Soc'ul': Difference between revisions
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|pronunciation = so̞˧kʷʰu˩lˀ | |pronunciation = so̞˧kʷʰu˩lˀ | ||
|pronunciation_key = IPA for Soc'ul' | |pronunciation_key = IPA for Soc'ul' | ||
|state = | |state = Knrawi Isles | ||
|setting = [https://pollasena.fandom.com/wiki/Pollasena_Wiki Pollasena] | |setting = [https://pollasena.fandom.com/wiki/Pollasena_Wiki Pollasena] | ||
|created = 2020 | |created = 2020 | ||
|fam1 = [[Wasc languages | Wasc]] | |fam1 = [[:Category:Wasc languages | Wasc]] | ||
|fam2 = [[:Category:Sekhulla languages | Sekhulla]] | |||
|familycolor = Wasc | |familycolor = Wasc | ||
| | |ethnicity = Cuoñ'o | ||
|creator = Dillon Hartwig | |creator = Dillon Hartwig | ||
|era = -1500 to -700 MT | |||
|script = Wacag | |script = Wacag | ||
|nation = Knrawi Empire | |nation = Knrawi Empire | ||
|clcr = qsc | |||
|map = PollasenaMapGlowPNG2.png | |map = PollasenaMapGlowPNG2.png | ||
|mapsize = 280px | |mapsize = 280px | ||
|mapcaption = Range map of Soc'ul' (green) and [[Knrawi]] (pink) | |mapcaption = Range map of Soc'ul' (green) and [[Knrawi]] (pink), c. -1000 MT | ||
|notice = IPA | |notice = IPA | ||
}} | }} | ||
'''Soc'ul'''' /ˈsoʊkʊl/ (<small>Soc'ul': </small><span class="nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" style="font-family:Gentium,'DejaVu Sans','Segoe UI',sans-serif">[[IPA for Soc'ul'|[so̞˧kʷʰu˩lˀ]]]</span>) is a [[ | '''Soc'ul'''' /ˈsoʊkʊl/ (<small>Soc'ul': </small><span class="nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" style="font-family:Gentium,'DejaVu Sans','Segoe UI',sans-serif">[[IPA for Soc'ul'|[so̞˧kʷʰu˩lˀ]]]</span>) is a [[:Category:Sekhulla languages|Sekhulla language]] spoken primarily by the Cuoñ'o people, with strong influence from [[Knrawi]] and other languages of the Knrawi Isles. | ||
==Etymology== | ==Etymology== | ||
''Soc'ul''', the language's autonym, is inherited from the [[ | ''Soc'ul''', the language's autonym, is inherited from the [[Sekhulla]] autonym ''səkʰulːa'', from [[Wascotl]] ''*(cek)-cek-sole-la'' "our tongue". | ||
==Orthography== | ==Orthography== | ||
Soc'ul' is written with the Wacag logography. Its romanization is as follows. | Soc'ul' is written with the [[Appendix:Wacag Characters|Wacag logography]]. Its romanization is as follows. | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! | ! | ||
! colspan="4" | [[w:Labial consonant|Labial | ! colspan="4" | [[w:Labial consonant|Labial]] !! colspan="4" | [[w:Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]] !! [[w:Postalveolar consonant|Post-<br>alveolar]] !! colspan="4" | [[w:Palatalization|Palatalized velar]]/<br>[[w:Palatal consonant|palatal]] !! colspan="4" | [[w:Velar consonant|Velar]] !! colspan="4" | [[w:Labialization|Labialized velar]] !! [[w:Glottal consonant|Glottal]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
! [[w:Nasal consonant|Nasal]] | ! [[w:Nasal consonant|Nasal]] | ||
| [[w:Pre-stopped consonant|ᵖm]] || [[w:Voiced bilabial nasal|m]] || [[w:Glottalization|ᵖmˀ]] || [[w:Glottalization|mˀ]] || [[w:Pre-stopped consonant|ᵗn]] || [[w:Voiced alveolar nasal|n]] || [[w:Glottalization| | | [[w:Pre-stopped consonant|ᵖm]] || [[w:Voiced bilabial nasal|m]] || [[w:Glottalization|ᵖmˀ]] || [[w:Glottalization|mˀ]] || [[w:Pre-stopped consonant|ᵗn]] || [[w:Voiced alveolar nasal|n]] || [[w:Glottalization|ᵗnˀ]] || [[w:Glottalization|nˀ]] || || [[w:Pre-stopped consonant|ᵏŋʲ]] || [[w:Palatalization|ŋʲ]] || [[w:Glottalization|ᵏŋʲˀ]] || [[w:Glottalization|ŋʲˀ]] || [[w:Pre-stopped consonant|ᵏŋ]] || [[w:Voiced velar nasal|ŋ]] || [[w:Glottalization|ᵏŋˀ]] || [[w:Glottalization|ŋˀ]] || [[w:Pre-stopped consonant|ᵏŋʷ]] || [[w:Labialization|ŋʷ]] || [[w:Glottalization|ᵏŋʷˀ]] || [[w:Glottalization|ŋʷˀ]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
! [[w:stop consonant|Stop]] | ! [[w:stop consonant|Stop]] | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! [[w:Affricate consonant|Affricate]] | ! [[w:Affricate consonant|Affricate]] | ||
| [[w:Voiceless labiodental affricate|p͡f]] || colspan="3" | || [[w:Voiceless alveolar sibilant affricate|t͡s]] || colspan="3" | || [[w:Voiceless | | [[w:Voiceless labiodental affricate|p͡f]] || colspan="3" | || [[w:Voiceless alveolar sibilant affricate|t͡s]] || colspan="3" | || [[w:Voiceless postalveolar affricate|t͡ʃ]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
! [[w:fricative consonant|Fricative]] | ! [[w:fricative consonant|Fricative]] | ||
| || [[w:Voiced labiodental fricative|v]] || || [[w:Glottalization|vˀ]] || [[w:Voiceless alveolar sibilant|s]] || || [[w:Voiced alveolar fricative|z]] || [[w:Glottalization|zˀ]] || [[w:Voiceless | | || [[w:Voiced labiodental fricative|v]] || || [[w:Glottalization|vˀ]] || [[w:Voiceless alveolar sibilant|s]] || || [[w:Voiced alveolar fricative|z]] || [[w:Glottalization|zˀ]] || [[w:Voiceless postalveolar fricative|ʃ]] || [[w:Palatalization|xʲ]] || ([[w:Voiced palatal fricative|ʝ]]) || || ([[w:Glottalization|ʝˀ]]) || [[w:Voiceless velar fricative|x]] || ([[w:Voiced velar fricative|ɣ]]) || || ([[w:Glottalization|ɣˀ]]) || [[w:Labialization|xʷ]] || ([[w:Labialization|ɣʷ]]) || || ([[w:Glottalization|ɣʷˀ]]) | ||
|- | |- | ||
! [[w:Approximant consonant|Approximant]] | ! [[w:Approximant consonant|Approximant]] | ||
| colspan="5" | || [[w:Voiced alveolar lateral approximant|l]] || || [[w:Glottalization|lˀ]] || colspan="2" | || ([[w:Voiced palatal approximant|j]]) || || ([[w:Glottalization|jˀ]]) || || | | colspan="5" | || [[w:Voiced alveolar lateral approximant|l]] || || [[w:Glottalization|lˀ]] || colspan="2" | || ([[w:Voiced palatal approximant|j]]) || || ([[w:Glottalization|jˀ]]) || || [[w:Voiced velar approximant|ɰ]] || || [[w:Glottalization|ɰˀ]] || || ([[w:Voiced labial–velar approximant|w]]) || || ([[w:Glottalization|wˀ]]) | ||
|- | |- | ||
! [[w:Trill consonant|Trill]] | ! [[w:Trill consonant|Trill]] | ||
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|} | |} | ||
*Glottalized consonants are realized with simultaneous creaky voicing for most speakers, but some speakers realize glottalized stops as implosive either in free variation or word-initially | *Glottalized consonants are realized with simultaneous creaky voicing for most speakers, but some speakers realize glottalized stops as implosive either in free variation or word-initially. | ||
*Aspirated consonants have light to moderate aspiration | *Aspirated consonants have light to moderate aspiration. | ||
*[j(ˀ)] | *Pre-stopped nasals may be initially either voiced or voiceless, but are more often voiceless. | ||
*[j(ˀ)], /ɰ(ˀ)/, and [w(ˀ)] are realized as [ʝ(ˀ) | *In far western dialects, palatalized and plain velar consonants may be realized as prevelar and postvelar respectively. | ||
*Some speakers devoice voiced obstruents adjacent to voiceless consonants | **/ɰ(ˀ)/ and [ɣ(ˀ)] may be realized as either prevelar or postvelar, or merge into [j(ˀ) ʝ(ˀ)]. | ||
*[j(ˀ) w(ˀ)] are allophones of /i(ː) u(ː)/ adjacent to vowels. | |||
*[j(ˀ)], /ɰ(ˀ)/, and [w(ˀ)] are realized as [ʝ(ˀ) ɣ(ˀ) ɣʷ(ˀ)] adjacent to high vowels. | |||
**[j(ˀ) ɰ(ˀ) w(ˀ)] adjacent to other [j(ˀ) ɰ(ˀ) w(ˀ)] are variably realized as both approximants or both fricatives. | |||
*Some speakers devoice voiced obstruents adjacent to voiceless consonants. | |||
*Some speakers realize [aɰ(ˀ) əɰ(ˀ)] as central diphthongs [aɨ(ˀ) əɨ(ˀ)], especially non-prevocalically. | |||
===Vowels=== | ===Vowels=== | ||
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===Prosody=== | ===Prosody=== | ||
====Stress and pitch==== | ====Stress and pitch==== | ||
There is no set stress position, but allophonic pitch based on vowels' surrounding consonants. For most speakers these pitches are not contrastive but are seen as proper and are required in recitations; marginal exceptions occur for speakers | There is no set stress position, but allophonic pitch based on vowels' surrounding consonants. For most speakers these pitches are not contrastive but are seen as proper and are required in recitations; marginal exceptions occur for speakers that assimilate voicing in clusters and for speakers that retain tone to some degree in loaned Knrawi or tonal substrate words. Ideophones also form an exception, often ignoring/violating pitch allophony. | ||
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | {|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | ||
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====Rhythm==== | ====Rhythm==== | ||
Syllables are generally mora-timed, with syllables containing long and overlong vowels having two and three morae; in | Syllables are generally mora-timed, with syllables containing long and overlong vowels having two and three morae; in formal music and poetry, continuant coda consonants or coda clusters with them may have their own mora, and overlong syllables may instead have four morae. In informal poetry and especially music, vowel length is ignored. | ||
===Phonotactics=== | ===Phonotactics=== | ||
Syllables are at most (C(C₁))V((C₂)C), with C₁ being a non-lateral approximant and C₂ being C₁ or /ʔ/, but these | Syllables are at most (C(C₁))V((C₂)C), with C₁ being a non-lateral approximant and C₂ being C₁ or /ʔ/, but these maximal syllables are very rare. There are no restrictions on what clusters can occur. | ||
==Morphology== | ==Morphology== | ||
===Alignment=== | ===Alignment=== | ||
Soc'ul' has | Soc'ul' has lexicalized active–stative morphosyntactic alignment. | ||
===Nouns and pronouns=== | ===Nouns and pronouns=== | ||
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Verbs are often serialized in non-formal speech, in which the verbs' agreement marking may or may not match. | Verbs are often serialized in non-formal speech, in which the verbs' agreement marking may or may not match. | ||
Aspect-mood marking and preceding particles are applied to the first verb in the serialization. Following particles are applied after either the first | Aspect-mood marking and preceding particles are applied to the first verb in the serialization. Following particles are applied after either the first or last verb. | ||
Serialization is especially common when the first verb is an intransitive or sensory verb. | Serialization is especially common when the first verb is an intransitive or sensory verb. | ||
===Adjectives and adverbs=== | ===Adjectives and adverbs=== | ||
Adjectives are not their own class of words, but are derived from nouns or verbs. Most often they are derived by zero-marking before other nouns or verbs, or with suffixes or particles. | Adjectives are not their own class of words, but are derived from nouns or verbs. Most often they are derived by zero-marking before other nouns or verbs, or with suffixes or particles (see [[Soc'ul'#Part-of-speech modifiers|Part-of-speech modifiers]]). | ||
Some of these derived adjectives and adverbs have meanings that don't directly correspond to the word they are derived from; in most cases this is due to homophony in ancestral Wascotl words after dropping of the adjective suffix ''*-(c)osc'' or regular merging with forms ending in ''*-(o)tl'' (''*-osc'' and ''*-otl'' both becoming ''-ux''), for example ''toc'' "knife" or "sharp" from Wascotl ''*tequ-'' and ''*tequ-osc'' respectively. | Some of these derived adjectives and adverbs have meanings that don't directly correspond to the word they are derived from; in most cases this is due to homophony in ancestral Wascotl words after dropping of the adjective suffix ''*-(c)osc'' or regular merging with forms ending in ''*-(o)tl'' (''*-osc'' and ''*-otl'' both becoming ''-ux''), for example ''toc'' "knife" or "sharp" from Wascotl ''*tequ-'' and ''*tequ-osc'' respectively. | ||
Comparative and superlative adjectives and adverbs are formed by placing the second compared word after with the postposition ''je'', but see also (see [[Soc'ul'#Reduplication|Reduplication]]). | |||
===Postpositions=== | ===Postpositions=== | ||
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Nouns are not marked for number when using numerals. | Nouns are not marked for number when using numerals. | ||
Mensural classifier constructions are most often classifier-classified-numeral, optionally with ''ne'' following the classified noun. | |||
===Derivational morphology=== | ===Derivational morphology=== | ||
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Most words (other than nouns and conjunctions, but including some particles) can be fully reduplicated after the word for augmented or intensified meaning. In verbs this can also mark an iterative or contrastive meaning, and in adjectives and adverbs it can also mark a comparative or superlative meaning when the thing being compared to is absent in the sentence. | Most words (other than nouns and conjunctions, but including some particles) can be fully reduplicated after the word for augmented or intensified meaning. In verbs this can also mark an iterative or contrastive meaning, and in adjectives and adverbs it can also mark a comparative or superlative meaning when the thing being compared to is absent in the sentence. | ||
The reduplicated word comes after any particles that would | The reduplicated word comes after any particles that would otherwise be directly after the word. Reduplicated verbs only mark agreement on the first verb. | ||
Triplication is also used by some speakers for further augmentation/intensification, but this is not considered standard. | Triplication is also used by some speakers for further augmentation/intensification, but this is not considered standard. | ||
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|Habai-(i)ý co jutxux hez'i yanux jem'uj ne hez'i diuzi ez'e muzm'e. | |Habai-(i)ý co jutxux hez'i yanux jem'uj ne hez'i diuzi ez'e muzm'e. | ||
|bear-PASS person all {{gcl|ADVZ|adverbializer}} freedom equality with {{gcl|ADVZ|adverbializer}} dignity NZ own | |bear-PASS person all {{gcl|ADVZ|adverbializer}} freedom equality with {{gcl|ADVZ|adverbializer}} dignity NZ own | ||
||display-messages=no|italics2=no|italics3=no | ||display-messages=no|italics2=no|italics3=no}} | ||
<br> | <br> | ||
{{interlinear | {{interlinear | ||
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*[[:Category:Translated works in Soc'ul'|Translated works in Soc'ul']] | *[[:Category:Translated works in Soc'ul'|Translated works in Soc'ul']] | ||
*[[Soc'ul'/Test Case Sentences]] | *[[Soc'ul'/Test Case Sentences]] | ||
*[[Soc'ul'/ | *[[Soc'ul'/Corpus]] | ||
===Conlang Atlas of Language Structures-hosted translations=== | ===Conlang Atlas of Language Structures-hosted translations=== | ||
*[https://cals.info/translation/language/socul | *[https://cals.info/translation/language/socul CALS translations] | ||
==Other resources== | ==Other resources== | ||
[https://cals.info/language/socul/ CALS] | *[https://cals.info/language/socul/ CALS] | ||
*[[Soc'ul'/Swadesh]] | |||
[ | |||
[ | |||
[[Category:Soc'ul' language]] | [[Category:Soc'ul' language]] | ||
[[Category:Languages]] | [[Category:Languages]] | ||
[[Category:Wasc languages]] | [[Category:Wasc languages]] | ||
[[Category:Sekhulla languages]] | |||
[[Category:Languages of Pollasena]] | |||
[[Category:Conlangs]] | [[Category:Conlangs]] | ||