Keren: Difference between revisions

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|creator = User:Bari
|creator = User:Bari
|created = November 2023
|created = November 2023
|started in = 2023
|created = 2023
|nativename = Keren
|nativename = Keren
|pronunciation = ˈkɛ.ren
|pronunciation = ˈkɛ.ren
|region = Sand Island
|states = Sand Island
|states = Sand Island
|speakers = 400
|speakers = 400
|date = 2023
|date = 2023
|ethicicies = Kerens
|ethnicity = Kerens
|familycolor = Language Isolate
|familycolor = Language isolate
|ancestor = Old Keren
|ancestor = Proto-Keren
|ancestor2 = Old Keren
|stand1 = Classical Keren (a.k.a. Literally Keren)
}}
}}


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[[Category:Keren Language]]


==Background==
==Background==
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|}


Consonant groups:
Notes:
* /{{IPA|z}}/ is from Old Keren #'VsV & #ri. For these speakers, that has /{{IPA|z}}/ in palatal group (see below), only from #ri is in this group.
** /{{IPA|l}}/ also is from Old Keren #'VɬV & #d. If #d occurs before #i, was paltalised to /{{IPA|ɥ}}/ after rounded vowels & to #d͡ʒ after non-rounded vowels & turned to modern /At͡ʃ˩/ (see consonant alternations)
 
====Consonant groups====
* Labial: /{{IPA|p, m, ŋʷ, w, ɥ, ʀʷ, kʷ}}/
* Labial: /{{IPA|p, m, ŋʷ, w, ɥ, ʀʷ, kʷ}}/
* Palatal: /{{IPA|ɲ, t͡ʃ, ʃ, j, ç}}/ & for some archaic speakers - /{{IPA|ɥ, t͡s}}/
* Palatal: /{{IPA|ɲ, t͡ʃ, ʃ, j, ç}}/ & for some archaic speakers - /{{IPA|ɥ, t͡s, z}}/
* Neutral: /{{IPA|t, n, ŋ, r, ɬ, ʀ, ɰ, l, ʀ, k, s, z, t͡s}}/
* Neutral: /{{IPA|t, n, ŋ, r, ɬ, ʀ, ɰ, l, k, s, z, t͡s}}/


===Vowels===
===Vowels===
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===Prosody===
===Prosody===
Stress is penultimate. Secondary stress is on first syllabe & occurs in word with at least five syllabes (for some archaic speakers, ar least four).
Stress is penultimate. Secondary stress is on first syllabe & occurs in word with at least five syllabes (for some archaic speakers, at least four).
 
==Grammar==
 
===Syntax===
Keren is SVO in positive clausules, VSO in negative clausules & SOV in question clausules.
 
===Nouns===
====N-type nouns====
====K-type nouns====
 
===Consonant alternations===
====Lateral mutation====
====Palatal mutation====
====Labial mutation====
====Vocalic mutation====

Latest revision as of 14:21, 6 December 2023

Keren

Keren
Keren
Pronunciation[ˈkɛ.ren]
Created byBari
Date2023
Native toSand Island
EthnicityKerens
Native speakers400 (2023)
Early forms
Proto-Keren
  • Old Keren
Standard form
Classical Keren (a.k.a. Literally Keren)

Background

Keren in language for Kerens - people, that live on Sand Island - fictional island. Is based on amazonian proto-languages & have some proto-indo-european morphology.

Phonology

Keren has 24 phonemic consonants & 4 vowels.

Consonants

Labial Coronal Palatal Labio-Palatal Dorsal Labio-Dorsal
Nasals m n ɲ ŋ ŋʷ
Stops p t͡s t t͡ʃ k kʷ
Sibilant s z ʃ
Trills r ʀ ʀʷ
Fricative ɬ ç
Glides l j ɥ ɰ w

Notes:

  • /z/ is from Old Keren #'VsV & #ri. For these speakers, that has /z/ in palatal group (see below), only from #ri is in this group.
    • /l/ also is from Old Keren #'VɬV & #d. If #d occurs before #i, was paltalised to /ɥ/ after rounded vowels & to #d͡ʒ after non-rounded vowels & turned to modern /At͡ʃ˩/ (see consonant alternations)

Consonant groups

  • Labial: /p, m, ŋʷ, w, ɥ, ʀʷ, kʷ/
  • Palatal: /ɲ, t͡ʃ, ʃ, j, ç/ & for some archaic speakers - /ɥ, t͡s, z/
  • Neutral: /t, n, ŋ, r, ɬ, ʀ, ɰ, l, k, s, z, t͡s/

Vowels

Front Back
High i
Mid e o
Low a

Notes:

  • /e, o/ are [ɛ, ɔ] in open syllabes, [e, ɵ] after palatal consonant in unstressed syllabes, [e̞, o̞] in clossed syllabes & [ɛ, ʌ] in open unstressed syllabes (if previous consonant is not labialised or labial)
  • /a/ is [ɒ] after labialised or labial consonant, [æ] after palatal consonant & [ə] in unstressed closed syllabes
  • /i/ is [ɨ] in stressed syllabes
  • vowel lenght is phonemic
    • /oː/ can be [u̯o] in stressed position for some speakers

Syllabes

Keren syllabes occur as (C)(C)V(:)(C)(C²)T where (C²) is one of these three consonants /r, n, m/, that can be stressed independently as syllabic consonants. (T) is mid tone /˧/ (unmarked/default), low tone /˩/ or “question tone” - /˧˩˥/ (only in question particle). Some speakers can ad [ə̥] between onset-syllabes consonant cluster, at least in unstressed syllabes. Low-toned syllabes work as stressed syllabes.

Prosody

Stress is penultimate. Secondary stress is on first syllabe & occurs in word with at least five syllabes (for some archaic speakers, at least four).

Grammar

Syntax

Keren is SVO in positive clausules, VSO in negative clausules & SOV in question clausules.

Nouns

N-type nouns

K-type nouns

Consonant alternations

Lateral mutation

Palatal mutation

Labial mutation

Vocalic mutation

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