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{{construction}}


'''[[Socovic/Socovic|Vy gorov in socovito]]'''<br/>'''[[Socovic/he|דף זה בעברית]]'''
{{Infobox language
|creator = [[User:IlL|IlL]]
|name = Socovic
|nativename = socovic/socovija lesan
|region = Balkan Peninsula
|states = Mostsev, Greece, Italy
|speakers = 4 million
|date = 2015
|familycolor=Afro-Asiatic
|fam1=[[w:Afro-Asiatic languages|Afro-Asiatic]]
|fam2=[[w:Semitic languages|Semitic]]
|fam3=North Semitic
|script=[[w:Latin script|Latin]]
}}
==todo==
*[[Socovic/Lexicon]]
**''cedor, cedr-'' instead of {{recon|''oroz'', ''orz-''}}
**''odom'': high register word for 'human'/'mortal'
**''qobod'' 'servant'; ''qobdic'' 'work, service'
**''tur'' instead of {{recon|''fur''}}
**''ura'' 'time'
**''zug'' 'pair'
***''sezeg'' 'husband'
**''mor'' 'man'
**''veb'' 'wolf'
**''jesbor'' 'know' ({{recon|''yašburu''}} 'break')
*[[Main Page/Socovic]]
*Grammar
**stative > present defines North Semitic
**Make verbs weak and strong in the Germanic sense?
==Background==
'''Socovic''' (Socovic: ''socovic'' /ˈsotsoviːts/ or ''socovija lesan'' /ˈsotsovija ˈlesaːn/), sometimes called '''Sotsovian''' in English, is a Semitic language in the [[w:Balkan sprachbund|Balkan Sprachbund]], spoken in the nation of Mostsev (''Moscev'') which is actually a thin piece of land running straight down the west coast of the Balkan Peninsula or something. A North Semitic language, it diverges in many ways from Central Semitic tongues such as Arabic, Aramaic and Hebrew - it preserves archaic features that have not survived in Central Semitic languages, as well as some innovations in its grammar. North Semitic is defined by innovations such as the generalization of the diptote noun paradigm and present forms derived from the Proto-Semitic stative. North Semitic is thought to have been a quasi-Central Semitic dialect that separated very early from the rest of Central Semitic. The name of the language, ''socovic'', is the feminine singular definite form of the adjective ''socovi'' - which seems to have stemmed from {{recon|√s-t-w}}, a root meaning 'north' in Socovic (cf. Hebrew {{heb|סְתָו}} ''săṯâw'' 'winter'). Like its Semitic and Afro-Asiatic relatives, Socovic is a fusional, templatic language with an accusative alignment. Because of its obvious connection with the "sacred tongue" Hebrew, Socovic had caught some attention in historical Western scholarship before the era of modern linguistics. While Socovic is very conservative in some respects (e.g. inflectional cases, dual number, a prefix-conjugated preterite, feminine plural verb forms), over its history the language has absorbed influences from Slavic, Greek, Albanian, Turkish, Italian, Arabic, and more recently French, German and English.
==Phonology==
===Consonants===
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="width: 700px; text-align: center;"
! colspan="2"|
! | Labial
! | Dental
! | Alveolar
! | Postalveolar
! | Palatal
! | Velar
! | Uvular
! | Glottal
|-
! colspan="2" | Nasal
| '''m''' /m/
|
| '''n''' /n/
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |Plosive
! | <small>voiceless</small>
| '''p''' /p/
|
| '''t''' /t/
|
|
| '''k''' /k/
| '''q''' /q/
| (/ʔ/)
|-
! | <small>voiced</small>
| '''b''' /b/
|
| '''d''' /d/
|
|
| '''g''' /g/
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |Fricative
! | <small>voiceless</small>
| '''f''' /f/
| '''þ''' /θ/
| '''s''' /s/
| '''š''' /ʃ/
|
| '''x''' /x/
|
| '''h''' /h/
|-
! | <small>voiced</small>
| '''v''' /v/
|
| '''z''' /z/
| '''ž''' /ʒ/
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Affricate
|
|
| '''c''' /ts/
| '''č''' /tʃ/
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Trill
|
|
| '''r''' /r/
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Approximant
|
|
| '''l''' /l/
|
| '''j''' /j/
|
|
|
|}
====Allophony====
If a word begins with a vowel, a glottal stop is added before it.
Obstruents followed by an obstruent assimilate to the voicing of the following obstruent: ''tosbara'' /tɤsbaːra/ 'science' is pronounced [ˈtɤzbaːra].
===Vowels===
Vowel length is phonemic.
====Oral====
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=" text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" style="width: 90px; "|
! rowspan="1" colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |Front
! rowspan="1" colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |Back
|-
!style="width: 90px; "|<small>oral</small>
!style="width: 90px; "|<small>nasal</small>
!style="width: 90px; "|<small>oral</small>
!style="width: 90px; "|<small>nasal</small>
|-
! style="" |Close
| '''i''' /i/
|
| '''u''' /u/
|
|-
! style="" |Mid
| '''e''' /e/
| '''ę''' /ɛ̃/
| '''o''' /o/
| '''ǫ''' /ɔ̃/
|-
! style="" |Open
| '''ē''' /æ&#797;/
|
| '''a''' /a/
|
|}
===Stress and intonation===
Pitch accent is phonemic in Socovic.
==Diachronics==
===Vowels===
====PSem to PNSem====
*Word-final ''-i'' dropped; this triggers the generalization of diptotes and the fronting of the overall consonant inventory.
*{{recon|āN *īN *ūN *ayN}} > overlong {{recon|â *î *û *ê}} if N is not part of a root
====PNSem to PSocovic====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
! Proto-North Semitic
! Proto-Socovic
|-
| i
| ь
|-
| u
| ъ
|-
| a > ə
| o
|-
| ī
| i
|-
| ū
| y
|-
| ay
| ě
|-
| aw
| u
|-
| ā
| a
|-
| an
| ǫ
|-
| in
| ę, ь
|-
| un
| ǫ, ъ
|}
===PSocovic to Socovic===
Havlik's law: strong {{recon|''ъ''}} > {{recon|''o''}}, strong {{recon|''ь''}} > {{recon|''e''}}, weak jers vanish without doing anything
{{recon|''y''}} > ''e''
===Consonants===
Socovic distinguishes between around 23 of the original 29 consonants of Proto-Semitic. (cf. Arabic 28, Aramaic/Phoenician 22, Akkadian 20, Modern Hebrew <20). The following chart presents the predominant reflexes of the Proto-Semitic consonants in each stage:
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width:650px; text-align:center;"
|-
! PSem
! {{recon|b}}
! {{recon|d}}
! {{recon|g}}
! {{recon|p}}
! {{recon|t}}
! {{recon|k}}
! {{recon|ṭ}}
! {{recon|ḳ}}
! {{recon|ð}}
! {{recon|z}}
! {{recon|þ}}
! {{recon|š}}
! {{recon|ś}}
! {{recon|s}}
! {{recon|þ&#803;}}
! {{recon|ṣ}}
! {{recon|ṣ́}}
! {{recon|ɣ}}
! {{recon|ʕ}}
! {{recon|ʔ}}
! {{recon|x}}
! {{recon|ħ}}
! {{recon|h}}
! {{recon|m}}
! {{recon|n}}
! {{recon|l}}
! {{recon|r}}
! {{recon|w}}
! {{recon|y}}
|-
! Late PNSem
| {{recon|b}}
| {{recon|d}}
| {{recon|ǵ}}
| {{recon|p}}
| {{recon|ť}}
| {{recon|ḱ}}
| {{recon|t&#803;}}
| {{recon|k&#803;}}
| {{recon|v}}
| {{recon|z}}
| {{recon|f}}
| {{recon|s}}
| {{recon|ś}}
| {{recon|s}}
| {{recon|f&#803;}}
| {{recon|ṣ}}
| {{recon|ṣ́}}
| {{recon|ɣ}}
| {{recon|ʕ}}
| {{recon|ʔ}}
| {{recon|x}}
| {{recon|ħ}}
| {{recon|h}}
| {{recon|m}}
| {{recon|n}}
| {{recon|l}}
| {{recon|r}}
| {{recon|w}}
| {{recon|y}}
|-
! Old Socovic
| ''b''
| ''d''
| ''ž''
| ''p''
| ''ć''
| ''č''
| ''t''
| ''k''
| ''v''
| ''z''
| ''f''
| ''s''
| ''š''
| ''s''
| ''f''
| ''š''
| ''ś''
| ''g''
| ''<sup>a</sup>q'', ''-a''
| {{recon|''ʔ''}}
| ''x''
| ''<sup>a</sup>h''
| ''h''
| ''m''
| ''n''
| ''l''
| ''r''
| ''v''
| ''j''
|-
! Modern Socovic
| ''b''
| ''d''
| ''ž''
| ''p''
| ''c''
| ''č''
| ''t''
| ''k''
| ''v''
| ''z''
| ''f''
| ''s''
| ''š''
| ''s''
| ''f''
| ''š''
| ''þ''
| ''g''
| ''<sup>a</sup>q'', ''-a''
| ː, ''v'', ''j''
| ''x''
| ''<sup>a</sup>h''
| ''h''
| ''m''
| ''n''
| ''l''
| ''r''
| ''v''
| ''j''
|}
===Declension===
====Early Proto-North Semitic====
Diptotic declension. The parenthesized nasal elements in the dual and plural were unstable due to the shift to word-initial stress that had occurred in PNSem.
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 400px; text-align: center;"
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | Case !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! Nominative
| ''yawmu(n)'' || ''yawmā(ni)'' || ''yawmū''
|-
! Accusative/Genitive
| ''yawma(n)'' || ''yawmay(ni)'' || ''yawmī''
|}
====Proto-/Old Socovic====
Accusative implements DOM based on animacy of the noun: = genitive for animates, = nominative for inanimates
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 400px; text-align: center;"
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | Case !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! Nominative
| ''jumъ'' || ''juma'' || ''jumy''
|-
! Genitive
| ''jumo'' || ''jumě'' || ''jumi''
|}
==Nouns==
Socovic nouns decline in definiteness, three numbers (singular, dual and plural), and three cases (nominative, accusative, genitive). Unusually for a modern Semitic language, case plays a very important and productive role, while there is no counterpart to the construct state or possessed forms (except for very few nouns) of other Semitic languages; however, the possessor always follows the head.
===Morphological notes===
The accusative is identical to the genitive for animate nouns, and identical to the nominative for inanimate nouns.
Socovic nouns are notable for generalizing the diptotic (two-case) system, with nominative singular ''-''Ø < {{recon|''-ъ''}} < PNSem {{recon|''-u''}} and genitive/accusative singular ''-o'' < PNSem {{recon|''-a''}}, though it is uncertain whether diptotes or triptotes dominated the original Proto-Semitic paradigm. Feminine singular nominative {{recon|''-atu''}} was changed to {{recon|''-ā''}} (modern ''-a''), presumably under Indo-European influence. The feminine plural genitive also has an unexpected form of ''-aci'' instead of the syncretic {{recon|''-ac''}} < {{recon|''-āti''}} - probably a result of analogy to the masculine genitive plural.
The definiteness suffixes arose from cliticized demonstratives: e.g. ''vodov'' 'the child' (nom.) < {{recon|''voldъ-vy''}} < PNSem {{recon|''waldu&nbsp;ðū''}}; ''porosili'' 'the horses' (acc./gen.) < {{recon|''porosi-ъli''}} < PNSem {{recon|''parašī&nbsp;ʔulī''}}. Proper names, already being definite, are unmarked for definiteness: (e.g. ''Junija'' 'Greece', ''Xrist'' or ''Xristos'' 'Christ', with a unique vocative form ''Xriste'').
Nouns fall into one of several declension paradigms. Diachronically, the declension paradigm a noun belongs to is a function of the declension class it was analyzed as, as well as the noun's gender.
===Masculine nouns of type ''jum''===
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align: center;"
! colspan="7" | Masculine noun: ''vod'' 'child, boy'
|-
!rowspan="2" style="width: 100px;" | !! colspan="2" | Singular !! colspan="2" | Dual !! colspan="2" | Plural
|-
!style="width: 100px;" |Indefinite!!style="width: 100px;" |Definite!!style="width: 100px;" |Indefinite!!style="width: 100px;" |Definite!!style="width: 100px;" |Indefinite!!style="width: 100px;" |Definite
|-
! Nominative
| ''vod'' || ''vod'''ov''''' || ''vod'''a''''' || ''vod'''ava''''' || ''vod'''e''''' || ''vod'''ele'''''
|-
! Genitive
| ''vod'''o''''' || ''vod'''ovo''''' || ''vod'''ē''''' || ''vod'''ēvē''''' || ''vod'''i''''' || ''vod'''ili'''''
|}
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align: center;"
! colspan="7" | Masculine noun: ''jum'' 'day'
|-
!rowspan="2" style="width: 100px;" | !! colspan="2" | Singular !! colspan="2" | Dual !! colspan="2" | Plural
|-
!style="width: 100px;" |Indefinite!!style="width: 100px;" |Definite!!style="width: 100px;" |Indefinite!!style="width: 100px;" |Definite!!style="width: 100px;" |Indefinite!!style="width: 100px;" |Definite
|-
! Nominative
| ''jum'' || ''jum'''ov''''' || ''jum'''a''''' || ''jum'''ava''''' || ''jum'''e''''' || ''jum'''ele'''''
|-
! Genitive
| ''jum'''o''''' || ''jum'''ovo''''' || ''jum'''ē''''' || ''jum'''ēvē''''' || ''jum'''i''''' || ''jum'''ili'''''
|}
===Masculine *-j-stems===
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align: center;"
! colspan="7" | Masculine noun: ''fob'' 'antelope'
|-
!rowspan="2" style="width: 100px;" | !! colspan="2" | Singular !! colspan="2" | Dual !! colspan="2" | Plural
|-
!style="width: 100px;" |Indefinite!!style="width: 100px;" |Definite!!style="width: 100px;" |Indefinite!!style="width: 100px;" |Definite!!style="width: 100px;" |Indefinite!!style="width: 100px;" |Definite
|-
! Nominative
| ''fob'' || ''fob'''jev''''' || ''fob'''ja''''' || ''fob'''java''' || ''fob'''je''''' || ''fob'''jele'''''
|-
! Genitive
| ''fob'''je''''' || ''fob'''jevo''' || ''fob'''jē''''' || ''fob'''jēvē''' || ''fob'''ji''''' || ''fob'''jili'''
|}
===''q''-stems===
{{recon|-q}} > ''a'', {{recon|-aq, *-yq}} > ''a'', {{recon|-eq, ēq}} > ''ē'', {{recon|-uq}} > ''o'', {{recon|-iq}} > ''e''
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align: center;"
! colspan="7" | Masculine noun: ''vra'' 'arm'
|-
!rowspan="2" style="width: 100px;" | !! colspan="2" | Singular !! colspan="2" | Dual !! colspan="2" | Plural
|-
!style="width: 100px;" |Indefinite!!style="width: 100px;" |Definite!!style="width: 100px;" |Indefinite!!style="width: 100px;" |Definite!!style="width: 100px;" |Indefinite!!style="width: 100px;" |Definite
|-
! Nominative
| ''vra'' || ''vraqov'' || ''vraqa'' || ''vraqava'' || ''vraqe'' || ''vraqele''
|-
! Genitive
| ''vraqo'' || ''vraqovo''''' || ''vraqē'' || ''vraqēvē'' || ''vraqi'' || ''vraqili''
|}
===''*ħ''-stems===
Similar alternations to ''q''-stems.
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align: center;"
! colspan="7" | Masculine noun: ''rah'' 'wind'
|-
!rowspan="2" style="width: 100px;" | !! colspan="2" | Singular !! colspan="2" | Dual !! colspan="2" | Plural
|-
!style="width: 100px;" |Indefinite!!style="width: 100px;" |Definite!!style="width: 100px;" |Indefinite!!style="width: 100px;" |Definite!!style="width: 100px;" |Indefinite!!style="width: 100px;" |Definite
|-
! Nominative
| ''rah'' || ''rehov'' || ''reha'' || ''rehava'' || ''rehe'' || ''rehele''
|-
! Genitive
| ''reho'' || ''rehovo''''' || ''rehē'' || ''rehēvē'' || ''rehi'' || ''rehili''
|}
===Feminine nouns of type ''molča''===
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align: center;"
! colspan="7" | ''sira'' 'performance, ritual'
|-
!rowspan="2" style="width: 100px;" | !! colspan="2" | Singular !! colspan="2" | Dual !! colspan="2" | Plural
|-
!style="width: 100px;" |Indefinite!!style="width: 100px;" |Definite!!style="width: 100px;" |Indefinite!!style="width: 100px;" |Definite!!style="width: 100px;" |Indefinite!!style="width: 100px;" |Definite
|-
! Nominative
| ''sir'''a''''' || ''sir'''ēc''''' || ''sir'''ota''''' || ''sir'''ēta''''' || ''sir'''ac''''' || ''sir'''alac'''''
|-
! Genitive
| ''sir'''oto''''' || ''sir'''ēto''''' || ''sir'''ocē''''' || ''sir'''ēcē''''' || ''sir'''aci''''' || ''sir'''alaci'''''
|}
===Feminine nouns of type ''lesan''===
This class includes many feminine body part nouns. Examples: ''qӗn'' 'eye'; ''ovon, ovn-'' 'ear'; ''beton, betn-'' 'stomach'; ''koron, korn-'' 'horn'; ''om'' 'mother'; ''lӗl'' 'night'; ''oroþ, orþ-'' 'earth'.
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align: center;"
! colspan="7" | ''lesan'' 'tongue, language'
|-
!rowspan="2" style="width: 100px;" | !! colspan="2" | Singular !! colspan="2" | Dual !! colspan="2" | Plural
|-
!style="width: 100px;" |Indefinite!!style="width: 100px;" |Definite!!style="width: 100px;" |Indefinite!!style="width: 100px;" |Definite!!style="width: 100px;" |Indefinite!!style="width: 100px;" |Definite
|-
! Nominative
| ''lesan'' || ''lesan'''ēc''''' || ''lesan'''a''''' || ''lesan'''ēta''''' || ''lesan'''ac''''' || ''lesan'''alac'''''
|-
! Genitive
| ''lesan'''o''''' || ''lesan'''ēto''''' || ''lesan'''ē''''' || ''lesan'''ēcē''''' || ''lesan'''aci''''' || ''lesan'''alaci'''''
|}
===Feminine abstract ''-ic'' nouns===
These nouns have no definiteness distinction.
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 400px; text-align: center;"
! colspan="5" | Feminine noun: ''omenic'' 'truth'
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | Case !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! Nominative
| ''omen'''ic''''' || ''omen'''ita''''' || ''omen'''ijac'''''
|-
! Genitive
| ''omen'''ito''''' || ''omen'''icē''''' || ''omen'''ijaci'''''
|}
===Irregular nouns===
Nouns with "irregular" declension or broken plurals became nigh-extinct by the time of Proto-Socovic; however, some still remain.
*''ęs'' (pl. nom. indef. ''onase'') 'person'
*''sem'' (pl. nom. indef. ''osame'') 'name'
====Possessed nouns====
Possessed nouns, or nouns that take possessive suffixes, are a closed class; this group covers only the nuclear family nouns ''ob'' 'father' (pl. ''obaje''), ''om'' 'mother' (pl. ''omac''), ''ox'' (pl. ''oxove'') 'brother', ''oxoc, oxc-/oxt-'' 'sister' (pl. ''oxovac''), ''ben, bn-'' (pl. ''bnaje'') 'son', ''bęc, bęc-/bęt-'' 'daughter' (pl. ''bnac''), ''mor'' (pl. ''omraje'') 'husband', ''nesa'' 'wife'. Only the singular has possessed forms: ''oxi'' 'my brother', but ''oxava li'' 'my two brothers'. The possessive suffixes make the noun definite. Note that the plurals are all irregular in order to disambiguate the plural case-marked forms from the singular possessed forms.
All nouns in this class follow the same declension w.r.t. possession. The oblique can be formed by adding ''-bi'' to the end of the accusative/genitive possessed forms.
'My sister' and 'my daughter' are ''ox'''c'''i'' and ''bę'''c'''i'' in the nominative; all other posssessed forms take stems in ''oxt-'' and ''bęt-''.
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 400px; text-align: center;"
! colspan="5" | Possessed forms of ''ob'' 'father'
|-
! colspan="5" | Nominative singular
|-
! style="width: 100px;" |  !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! 1
| ''obi'' || ''obena'' || ''obene''
|-
! 2.m
| ''obeko''
|rowspan="2"| ''obekma'' || ''obekme''
|-
! 2.f
| ''obeč''  || ''obekno''
|-
! 3.m
| ''obe''
|rowspan="2"| ''obema'' || ''obeme''
|-
! 3.f
| ''oba'' || ''obeno''
|-
! colspan="5" | Accusative/Genitive singular
|-
! style="width: 100px;" |  !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! 1
| ''obajo'' || ''obana'' || ''obane''
|-
! 2.m
| ''obako''
|rowspan="2"| ''obakma'' || ''obakme''
|-
! 2.f
| ''obač''  || ''obakno''
|-
! 3.m
| ''obav''
|rowspan="2"| ''obama'' || ''obame''
|-
! 3.f
| ''oba'' || ''obano''
|}
==Adjectives==
Adjectives merge the genitive and oblique cases into the genitive case.
Adjectives precede nouns in the nominative and accusative cases: ''rob bḗc'' 'a big house', ''taba spara'' 'a good story', but follow the nouns in the genitive and oblique: ''docēc bḗcovo robovo'' 'the door of the big house', and prepositional objects: ''en bḗcovo robovo'' 'in the big house'. Adjectives do not agree in definiteness when they precede the noun, but do agree when they follow the noun.
===Adjectives ending in a consonant===
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible " style="text-align: center;"
! colspan="7" | Adjective declension: ''tab'' 'good' (masculine)
|-
! rowspan="2" style="width: 100px;" |
! colspan="2" | Singular !! colspan="2" | Dual !! colspan="2" | Plural
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | <small>indefinite</small> !! style="width: 100px;" | <small>definite</small> !! style="width: 100px;" | <small>indefinite</small> !! style="width: 100px;" | <small>definite</small> !! style="width: 100px;" | <small>indefinite</small> !! style="width: 100px;" | <small>definite</small>
|-
! Nominative
| ''tab'' || ''tab'''ov''''' || ''tab'''a''''' || ''tab'''ava''''' || ''tab'''e''''' || ''tab'''ele'''''
|-
! Genitive
| ''tab'''o'' || ''tab'''ovo'' || ''tab'''ē''''' || ''tab'''ēvē''''' || ''tab'''i''''' || ''tab'''ili'''''
|}
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible " style="text-align: center;"
! colspan="7" | Adjective declension: ''tab'' 'good' (feminine)
|-
! rowspan="2" style="width: 100px;" |
! colspan="2" | Singular !! colspan="2" | Dual !! colspan="2" | Plural
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | <small>indefinite</small> !! style="width: 100px;" | <small>definite</small> !! style="width: 100px;" | <small>indefinite</small> !! style="width: 100px;" | <small>definite</small> !! style="width: 100px;" | <small>indefinite</small> !! style="width: 100px;" | <small>definite</small>
|-
! Nominative
| ''tab'''a''''' || ''tab'''ēc''''' || ''tab'''ota''''' || ''tab'''ēta''''' || ''tab'''ac''''' || ''tab'''alac'''''
|-
! Genitive
| ''tab'''oto''''' || ''tab'''ēto'' || ''tab'''ocē''''' || ''tab'''ēcē''''' || ''tab'''aci''''' || ''tab'''alaci'''''
|}
===Nisba adjectives===
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible " style="text-align: center;"
! colspan="7" | Adjective declension: ''bošori'' 'bodily, physical' (masculine)
|-
! rowspan="2" style="width: 100px;" |
! colspan="2" | Singular !! colspan="2" | Dual !! colspan="2" | Plural
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | <small>indefinite</small> !! style="width: 100px;" | <small>definite</small> !! style="width: 100px;" | <small>indefinite</small> !! style="width: 100px;" | <small>definite</small> !! style="width: 100px;" | <small>indefinite</small> !! style="width: 100px;" | <small>definite</small>
|-
! Nominative
| ''bošor'''i''''' || ''bošor'''iv''''' || ''bošor'''ija''''' || ''bošor'''iva''''' || ''bošor'''ije''''' || ''bošor'''ile'''''
|-
! Genitive
| ''bošor'''ije'' || ''bošor'''ivo'' || ''bošor'''ijē''''' || ''bošor'''ivē''''' || ''bošor'''i''''' || ''bošor'''ili'''''
|}
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible " style="text-align: center;"
! colspan="7" | Adjective declension: ''bošori'' 'bodily, physical' (feminine)
|-
! rowspan="2" style="width: 100px;" |
! colspan="2" | Singular !! colspan="2" | Dual !! colspan="2" | Plural
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | <small>indefinite</small> !! style="width: 100px;" | <small>definite</small> !! style="width: 100px;" | <small>indefinite</small> !! style="width: 100px;" | <small>definite</small> !! style="width: 100px;" | <small>indefinite</small> !! style="width: 100px;" | <small>definite</small>
|-
! Nominative
| ''bošor'''ija''''' || ''bošor'''ic''''' || ''bošor'''ijota''''' || ''bošor'''ita''''' || ''bošor'''ijac''''' || ''bošor'''ilac'''''
|-
! Genitive
| ''bošor'''ijoto'' || ''bošor'''ito'' || ''bošor'''ijocē''''' || ''bošor'''icē''''' || ''bošor'''ijaci''''' || ''bošor'''ilaci'''''
|}
==Pronouns==
Genitive and short accusative pronouns can be used as verbal clitics denoting a pronominal object; the clitic precedes the verb unless the verb is in the imperative. The genitive/dative clitic comes before the accusative clitic. A pronominal object may be "doubled" by a clitic for emphasis like in Balkan or Romance languages.
Pronouns are found in all three persons and all three numbers. The original 1st person dual-plural pronoun, {{recon|''naħnā''}}/{{recon|''naħnū''}} was reinterpreted as two different pronouns, each with its respective number ending: hence 1st person dual ''nahna'' < {{recon|''naħnā''}} and 1st person plural ''nahne'' < {{recon|''naħnū''}}. There is, in addition, a 2nd person polite pronoun ''ǫtmes''. The origin of the ''-s'' suffix is unknown, but is speculated to be a directive {{recon|''-š''}} (~ Hebrew ''-âh'') added to the 2nd person plural. ''Ǫtmes'' takes plural agreement.
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible " style="text-align: center;"
! colspan="10" | Personal pronouns
|-
! rowspan="2" style="width: 100px;" | Case !! colspan="3" | First person
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! Nominative
|''nak''|| ''nahna'' || ''nahne''
|-
! Genitive
|''li''|| ''lona'' || ''lone''
|-
! Accusative
|''nic'', ''ni''|| ''nac'', ''na'' || ''nec'', ''ne''
|}
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible " style="text-align: center;"
! colspan="12" | Personal pronouns, cont.
|-
! rowspan="3" style="width: 100px;" | Case !! colspan="6" | Second person !! colspan="5" | Third person
|-
! colspan="2" | Singular !! rowspan="2" style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! colspan="2" | Plural !! rowspan="2" style="width: 100px;" | Polite !! colspan="2" | Singular !! rowspan="2" style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! colspan="2" | Plural
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | <small>masculine</small> !! style="width: 100px;" | <small>feminine</small> !! style="width: 100px;" | <small>masculine</small> !! style="width: 100px;" | <small>feminine</small> !! style="width: 100px;" | <small>masculine</small> !! style="width: 100px;" | <small>feminine</small> !! style="width: 100px;" | <small>masculine</small> !! style="width: 100px;" | <small>feminine</small>
|-
! Nominative
|''ǫto''|| ''ǫc'' || ''ǫtma'' || ''ǫtme'' || ''ǫcno'' || ''ǫtmes'' || ''e'' || ''i'' || ''oma'' || ''ome'' || ''en''
|-
! Genitive
|''lok''|| ''loč'' || ''lokma'' || ''lokme'' || ''ločno'' || ''lokmes'' ||''lu''||''la''||''luma''||''lume''||''lēn''
|-
! Accusative
|''kac'', ''ka'', ''k'' ||''čic'', ''či'', ''č''|| ''kmac'', ''kma'' || ''kmec'', ''kme'' || ''čnac'', ''čna'' || ''kmec'', ''kmes'' || ''oc'', ''o'' ||''ac'', ''a''||''omac'', ''oma''||''omec'', ''om'' ||''enac'', ''en''
|}
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible " style="width: 270px; text-align: center;"
! colspan="3" | Interrogative pronouns
|-
! style="width: 90px;" | Case !! style="width: 90px;" | 'who' !! style="width: 90px;" | 'what'
|-
! Nominative
| ''mǫ'' || ''ma''
|-
! Genitive
| ''mǫlu'' || ''malu''
|-
! Accusative
| ''mǫc'' || ''ma''
|}
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible " style="text-align: center;"
! colspan="7" | Demonstrative pronoun
|-
! rowspan="2" style="width: 100px;" |
! colspan="2" | Singular !! colspan="2" | Dual !! colspan="2" | Plural
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | <small>masculine</small> !! style="width: 100px;" | <small>feminine</small> !! style="width: 100px;" | <small>masculine</small> !! style="width: 100px;" | <small>feminine</small> !! style="width: 100px;" | <small>masculine</small> !! style="width: 100px;" | <small>feminine</small>
|-
! Nominative
| ''ve'' || ''vēc'' || ''va'' || ''vēta'' || ''ele'' || ''elac''
|-
! Genitive
| ''vu'' || ''vēto'' || ''vē'' || ''vēcē'' || ''eli'' || ''elaci''
|-
! Dative
| ''velu'' || ''vētla'' || ''vēluma''''' || ''vētluma''''' || ''elilum'' || ''elatlēn''
|}
Relative pronoun ''ove'' < {{recon|''han-ðū''}}
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible " style="text-align: center;"
! colspan="7" | Relative pronoun
|-
! rowspan="2" style="width: 100px;" |
! colspan="2" | Singular !! colspan="2" | Dual !! colspan="2" | Plural
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | <small>masculine</small> !! style="width: 100px;" | <small>feminine</small> !! style="width: 100px;" | <small>masculine</small> !! style="width: 100px;" | <small>feminine</small> !! style="width: 100px;" | <small>masculine</small> !! style="width: 100px;" | <small>feminine</small>
|-
! Nominative
| ''ove'' || ''ovēc'' || ''ova'' || ''ovēta'' || ''ole'' || ''olac''
|-
! Genitive
| ''ovu'' || ''ovēto'' || ''ovē'' || ''ovēcē'' || ''oli'' || ''olaci''
|-
! Dative
| ''ovelu'' || ''ovētla'' || ''ovēluma''''' || ''ovētluma''''' || ''olilum'' || ''olatlēn''
|}
==Numerals==
===Cardinal numerals===
Different cardinal numerals are declined differently, and have various effects on the modified noun depending on the final digits of the numeral:
*Cardinal numerals one and two, and those ending in "1" or "2", are declined as adjectives. The modified noun is singular (and agrees in case) for numbers ending in ''ahod'', and the noun is dual for numbers ending in ''fla''.
*All other numerals are declined as nouns and require the noun they modify to be in the genitive plural.
**Words ''šolaf'' (3) through ''ces'' (9) or in ''qošor'' (10-19) are declined like feminine singular nouns in adnominal position (''Hen šolafa onasi'' 'There are three people') and like masculine singular nouns in nominal position (''Hen šolaf'' 'There are three'). Colloquial Hebrew displays this behavior as well. This pattern of agreement derives from the original Semitic chiastic concord, seen in Biblical Hebrew and Classical Arabic, wherein masculine numerals had feminine endings and vice versa.
**Words ''qošore'' (20), ''šolafe'' (30), ..., ''cese'' (90) are declined as masculine plural nouns.
**Units such as ''nul'' (0, ''m''), ''meja'' (100, ''f''), ''olop'' (1000, ''m''), ''milijon'', ''milijarda'', etc. are declined as ordinary nouns, taking the appropriate number and case.
Examples:
*''qošore jumi'' '20 days', ''qošore sonaci'' '20 years'
*''qošore v ahod jum'' '21 days', ''qošore v ahda sona'' '21 years'
*''qošore vo fla juma'' '22 days', ''qošore vo flota sonota'' '22 years'
*''qošore v šolafa jumi'' '23 days', ''qošore v šolafa sonaci'' '23 years'
*''milijona dolari'' '2 million dollars'
*''mejota milijoni dolari'' '200 million dollars'
*''Olop lēlaci v lēl'' 'One thousand and one nights' (Arabic ''ˀalf<sup>u</sup> layla<sup>tin</sup> wa-layla<sup>tun</sup>'').
Since Socovic has singular and dual forms, modifying numerals one and two are not needed; thus ''Li hen voda v bęc'' 'I have two sons and a daughter' is just as correct as, in fact preferred to, ''Li hen fla voda v ahda bęc''.
The ordinal numerals ''okdom'' 'first' and ''okrob'' 'second' are suppletive; ''okdom'' is the elative of the root ''k-d-m'' (''kodam'') 'front, before', (cf. the etymology of ''first''), and ''okrob'' is the elative of ''k-r-b'' (''koreb'') 'near' (cf. ''next'').
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=" text-align: center;"
|-
!colspan="4"|Socovic numerals
|-
!style="width: 60px; "|
!style="width: 120px; "|''n''
!style="width: 120px; "|''n''th
!style="width: 120px; "|1/''n''
|-
|0
|''nul''
|''novel''
|''-''
|-
|1
|''ahod (m), ahda (f)''
|''okdom''
|''-''
|-
|2
|''fla (m), flota (f)''
|''okrob''
|''žǫb''
|-
|3
|''šolaf, šolafa''
|''šolef''
|''mǫšolef''
|-
|4
|''roba, roboqa''
|''roba''
|''mǫrobē''
|-
|5
|''xǫs, xǫsa''
|''xones''
|''mǫxones''
|-
|6
|''sef, sefa''
|''sodef''
|''mǫsodef''
|-
|7
|''sop, sopa''
|''soba''
|''mǫsobē''
|-
|8
|''foman, fomana''
|''fomen''
|''mǫfomen''
|-
|9
|''ces, cesa''
|''cosa''
|''mǫcosē''
|-
|10
|''qošor, qošora''
|''qoser''
|''mǫqoser''
|-
|11
|''ahodvqošor''
|''ahodvqoser''
|''-''
|-
|20
|''qošore''
|''-''
|''-''
|-
|21
|''qošore v ahod''
|''qošorevokdom''
|''-''
|-
|30
|''šolafe''
|''-''
|''-''
|-
|40
|''roboqe''
|''-''
|''-''
|-
|50
|''xǫse''
|''-''
|''-''
|-
|60
|''sefe''
|''-''
|''-''
|-
|70
|''sope''
|''-''
|''-''
|-
|80
|''fomane''
|''-''
|''-''
|-
|90
|''cese''
|''-''
|''-''
|-
|100
|''meja''
|''mejoci''
|''-''
|-
|200
|''mejota''
|''mejotaji''
|''-''
|-
|300
|''šolafa mejac''
|''šolafamejoci''
|''-''
|-
|1000
|''olop''
|''olpi''
|''-''
|-
|2000
|''olpa''
|''olpaji''
|''-''
|-
|3000
|''šolafa olpe''
|''šolafaolpi''
|''-''
|}
==Verbs==
:''See also: [[Socovic/Verbal subparadigms|Verbal subparadigms]].''
===Voices===
Passive voice is almost concatenative, it's often just a nasal vowel prefix (derived from the {{recon|''n''}}-preformative):
*unprefixed ''ę-''
*w/ personal prefixes ''nǫ-'', ''tǫ-'', ''ję-''
With I-nasal verbs this changes to:
*unprefixed ''e-''
*w/ personal prefixes ''no-'', ''to-'', ''je-''
===Overview of the verb forms===
====Present====
The present tense stems from the Proto-Semitic stative, or the suffix conjugation.
====Imperfect====
====Preterite====
The preterite indicates an action that was completed in the past. It was inherited from the Proto-Semitic preterite.
:'''''Lu {{blue|nohob}} vohob.'''''
:<small>lu=no-hob-Ø vohob-Ø</small>
:<small>3SG.M.DAT=1-give/PRET-SG gold-SG.ACC</small>
:''I gave him gold.''
Morphologically, the preterite is one of two forms that inherit the Proto-Semitic prefix conjugation. The personal prefixes are usually 1st person ''no-'', 2nd person ''to-'', and 3rd person ''je-'', though a "weak" 1st radical may change the prefix vowel. Note that unlike in other Semitic languages, the 1st person singular prefix is ''n-'' (not {{recon|''ʔ-''}}), and number/gender suffixes are added as in 2nd and 3rd person (cf. Maghrebi Arabic/Maltese). Also, 3fs form of ''jektol'' is ''jektoli'', not ''toktol''! This is often a shibboleth for Hebrew and Arabic speakers.
====Subjunctive====
The subjunctive form is similar to the preterite form, but has a short vowel in the stem (like the imperative) instead of a long vowel. The short vowel often elides when a suffix beginning with a vowel is added.
The non-2nd person imperatives may be formed with the hortative proclitic ''c'' (< ''ce!'' 'come!') plus the subjunctive.
:'''''Jēj roþēja no jeþej, po c jeþej.'''''
:<small>jēj roþēj-a no=je-þe-i po c=je-þe-i</small>
:<small>if want/PRES-3SG.F SUBJ=3-leave-SG.F, then HORT=SUBJ=3-leave-SG.F</small>
:''If she wants to leave, let her leave.''
In archaic language the bare subjunctive is used for hortatives and optatives:
:'''''Jece memločov lok.'''''
:<small>je-ʔce-Ø memloč-ov=lok</small>
:<small>3-come/SUBJ-SG.M kingdom-SG.DEF=2SG.M.GEN</small>
:''Thy kingdom come.''
:'''''Ječna ''f'' v ''g'' moftobacota funkcijota...''
:<small>je-čŭn-a ''f'' v ''g'' moftobac-ota funkcij-ota</small>
:<small>3-be/SUBJ-DU ''f'' and ''g'' continuous-DU.F.NOM function-DU.NOM</small>
:''Let ''f'' and ''g'' be continuous functions...''
The subjunctive (like the imperative) is negated with the negative particle ''la'', instead of ''bo''.
:'''''La li tošnej!'''''
:<small>la li=to-šne-i</small>
:<small>PROH 1SG.DAT=2-be_resentful/SUBJ-F.SG</small>
:''Don't be mad at me!''
:'''''La ho tačol!'''''
:<small>la ho=to-ʔčol-Ø</small>
:<small>PROH 3SG.M=2-eat/SUBJ-M.SG</small>
:''Don't eat it!''
====Imperative====
The imperative is formed by removing the personal prefix from the subjunctive. Often the subjunctive is used with imperative meaning instead. Any clitic pronouns must ''follow'' the imperative, not precede it like with other verb forms.
Imperative forms are often syncretic with present tense forms.
====Verbal noun====
Verbal nouns may be marked with a feminine suffix ''-c'', a preformative ''t-'' or both. Its use mirrors that of the ''maṣdar'' in Arabic.
====Participles====
*Present participle: {{recon|''qātilu''}}, {{recon|''mu-''}}
*Stative passive participle: {{recon|''qatīlu''}} (only G-stems)
*Past participle: {{recon|''qatālu''}}
====Future====
The most frequently used compound tense, the future tense is formed with ''de'' + subjunctive.
====Perfect====
The perfect construction is similar to Slavic: the past (also called resultative) participle is used with the present tense copula, the pronoun (a so called ''esse''-perfect).
====Pluperfect====
====Future perfect====
====Imperfect conditional====
====Preterite conditional====
===G-stems: ''jektol''===
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 400px; text-align: center;"
! colspan="4" | ''jektol'' 'he killed'
|-
! colspan="4" | Infinitive/Verbal noun
|-
| colspan="4" | ''kotlec''
|-
! colspan="4" | Present participle
|-
| colspan="4" | ''katel''
|-
! colspan="4" | Stative passive participle
|-
| colspan="4" | ''kotil''
|-
! colspan="4" | Past participle
|-
| colspan="4" | ''kotal''
|-
! colspan="4" | Imperative
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! 2.m
| ''ktol!''
|rowspan="2"| ''ktola!'' || ''ktole!''
|-
! 2.f
| ''ktoli!'' || ''ktolno!''
|-
! 2.pol
|colspan="3"| ''ktoles!''
|-
! colspan="4" | Present
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! 1
| ''kotolok'' || ''kotolna'' || ''kotolne''
|-
! 2.m
| ''kotolto''
|rowspan="2"| ''kotoltma'' || ''kotoltme''
|-
! 2.f
| ''kotoloc'' || ''kotoltno''
|-
! 2.pol
|colspan="3"|''kotoltmes''
|-
! 3.m
| ''kotol''|| ''kotola'' || ''kotole''
|-
! 3.f
| ''kotola'' || ''kotolota'' || ''kotolno''
|-
! colspan="4" | Subjunctive
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! 1
| ''noktol'' || ''noktla'' || ''noktle''
|-
! 2.m
| ''toktol''
|rowspan="2"| ''toktla'' || ''toktle''
|-
! 2.f
| ''toktli'' || ''toktolno''
|-
! 2.pol
|colspan="3"|''toktles''
|-
! 3.m
| ''jektol''
|rowspan="2"| ''jektla'' || ''jektle''
|-
! 3.f
| ''jektli'' || ''jektolno''
|-
! colspan="4" | Imperfect
|-
| colspan="4"| ''Add ''fo-'' to present tense forms.''
|-
! colspan="4" | Preterite
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! 1
| ''noktol'' || ''noktola'' || ''noktole''
|-
! 2.m
| ''toktol''
|rowspan="2"| ''toktola'' || ''toktole''
|-
! 2.f
| ''toktoli'' || ''toktolno''
|-
! 2.pol
|colspan="3"|''toktoles''
|-
! 3.m
| ''jektol''
|rowspan="2"| ''jektola'' || ''jektole''
|-
! 3.f
| ''jektoli'' || ''jektolno''
|-
! colspan="4" | Future
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! 1
| ''de noktol'' || ''de noktla'' || ''de noktle''
|-
! 2.m
| ''de toktol''
|rowspan="2"| ''de toktla'' || ''de toktle''
|-
! 2.f
| ''de toktli'' || ''de toktolno''
|-
! 2.pol
|colspan="3"|''de toktles''
|-
! 3.m
| ''de jektol''
|rowspan="2"| ''de jektla'' || ''de jektle''
|-
! 3.f
| ''de jektli'' || ''de jektolno''
|-
! colspan="4" | Future perfect
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! 1.m
| ''de nočon kotol''|| ''de nočna kotla'' || ''de nočne kotle''
|-
! 1.f
| ''de nočon kotla'' || ''de nočna kotlota'' || ''de nočne kotlac''
|-
! 2.m
| ''de točon kotol'' || ''de točna kotla'' || ''de točne kotle''
|-
! 2.f
| ''de točni kotla''|| ''de točna kotlota'' || ''de točonno kotlac''
|-
! 2.pol
|colspan="3"|''de točnes kotle''
|-
! 3.m
| ''de ječon kotol'' || ''de ječna kotla'' || ''de ječne kotle''
|-
! 3.f
| ''de ječni kotla''|| ''de ječna kotlota'' ||  ''de ječonno kotlac''
|-
! colspan="4" | Perfect
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! 1.m
| ''nak kotol'' || ''nahna kotla'' || ''nahne kotle''
|-
! 1.f
| ''nak kotla'' || ''nahna kotlota'' || ''nahne kotlac''
|-
! 2.m
| ''ǫto kotol'' || ''ǫtma kotla'' || ''ǫtme kotle''
|-
! 2.f
| ''ǫc kotla'' || ''ǫtma kotlota'' || ''ǫtno kotlac''
|-
! 2.pol
|colspan="3"|''ǫtmes kotle''
|-
! 3.m
| ''(he) kotol'' || ''(homa) kotla'' || ''(home) kotle''
|-
! 3.f
| ''(hi) kotla'' || ''(homa) kotlota'' || ''(hen) kotlac''
|-
! colspan="4" | Pluperfect
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! 1.m
| ''nočen kotol'' || ''nočena kotla'' || ''nočene kotle''
|-
! 1.f
| ''nočen kotla'' || ''nočena kotlota'' || ''nočene kotlac''
|-
! 2.m
| ''točen kotol'' || ''točena kotla'' || ''točene kotle''
|-
! 2.f
| ''točeni kotla'' || ''točena kotlota'' || ''točenno kotlac''
|-
! 2.pol
|colspan="3"|''točenes kotle''
|-
! 3.m
| ''ječen kotol'' || ''ječena kotla'' || ''ječene kotle''
|-
! 3.f
| ''ječeni kotla'' || ''ječena kotlota'' || ''ječenno kotlac''
|}
===N-stems: ''jękotal''===
===D-stems: ''jekotel, jękotel''===
Examples: ''joboreč'' 'greet, celebrate', ''joþojem'' 'bring up in conversation, build upon a concept' (< ''þima'' 'topic, theme')
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 400px; text-align: center;"
! colspan="4" | ''jopolež'' 'split (something)'
|-
! colspan="4" | Infinitive/Verbal noun
|-
| colspan="4" | ''polžic''
|-
! colspan="4" | Present Participle
|-
| colspan="4" | ''mopolež''
|-
! colspan="4" | Imperative
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! 2.m
| ''polež!''
|rowspan="2"| ''polža!'' || ''polže!''
|-
! 2.f
| ''polži!'' || ''poležno!''
|-
! colspan="4" | Subjunctive
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! 1
| ''nopolež'' || ''nopolža'' || ''nopolže''
|-
! 2.m
| ''topolež''
|rowspan="2"| ''topolža'' || ''topolže''
|-
! 2.f
| ''topolži'' || ''topoležno''
|-
! 3.m
| ''jepolež''
|rowspan="2"| ''jepolža'' || ''jepolže''
|-
! 3.f
| ''jepolži'' || ''jepoležno''
|-
! colspan="4" | Preterite
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! 1
| ''nopolež'' || ''nopoleža'' || ''nopoleže''
|-
! 2.m
| ''topolež''
|rowspan="2"| ''topoleža'' || ''topoleže''
|-
! 2.f
| ''topoleži'' || ''topoležno''
|-
! 3.m
| ''jepolež'' || ''jepoleža'' || ''jepoleže''
|-
! 3.f
| ''jepoleži'' || ''jepoleža'' || ''jepoležno''
|}
===Š-stems: ''soktel, ęsoktel''===
===Gt-stems: ''ektotel''===
The {{angbr|''t''}}-infix adds a reciprocal or mediopassive meaning to the verb.
====Metathesis of {{angbr|''t''}}====
Kinda like Hebrew but weirder.
The {{angbr|''t''}} metathesizes out of the stem and dissimilates when the first radical is:
*''t'': {{recon|''tt''}} > ''st''
*''c'': {{recon|''ct''}} > ''sc''
*''d'': {{recon|''dt''}} > ''zd''
*''þ'': {{recon|''þt''}} > ''sþ''
Metathesis also takes place when the first radical is ''m'' and ''n'' to better distinguish ''m'' from ''n'':
*''m'': {{recon|''mt''}} > ''tm''
*''n'': {{recon|''nt''}} > ''tn''
The infix voices after the following voiced obstruents:
*''b'': {{recon|''bt''}} > ''bd''
*''v'': {{recon|''vt''}} > ''vd''
*''z'': {{recon|''zt''}} > ''zd''
*''ž'': {{recon|''žt''}} > ''žd''
*''g'': {{recon|''gt''}} > ''gd''
===Št-stems: ''stoktol, ęstoktal''===
===''čan'' 'be, exist'===
The verb ''čan'' has no present tense indicative forms. It also has no imperfective-perfective distinction in the past or future. In the present indicative, pronouns are used as the copula, and the word ''jef'' is used to indicate existence.
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 400px; text-align: center;"
! colspan="4" | ''čanec, čon, jočen, čan, čun'' 'be'
|-
! colspan="4" | Infinitive/Verbal noun
|-
| colspan="4" | ''čanec''
|-
! colspan="4" | Present Participle
|-
| colspan="4" | ''čun''
|-
! colspan="4" | Past Participle
|-
| colspan="4" | ''čan''
|-
! colspan="4" | Imperative
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! 2.m
| ''čon!''
|rowspan="2"| ''čona!'' || ''čone!''
|-
! 2.f
| ''čoni!'' || ''čonno!''
|-
! colspan="4" | Present
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! 1
| (''nak'') || (''nahna'') || (''nahne'')
|-
! 2.m
| (''ǫto'')
|rowspan="2"| (''ǫtma'') || (''ǫtme'')
|-
! 2.f
| (''ǫc'') || (''ǫtno'')
|-
! 3.m
| (''e'')
|rowspan="2"| (''oma'') || (''ome'')
|-
! 3.f
| (''i'') || (''en'')
|-
! colspan="4" | Past
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! 1
| ''nočen'' || ''nočena'' || ''nočene''
|-
! 2.m
| ''točen''
|rowspan="2"| ''točena'' || ''točene''
|-
! 2.f
| ''točeni'' || ''jočenno''
|-
! 3.m
| ''ječen''
|rowspan="2"| ''ječena'' || ''ječene''
|-
! 3.f
| ''ječeni'' || ''ječenno''
|-
! colspan="4" | Future
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! 1
| ''de nočon'' || ''de nočna'' || ''de nočne''
|-
! 2.m
| ''de točon''
|rowspan="2"| ''de točna'' || ''de točne''
|-
! 2.f
| ''de točni'' || ''de točonno''
|-
! 3.m
| ''de ječon''
|rowspan="2"| ''de ječna'' || ''de ječne''
|-
! 3.f
| ''de ječni'' || ''de ječonno''
|-
! colspan="4" | Subjunctive
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! 1
| ''nočon'' || ''nočna'' || ''nočne''
|-
! 2.m
| ''točon''
|rowspan="2"| ''točna'' || ''točne''
|-
! 2.f
| ''točni'' || ''točonno''
|-
! 3.m
| ''jočon''
|rowspan="2"| ''jočna'' || ''jočne''
|-
! 3.f
| ''jočni'' || ''jočonno''
|}
==Interrogatives==
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style=" text-align: center;"
|-
!colspan="3"|Interrogatives
|-
!|Socovic
!|Gloss
!|Etymology
|-
||''ma''|| what || {{recon|''mā''}}
|-
||''mǫ''|| who || {{recon|''man''}}
|-
||''mur''|| when || {{recon|''mā''}} + Ancient Greek ''hōra'' 'time'
|-
||''vilma''|| why || ''vil'' 'for' + ''ma'' 'what'
|}
==Prepositions==
Prepositions overwhelmingly govern the genitive case; exceptions are marked.
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style=" text-align: center;"
|-
!colspan="3"|Prepositions
|-
!|Socovic
!|Gloss
!|Etymology
|-
||''cat''|| under || {{recon|''taħt''}}
|-
||''čun''|| (+ varies) as || present participle of ''ječen'' 'be'
|-
||''in''|| in, towards, into || {{recon|''ʔin(a)''}}
|-
||''me''|| from, with || {{recon|''min''}}; Greek ''me''
|-
||''qę''|| between, among|| {{recon|''ʕimm-''}}
|-
||''qolē''|| on || {{recon|''ʕalay''}}
|-
||''vil'' || for ||
|-
||''smǫ'' || named, by the name of || {{recon|''šman''}}
|}
==Conjunctions==
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="text-align: center;"
|-
!colspan="3"|Conjunctions
|-
!|Socovic
!|Gloss
!|Etymology
|-
||''v(o)''|| and || {{recon|''wa-''}}
|-
||''ela''|| or || {{recon|''ʔim lā''}}
|-
||''u''|| xor || {{recon|''ʔaw''}}
|-
||''ven''|| so, thus || {{recon|''wa-hinna''}} 'and lo'
|-
||''ča'' || as ||
|-
||''no''|| subjunctive || {{recon|''ʔan(na)''}}, {{recon|''-anna''}}
|-
||''jēj''|| if || {{recon|''yahwī''}}
|-
||''lu''|| if (contrary-to-fact) || {{recon|''law''}}
|-
||''po''|| then, so || {{recon|''pa-''}}
|-
||''onur''|| when || {{recon|''han-hōra''}} or {{recon|''ʔana hōra''}}
|}
==Particles==
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="text-align: center;"
|-
!colspan="3"|Particles
|-
!|Socovic
!|Gloss
!|Etymology
|-
||''o''|| polar question || {{recon|''ha-''}}
|-
||''bo''|| not (indicative) || {{recon|''bal''}}
|-
||''la''|| not (irrealis, nominal negation) || {{recon|''lā''}}
|}
==Usage==
===Nominal sentences===
As in most Semitic and many Slavic languages, present indicative does not require a copula:
:'''''Elah ibošori.''''' (also: ''Elah e ibošori.'' Obviously, a Muslim might say ''Allah (e) ibošori.'')
:<small>Elah-Ø i-bošori-Ø</small>
:<small>God-SG.NOM non-bodily-SG.NOM</small>
:''God is incorporeal.''
===Possession===
The possessor follows the possessum.
Possession is emphasized with the adjective ''nopsi'' (the pronoun is optional):
:'''''me jodēcē {{blue|nopsicē}}'''''
:<small>me jod-ēcē nopsi-ēcē</small>
:<small>with hand-DU.GEN.DEF own-DU.F.GEN.DEF</small>
:''with one's [the subject's] own hands''
Emphasized possession of possessed nouns: e.g. ''bn'''i''' nopsiv'' 'my own son', cf. ''bēc'''ov''' nopsiv li'' 'my own house'.
===Existentials===
In positive clauses, ''hen'' is used as the word for "there is"; in interrogative and negative clauses ''jef'' is used.
Existential words are used in predicative possession.
===Relative clauses===
As is the case in most European languages, but unlike in e.g. Arabic, relative pronouns agree with the gender and number of the head, but are case-marked for their syntactic position within the relative clause.
When the head represents the 1st or 2nd person, the verb or copula in the relative clause may be conjugated to that person:
:'''''ole ǫtme la xotave rmeje obnov okdomov.'''''
:''Ye who have not sinned, cast the first stone.''
The choice of the relative pronoun depends on the definiteness/specificity of the noun. Specific referents use ''ve'' as the relative pronoun, whereas indefinite or hypothetical nouns use ''mǫ'' (animate)/''ma'' (inanimate).
===Sequence of tenses in subordinate clauses===
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="width: 500px; text-align: center;"
|-
!|Type
!|Form of protasis
!|Form of apodosis
|-
|gnomic; general present
|''jēj'' + present
|present
|-
|general past
|''jēj'' + imperfect
|imperfect
|-
|future
|''jēj'' + subjunctive
|{{abbtip|often the present in colloquial usage|future}}
|-
|counterfactual present/imperfect
|''lu'' + imperfect
|imperfect conditional
|-
|counterfactual preterite
|''lu'' + preterite
|preterite conditional
|}
==Derivational morphology==
===Patterns===
*''CoCCan'' 'person characterized by//associated with X", also ''-an''
**''rahman'' 'merciful one' < {{recon|''r-ħ-m''}}
**''čovban'' 'liar, deceitful person' < {{recon|''k-ð-b''}}
*''meCCoC'' place noun
**''mevbah'' 'altar' < {{recon|''ð-b-ħ''}} 'sacrifice' (''altar, altarj-'' is more common though)
**''mesvoj'' 'plain' < {{recon|''š-w-y''}} 'even, equal'
===Guidelines to internationalisms===
A heuristic: Transliterating from the Modern Hebrew form of the internationalism and adding any acute accents as necessary often yields a correct Socovic form. lol
===Affixes===
*''aft(o)-'' 'self-, auto-'
**''aftokotlec'' 'suicide'
**''aftorahom'' 'self-pity' < ''rahom, rahm-'' 'compassion, mercy'
**''aftoqosor'' 'self-worth; eigenvalue' < ''qosor, qosr-'' 'value, worth'.
*''-cija'' '-tion'
**''funkcija'' '(mathematical) function'
*''-eza'' '-esis'
**''fotosinþeza'' 'photosynthesis'
*''i-'' 'un-', 'non-' (negative prefix for nouns and adjectives)
**''iberci'' 'nonmetallic' < ''berci'' 'metallic'
*''-i'' adjective (nisba) suffix
**''maji'' 'aquatic, aqueous' < ''maj'' 'water'
**''qomi'' 'national' < ''qom'' 'people, nation'
**''-iki'' '-ic'
***''logiki'' 'logical' < ''logika'' 'logic' vs. ''logi'' '(of or pertaining to) throat'
**Some 'redundant' adjective suffixes may be omitted, more often than in English: ''mizogini'' 'misogynistic' (cf. German ''misogyn'')
*''-ic'' abstract noun suffix from nouns and adjectives
**''nopsic'' 'identity' < ''nopos, nops-'' 'self'
**''omenic'' 'truth' < ''omen'' 'true'
**''onasic'' 'humanity (human species)' < ''onase'' 'people (pl.)' (compare ''ęsic'' 'humanity (being human)' < ''ęs'' 'person (sg.)'; cf. German ''Menschheit'' vs. ''Menschlichkeit'')
**''polaric'' 'polarity' < ''polari'' 'polar'
*''-ist'' '-ist'
**Again, not always used: ''mizogin'' 'misogynist'
*''-izom, -izm-'' '-ism'
**''šiqizom'' 'Shiˁism'
*''-loja'' (< Demotic Greek ''-loya'') '-logy'
** verbal prefixes borrowed/calqued from IE?
==Dialects==
Standard Socovic (''standardija socovic'') has the dual number and the feminine plural verb suffix ''-no''. Other dialects tend to omit one or both of these features.
===Greek-influenced===
*''c'' (in affixes) > ''s'': ''socovis'' : ''socovic''
*f.pl. ending (all cases) is ''-as'', def. ''-alas''
*''e'' and ''ē'' merge to /e/
*Netagin-esque mutation?
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible " style="text-align: center;"
! colspan="7" | Adjective declension: ''tab'' 'good' (masculine)
|-
! rowspan="2" style="width: 100px;" |
! colspan="2" | Singular !! colspan="2" | Dual !! colspan="2" | Plural
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | <small>indefinite</small> !! style="width: 100px;" | <small>definite</small> !! style="width: 100px;" | <small>indefinite</small> !! style="width: 100px;" | <small>definite</small> !! style="width: 100px;" | <small>indefinite</small> !! style="width: 100px;" | <small>definite</small>
|-
! Nominative
| ''tab'' || ''tab'''ov''''' || ''tab'''a''''' || ''tab'''ava''''' || ''tab'''e''''' || ''tab'''ele'''''
|-
! Genitive
| ''tab'''o'' || ''tab'''ovo'' || ''tab'''e''''' || ''tab'''eve''''' || ''tab'''i''''' || ''tab'''ili'''''
|}
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible " style="text-align: center;"
! colspan="7" | Adjective declension: ''tab'' 'good' (feminine)
|-
! rowspan="2" style="width: 100px;" |
! colspan="2" | Singular !! colspan="2" | Dual !! colspan="2" | Plural
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | <small>indefinite</small> !! style="width: 100px;" | <small>definite</small> !! style="width: 100px;" | <small>indefinite</small> !! style="width: 100px;" | <small>definite</small> !! style="width: 100px;" | <small>indefinite</small> !! style="width: 100px;" | <small>definite</small>
|-
! Nominative
| ''tab'''a''''' || ''tab'''es''''' || ''tab'''ota''''' || ''tab'''eta''''' || ''tab'''as''''' || ''tab'''alas'''''
|-
! Genitive
| ''tab'''oto''''' || ''tab'''eto''''' || ''tab'''ose''''' || ''tab'''ese''''' || ''tab'''as''''' || ''tab'''alas'''''
|}
===Italian-influenced===
*Geminates are preserved; {{recon|VCC}} did not turn into {{recon|VːC}}
*{{recon|''ū''}} > {{recon|''y''}} merges into ''i'' rather than ''e''
**Plural verb ending is still ''-e''
*/q/ merges into /k/
*No gender distinction in plural
==Phrasebook==
*''Solam!'' 'Hello!'
*''Tabǫ ocaje!'' 'Welcome!' (polite, decline as adjective according to gender/number of audience)
*''Tab mahar!'' 'Good morning!'
*''Tab jum!'' 'Good day!'
*''Taba mesa!'' 'Good evening!'
*''Taba lēl!'' 'Good night!'
*''Ma smov lokmes?'' 'What is your name?'
*''Smov li [name].'' 'My name is [name].'
*''Motrok!'' 'Thank you!'
*''Staqpoves li!'' 'Excuse me!'
*''Oj vil ma!'' 'No worries!'
*''Čok.'' 'Yes.'
*''Bo.'' 'No.'
*''Bo moluk socovic.'' 'I don't speak Socovic.'
*''O molutmes...'' 'Do you speak...'
**''...anglic?'' '...English?'
**''...nēmcic?'' '...German?'
**''...francic?'' '...French?'
**''...rusic?'' '...Russian?'
**''...junic?'' '...Greek?'
**''...qebric?'' '...Hebrew?'
**''...qorobic?'' '...Arabic?'
*''Ēma doročok in...'' 'How do I go to...'
==Texts==
===Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 1===
:'''''Čole onasele jǫvolade horare v savije in qosrovo v tahikili.'''''
:<small>all-PL.M.NOM human.PL.DEF.NOM 3.PRES-beget/PASS-PL.M free-PL.M.NOM and equal-PL.M.NOM in worth-SG.DEF.INS and right-PL.DEF.INS</small>
:''All humans are born free and equal in dignity and rights.''
:'''''Mǫsečale me mobano v tostočinoto, ome mǫpokade no joptaqle okrobokroblu in xnumoto oxovito.'''''
:<small>PART-empower/PASS-PL.M.NOM with rationality-SG.GEN and conscience-SG.GEN 3.PL.M.NOM PART-obligate/PASS-PL.M.NOM SUBJ 3-behave/PRES-PL.M each_other-SG.M.DAT in spirit-SG.GEN brotherhood-SG.GEN</small>
:''Empowered with reason and conscience, they ought to behave toward one another in a spirit of brotherhood.''
===Pater noster===
<poem>
''Obene, ov' ǫt' in somajili!''
''Jektodas smov loko.''
''Jece memločov loko.''
''Jępoqele roþiv loko, ēma in somajili ēvi v in orþēto.''
''Xlebov lone jumiv cen lone ojum.''
''V staqpu lone xotalac lone, ēvi v nahne nostaqpove xotalac nož lone.''
''V la ne sabej in tonesine, ela žal ne leč rogovo.''
''Amen.''
</poem>
===Schleicher's fable===
'''''Sovēc v porosele'''''
:''Sova vētla bo foječon qobaj jeri porosi; okdomov foježorer čobid merčab, okrobov fojeshab rob homol, v šolefov fojeshab ęso išǫ. Sovēc jamari porosili: «Lebov li marer onur rajok ęso mosožero porosi.» Porosele jamare: «Stosmeqi, sova, lebov lone marer onur rajne ve: ęs, baqlov, qošē noposlu qobajvobi sovēto ham molbes. Ven sovētla bo jef qobaj.» Somoqa ve, sovēc jebrahi in mesvojovo.''
([[Media:Schleicher_Socovic.ogg|audio]])
'''The Sheep and the Horses'''
:A sheep that had no wool saw horses; one was pulling a heavy wagon, one was carrying a big load, and one was carrying a man quickly. The sheep said to the horses: "My heart pains me [lit. my heart is bitter] when I see a man driving horses." The horses said: "Listen, sheep, our hearts pain us when we see this: a man, the master, makes out of the wool of the sheep a warm garment for himself. So the sheep has no wool." Having heard this, the sheep fled into the plain.
[[Category:A posteriori]][[Category:Semitic languages]]

Latest revision as of 14:03, 2 May 2023

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