlác''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! 3.m
| |
| | ''(ho) katel'' || ''(homa) katla'' || ''(homy) katly''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! 3.f
| |
| | ''(hi) katla'' || ''(homa) katlota'' || ''(hena) katlác''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! colspan="4" | Pluperfect
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="width: 100px;" | !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
| |
| |-
| |
| ! 1.m
| |
| | ''čǫk katel'' || ''čanma katla'' || ''čanny katly''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! 1.f
| |
| | ''čǫk katla'' || ''čanma katlota'' || ''čanny katlác''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! 2.m
| |
| | ''čǫt katel'' || ''čǫtma katla'' || ''čǫtmy katly''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! 2.f
| |
| | ''čǫc katla'' || ''čǫtma katlota'' || ''čǫtna katlác''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! 3.m
| |
| | ''čan katel'' || ''čana katla'' || ''čany katly''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! 3.f
| |
| | ''čana katla'' || ''čanota katlota'' || ''čanna katlác''
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
| ===D-stems: ''katol''===
| |
|
| |
| {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 400px; text-align: center;"
| |
| ! colspan="4" | ''pólžíc, pólež, jopólež, palož, mopólež'' 'split (something)'
| |
| |-
| |
| ! colspan="4" | Infinitive/Verbal noun
| |
| |-
| |
| | colspan="4" | ''pólžíc''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! colspan="4" | Participle
| |
| |-
| |
| | colspan="4" | ''mopólež''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! colspan="4" | Imperative
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="width: 100px;" | !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
| |
| |-
| |
| ! 2.m
| |
| | ''pólež!''
| |
| |rowspan="2"| ''pólža!'' || ''pólžy!''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! 2.f
| |
| | ''pólži!'' || ''póležna!''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! colspan="4" | Present
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="width: 100px;" | !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
| |
| |-
| |
| ! 1
| |
| | ''opólež'' || ''nopólža'' || ''nopólža''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! 2.m
| |
| | ''topólež''
| |
| |rowspan="2"| ''topólža'' || ''topólžy''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! 2.f
| |
| | ''topólži'' || ''topóležna''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! 3.m
| |
| | ''jopólež''
| |
| |rowspan="2"| ''jopólža'' || ''jopólžy''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! 3.f
| |
| | ''jopólži'' || ''jopóležna''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! colspan="4" | Aorist
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="width: 100px;" | !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
| |
| |-
| |
| ! 1
| |
| | ''paložok'' || ''paložma'' || ''paložny''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! 2.m
| |
| | ''paložot''
| |
| |rowspan="2"| ''paložtma'' || ''paložtmy''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! 2.f
| |
| | ''paložoc'' || ''paložtna''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! 3.m
| |
| | ''palož'' || ''paloža'' || ''paložy''
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| |-
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| ! 3.f
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| | ''paloža'' || ''paložota'' || ''paložna''
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| |}
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|
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| ===Š-stems: ''soktel''===
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|
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| ==Usage==
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| ===Imperative===
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| The second person imperatives use the imperative forms.
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|
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| The non-2nd person imperatives are formed with the hortative particle ''c'' (< 'come') plus the present tense.
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|
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| :'''''{{blue|C}} jóci memloč męk.'''''
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| :''Let Thy kingdom come.''
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|
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| The imperative is negated with the negative particle ''la'', instead of ''bol''.
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|
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| :'''''La šní li!'''''
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| :''Don't be mad at me!''
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|
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| ==Expressions==
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| *''Solám!'' 'Hello!'
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| *''Tab júm!'' 'Good day!'
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| *''Taba lěl!'' 'Good night!'
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| ==Texts==
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| ===Pater noster===
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| <poem>
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| ''Ob menny vy na somájbi!''
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| ''C jotkódas sem męk.''
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| ''C jóci memloč męk.''
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| ''C jepuly roþí męk, ěma na somájbi ěvi v in orþbě.''
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| ''Chleb menny jumí hab lony ojúm.''
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| ''V stápu lony chotavác menny, ěvi v nány nostápú chotavác nož lony.''
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| ''V la sabé nyc na tonésíny, éla žal nyc leč rogo.''
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| ''Amen.''
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| </poem>
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| [[Category:Semitic languages]]
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