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| pronunciation_key = IPA for Moshurian
| pronunciation_key = IPA for Moshurian
| ethnicity = Moshurians
| ethnicity = Moshurians
| speakers = 410,000,000
| speakers = Native: 410,000,000
| speakers2 = [[w:L2|L2]]: 40,000,000
| speakers2 = [[w:Second language|L2]]: 40,000,000
| date = 400 UH
| date = 400 BH
| setting = Radael
| setting = Radael
| creator = User:Jukethatbox
| creator = User:Jukethatbox
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| fam2 = Paleoyeldhic
| fam2 = Paleoyeldhic
| fam3 = Tulooric
| fam3 = Tulooric
| ancestor1 = Kóftąbriác Yeldha
| ancestor1 = [[Proto-Yeldhic]]
| ancestor2 = Proto-Tulooric
| ancestor2 = Proto-Paleoyeldhic
| ancestor3 = Early Moshurian
| ancestor3 = Proto-Tulooric
| ancestor4 = Ancient Moshurian
| ancestor4 = Early Moshurian
| ancestor5 = Middle Moshurian
| ancestor5 = Middle Moshurian
| stand1 = Taráhus Moshurian
| stand1 = Taráhus Moshurian
| dia1 = Taráhus dialect(''Taráhus gugtui'')<br>
| dia1 = Taráhus dialect<br>
** Oźmaneli dialect(''Oźmaneli gugtui'')
** Oźmaneli dialect
| dia2 = Oalan dialect(''Oalan gugtui'')
| dia2 = Oalan dialect
| dia3 = Loïha dialect(''Loïha gugtui'')
| dia3 = Loïha dialect
| dia4 = Odezyë dialect(''Odezyë gugtui'')
| dia4 = Odezyë dialect
| dia5 = Far East dialect(''Dmuriékh gugtui'')
| dia5 = Far East dialect
| dia6 = Sépenzg dialect(''Sépenzg gugtui'')
| dia6 = Sépenzg dialect
| agency = Ministry of Linguistic Regulation
| agency = Ministry of Linguistic Regulation
| nation = Moshurian Empire<br>Iśatúr Confederacy
| nation = Moshurian Empire<br>Iśatúr Confederacy
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| notice = IPA
| notice = IPA
}}
}}
'''Moshurian'''([[w:Endonym|endonym]]: ''uthilikh''; <small>Moshurian:</small> [[IPA for Moshurian|<nowiki>[ˈuðˌilix]</nowiki>]]) is a Tulooric language spoken in mostly Talkoch. It is the most spoken language in Talkoch, and also has significant minority communities on [[Etzeá|Etzeán]] Island and the Eastern Gegfen Alliance, also called the ''Dmuriékh''(lit. "far away east"). It is the sole official language of the Moshurian Empire, and is thoroughly used administratively and academically in the Moshurian Empire, no matter what one's mother tongue is.
'''Moshurian'''(''uthilikh''; <small>Moshurian:</small> [[IPA for Moshurian|<nowiki>[ˈuð.ilix]</nowiki>]]) is a Tulooric language spoken mostly in Talkoch. It is the most spoken language in Talkoch and Radael as a whole, and thus acts as a general ''lingua franca'' across Radael, both in Talkoch and Birnu. Significant minority communities include those on [[Etzeá|Etzeán]] Island, many in the Iśatúr Confederacy and the Eastern Gegfen Alliance(also called the ''Dmuriékh''). It is the sole official language of the Moshurian Empire, and is widely used administratively and academically in the Moshurian Empire.


Philologically, he language is of the [[Yeldhic languages|Yeldhic]] language superfamily, which also includes languages like [[Ilda]] and [[Barbuz]]. Within the superfamily, it is of the '''Paleoyeldhic''' branch: a deviation of [[Proto-Yeldhic]] spoken by the first Proto-Yeldhic farmers in the fertile Ulmic Crescent and around the rivers of Zád and Pêrush. The Moshurians are of a Paleoyeldhic origin, and are most likely ethnically related to the ''β''-Paleoyeldhics, who advanced south into the wider Tarám River Basin and settled in the temperate Munsanukh Valley and the coast of Tuloor Lake, where the split between the Tulooric branch of languages, of which Moshurian is part of, and the Najmunsaic branch of languages, of which Aquq and Hátuli is part of, occured around 3000 UH.
Moshurian is a mostly agglutinative language, with some fusional features like particles. It is an OSV language with a free noun-adjective order and a paroxytonic stress pattern.
 
==Usage==
===In the Moshurian Empire===
Moshurian is the official language of the Moshurian Empire, and 98% of Moshurian speakers live in the Empire. However, demographically speaking, the Moshurians make up a much less impressive 43.6% of the total Moshurian Empire population, with other important ethnic groups including the Mezcoi in the Mezco Delta at 24.1% of the population. The [[Arnic]] people, although the majority live in the Moshurian vassal of Arnah, make up about 11.7% of the population and that number shoots up to 21.9% of the population if one includes Arnah.
 
Though the 394BH Ethnic Minority Media and Information Transmission Bill legally mandates media to be translated into the majority language of any prefecture, Moshurian-majority prefectures are still the most economically developed and powerful, so many still learn Moshurian as a second language for work in these Moshurian-majority regions.
 
As of 400 BH, there are 40,000,000 people who speak Moshurian as a second language out of a total speaker base of 450,000,000, or about 8.88% of the total Moshurian speaker population.
===In the Iśatúr Confederacy===
The Iśatúr Confederacy, a tribal federation comprising mostly of tribes that speak [[Yeldhic languages#Sub-families|Ossic languages]], has a significant minority of Moshurian speakers in the south of the country, dating back to the Moshurian Empire's colonial efforts to "Moshurianise" the Empire from 96 BH-370 BH.
 
About 84,000 people of the total population of 5,000,000 in the Confederacy spoke Moshurian in 400  BH, or around 1.98% of the population.
===In Gegfen===
In the Far East of Birnu, a region called Gegfen is home to about 40,000 "Far East" Moshurians. Why they speak Moshurian so far away from Moshuria itself is a mystery, as the region was never occupied by the Moshurian Empire.
 
Their dialect differs very little from mainland Taráhus Moshurians; see ''[[Moshurian#Far East dialect|§Far East dialect]]''.
==History==
===Origin===
Moshurian is of the [[Yeldhic languages|Yeldhic]] language superfamily, which also includes languages like [[Ilda]] and [[Barbuz]]. Within the superfamily, it is of the '''Paleoyeldhic''' branch: a deriviation of [[Proto-Yeldhic]] spoken by the first Proto-Yeldhic farmers in the fertile Ulmic Crescent and around the rivers of Zád and Pêrush. The Moshurians are of a Paleoyeldhic origin, and are descended from the ''β''-Paleoyeldhics, who advanced south into the wider Tarám River Basin and settled in the temperate Munsanukh Valley and the coast of Tuloor Lake, where the split between the Tulooric and Najmunsaic languages occured around 3000 UH. Moshurian is of the Tulooric branch.


It is one of the only surviving languages indigenous to the Munsanukh Valley, which is generally considered, alongside Tuloor Lake, to be the birthplace of the Moshurian race, culture and language.
==Origin==
===Ancestors===
===Ancestors===
====Comparative morphology====
====Comparative morphology====
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|-
|-
! "emotion"
! "emotion"
| ''*mḗHwēg''<ref>The reason why this specific entry is quite derivational from its own derivations is because it itself has mostly been derivated and reconstructed from the Proto-Tulooric term ''*myīHwēḵ'', which derives from Paleoyeldhic ''*ḿʷeHʷiḵ'' and then ultimately from [[Proto-Yeldhic]] ''*ḿuʃʷiH''.</ref> || ''meumek'' || ''memek'' || ''mimik''
| ''*mḗHwēg''<ref>See [[Moshurian#Iki-Duki's law|Iki-Duki's law]].</ref> || ''meşek'' || ''màfhek'' || ''mufhe''
|-
|-
! "Moshurian"
! "Moshurian"
| ''*uðileH'' || ''uthilikmöim'' || ''uthilikmui'' || ''uthilik/uthilikmë''
| ''*uðileH'' || ''uthilikmöim'' || ''uthilikmui'' || ''uthilikh/uthilikmë''
|}
|}
====Early Moshurian====
====Early Moshurian====
'''Early Moshurian''', also alternatively called '''Proto-Moshurian''', is the earliest form of the Moshurian language, although it is still only hypothesised, as Moshurian was not recorded until Old Moshurian. Most of Early Moshurian's vocabulary is instead [[w:Comparative reconstruction|comparatively reconstructed]] from later forms of Moshurian, as well as earlier proto-languages like [[Proto-Tulooric]] and sometimes as far back as [[Proto-Yeldhic]].
'''Early Moshurian''', also alternatively called '''Proto-Moshurian''', is the earliest form of the Moshurian language, although it is still only hypothesised, as Moshurian was not recorded until Old Moshurian. Most of Early Moshurian's vocabulary is instead [[w:Comparative reconstruction|comparatively reconstructed]] from later forms of Moshurian, as well as earlier proto-languages like [[Proto-Tulooric]] and sometimes as far back as [[Proto-Yeldhic]].
=====Iki-Duki's law=====
In the transistory period between Early and Old Moshurian, the /Hw/ sounds found in Early Moshurian post-alveolised to become /ʃ/ in Old Moshurian. This sound change, which seems to only have occured in Moshuric and Aquqi derivations, is often known in Radael linguistic areas as '''Iki-Duki's law''', as it was first hypothesised by a Kutic nomadic linguist called Iki-Duki, who studied phonological differences between his native Kutic and Moshurian. Although Iki-Duki's most famous contribution to the linguistics community was his classification of Kutic as part of the at the time still considered areal language family Ebró, his findings later snowballed into further study into other Moshuric languages and his hypothesis.
The law was first attested by Arnic linguist Môhwod ða-Téfir himself, and one of his first of many contributions to the linguistic community.
====Old Moshurian====
====Old Moshurian====
Old Moshurian is the oldest orthographically attested ancestor of Moshurian. Its oldest known written work is the ''Māgiswāska Kovinās''("Magistrates' Jurisdiction"; Old Moshurian: ''TàGevoch Kominazà''; Modern Moshurian: ''TaMamidakh Kominaz''), a document that was originally written in [[Ilda]] but translated into Old Moshurian.
Old Moshurian is also the primary appearance and attestation of Iki-Duki's law. Compare Early Moshurian ''*mḗHwēg'' and Old Moshurian ''meşek''.
=====Roōka's law=====
Roōka was another linguist who studied Moshuric sound changes, and he hypothesised and attested his own law of Moshuric sound changes, in which inset /ʃ/ allophones labialised to become Middle Moshurian /ɸ/.
Roōka's law was preserved into most dialects of Modern Moshurian, though the [[Moshurian dialects#Sépenzg dialect|Sépenzg dialect]] still preserved Old Moshurian phonology. Strangely the morphology has stayed on course with other Modern Moshurian dialects.
====Middle Moshurian====
====Middle Moshurian====
Middle Moshurian, also called '''Classical Moshurian''', is the most recently spoken ancestor of Moshurian. Its development saw the emergence of the standard written Moshurian script, which developed from the "Bone-etch" script used by the Bâ(Modern Moshurian: ''Bákh'') clan of Northern Maranösia.
It differs from Modern Moshurian by how many more final consonants there are on nouns. In Modern Moshurian, many final velar plosives were dropped, such as in Middle Moshurian ''màfhek'' turning into Modern Moshurian ''mufhe''.
===Endonym===
===Endonym===
The Moshurian endonym, ''[[Contionary:uthilikh|uthilikh]]'', is most likely derived from Moshurian mythology, in which the god of creation's daughter, Khaurnán, sent her son, ''Uthiliran'', to lead the Moshurian people. Etymologically, the word is probably derived from the Proto-Yeldhic word ''*ułiqʷ'', which most likely meant "small lake" or "pond", possibly referring to Tuloor Lake, which is deduced to be the Moshurian homeland.
The Moshurian endonym, ''[[Contionary:uthilikh|uthilikh]]'', is most likely derived from Moshurian mythology, in which the god of creation's daughter, Khaurnán, sent her son, ''Uthiliran'', to lead the Moshurian people. Etymologically, the word is probably derived from the Proto-Yeldhic word ''*ʕʷliés'', which most likely meant "small lake" or "pond", possibly referring to Tuloor Lake, which is deduced to be the Moshurian homeland.


===Exonym===
===Exonym===
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The sound /h/ is represented with the〈kh〉glyph, and the /ɸ/ sound is represented by the 〈fh〉dipthong, transcripted as ⟨fkh⟩.
The sound /h/ is represented with the〈kh〉glyph, and the /ɸ/ sound is represented by the 〈fh〉dipthong, transcripted as ⟨fkh⟩.
====Abjad form====
The Moshurian alphabet can be written in an [[w:Abjad|abjad]] form, although this is mostly used by [[Kutic]] traders who adapted the Moshurian alphabet to a structure similar to their own native [[Kutic#Orthography|Kutic script]], which itself is an abjad.
The form mostly follows the rules of the [[Kutic#Orthography|Kutic abjad]], such as no inset vowels being represented, although the glyphs for ⟨a⟩ and ⟨á⟩ are used in an onset position.
The Moshurian Empire does not officially recognise the abjad form, and even in traditionally Kutic-dominated territories, such as along east to west trade routes, children are taught the alphabetical form of the script when learning Moshurian.
====Origin====
====Origin====
The origin of the Moshurian alphabet is heavily debated. According to the ''Gécheb Bizörith'', the Moshurian alphabet was designed by a secret society called Akhakuöm, who took inspiration from the Tiragii military cuneiform. Eventually after the bust of Akhakuöm by the Moshurian state, the script was changed to fit the standard Moshurian dialect and re-issued as the government Moshurian alphabet.
The origin of the Moshurian alphabet is heavily debated. According to the ''Gécheb Bizörith'', the Moshurian alphabet was designed by a secret society called Akhakuöm, who took inspiration from the Tiragii military cuneiform. Eventually after the bust of Akhakuöm by the Moshurian state, the script was changed to fit the standard Moshurian dialect and re-issued as the government Moshurian alphabet.
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The glyphs for /b/ comes from [[Oalanii]] ''*ʕbạn'', while the glyph for /d/ comes from [[Oalanii]] ''*dḕmsir''.
The glyphs for /b/ comes from [[Oalanii]] ''*ʕbạn'', while the glyph for /d/ comes from [[Oalanii]] ''*dḕmsir''.
====Abjad form====
The Moshurian alphabet can be written in an [[w:Abjad|abjad]] form, although this is mostly used by [[Kutic]] traders who adapted the Moshurian alphabet to a structure similar to their own native [[Kutic#Orthography|Kutic script]], which itself is an abjad.
The form mostly follows the rules of the [[Kutic#Orthography|Kutic abjad]], such as no inset vowels being represented, although the glyphs for ⟨a⟩ and ⟨á⟩ are used in an onset position.
The Moshurian Empire does not officially recognise the abjad form, and even in traditionally Kutic-dominated territories, such as along east to west trade routes, children are taught the alphabetical form of the script when learning Moshurian.
====Romanisation====
Modern Moshurian romanisation was unstandardised before 400 BH. Before this, various systems were used, most influenced by other Latin scripts or romanisations, though the Turkic-inspired Ügna system began to take prominence shortly before standardisation.
After 400 BH, the newly created Ministry of Linguistic Regulation was tasked in finding or creating a new standard. Ügna, as well as linguist Čohmečo(known for his work on the Lakota and Albanian-inspired Čhehiyapi system) were scouted to work together on a new standard, though they struggled to work together and both quit the project early on. Wişáskoŋ, an amateur neoscript enthusiast, then combined the two systems into the modern Moshurian Romanisation System(''Uthilikh Romàdeşk Goşigë'', <small>Moshurian:</small> [[Help:IPA|[ˈuð.ilix ɽomˈə̃d.ɛʃk goˈʃi.gɪ]]]).
Though Ügna's system was used as the primary template, various features characteristic of Ügna were switched to their Čhehiyapi counterpart such as the glyph for /ɪ/ changing from the [[w:Kazakh language|Kazakh]] [[w:Dotless I|dotless I]], ⟨ı⟩, from Ügna to the Albanian [[w:Ë|e-diaeresis]], ⟨ë⟩ from Čhehiyapi.
Čhehiyapi's signature use of ⟨ŋ⟩ to represent the phoneme of the same symbol was also swapped in from Ügna's use of ⟨ñ⟩, a feature again taken from Kazakh.


===Consonants===
===Consonants===
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! colspan="2" | [[w:Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]/<br>[[w:Velar consonant|velar]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]/<br>[[w:Velar consonant|velar]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
! [[w:stop consonant|Stop]]/<br>[[w:Affricate consonant|Affricate]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless bilabial stop|p]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced bilabial stop|b]]
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless alveolar stop|t]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar stop|d]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless palato-alveolar affricate|t͡ʃ]] || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | &nbsp;[[w:Voiceless velar stop|k]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced velar stop|ɡ]]
| colspan="2" |
|-
|-
! [[w:Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
! [[w:Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
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| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced velar nasal|ŋ]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced velar nasal|ŋ]]
| colspan="2" |
|-
! [[w:stop consonant|Stop]]/<br>[[w:Affricate consonant|Affricate]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless bilabial stop|p]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced bilabial stop|b]]
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless alveolar stop|t]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar stop|d]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless palato-alveolar affricate|t͡ʃ]] || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | &nbsp;[[w:Voiceless velar stop|k]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced velar stop|ɡ]]
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|-
|-
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| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless bilabial fricative|ɸ]] || style="border-left:0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless bilabial fricative|ɸ]] || style="border-left:0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless labiodental fricative|f]] || style="border-left:0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless labiodental fricative|f]] || style="border-left:0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | ([[w:Voiceless dental fricative|θ]])<ref>Only used in certain dialects. Still orthographically represented as 〈th〉.</ref> || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced dental fricative|ð]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced dental fricative|ð]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless alveolar sibilant|s]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar sibilant|z]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless alveolar sibilant|s]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar sibilant|z]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless palato-alveolar fricative|ʃ]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced palato-alveolar fricative|ʒ]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless palato-alveolar fricative|ʃ]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced palato-alveolar fricative|ʒ]]
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|-
|-
! [[w:Mid vowel|Mid]]
! [[w:Mid vowel|Mid]]
| colspan="2"| || || [[w:Mid central vowel|ə̃]] ||  
| colspan="2"| || || [[Moshurian dialects#N-Schwa shift|ə̃]] ||  
|-
|-
! [[w:Open-mid vowel|Open-mid]]
! [[w:Open-mid vowel|Open-mid]]
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|-
|-
! [[w:Open vowel|Open]]
! [[w:Open vowel|Open]]
| colspan="2" | [[w:Open front unrounded vowel|a]] || || || [[w:Open back unrounded vowel|ɑ]]
| colspan="2" | [[w:Open front unrounded vowel|a]] || || colspan=2| [[w:Near-open central vowel|ɐ]]~[[w:Open back unrounded vowel|ɑ]]
|}
|}


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==Morphology==
==Morphology==
<small>''See also: [[Moshurian/Swadesh list]].''</small>
<small>''See also: [[Moshurian/Swadesh list]].''</small>
===Loanwords===
Despite Moshurian being the dominant Yeldhic language by far, with basically every other language in Radael borrowing at the very least some words from Moshurian, it may come as a surprise that despite this, Moshurian has borrowed many, many words from all kinds of languages throughout its history.
====Ilda's influence====
Moshurian has borrowed thousands of words from Ilda, mostly regarding medical and scientific studies. Some examples include:
=====Medical terms=====
* ''zudözaba'' from Ilda ''sudusāpas'', "tibia"
* ''[[Contionary:milindya|milindya]]'' from Ilda ''[[Contionary:milendia|milendia]]'', "coronary heart disease", ''lit.'' "vein(''[[Contionary:mileni|mileni]]'') disease(''[[Contionary:dio|dio]]'')"
* ''sagindya'' from Ilda ''sagindia'', "leukemia"
* ''ranoskoi'' from Ilda ''ranoscan'', "medication"
* ''sespid'' from Ilda ''sāspidi'', "nurse"
* ''ustrim'' from Ilda ''ustrēm'', "doctor"
* ''babulo'' from Ilda ''pabulos'', "surgeon"
** ''kábulil'' from Ilda ''cābulisē'', "surgery"
=====Non-medical terms=====
* ''safhilon'' from Ilda ''saphilon'', "philosophy"
* ''istakon'' from Ilda ''istāklon'', "strategy/military strategy"
* ''makistu'' from Ilda ''machirstun'', "administration(archaic term)"
* ''irkiman'' from Ilda ''irkimano'', "regulation(s)"
* ''meşasel'' from Ilda ''meswasālia'', "physics and chemistry"(considered the same subject in Ilda)
* ''estanik'' from Ilda ''estāniki'', "geology"
===Verbs===
===Verbs===
====Weak verbs====
Verbs in Moshurian are inflected with the infinitive suffix ''-omh'', and then it can be further conjugated based on pronoun.
Weak verbs in Moshurian are inflected with the infinitive suffix ''-omh'', and then it can be further conjugated based on pronoun.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Suffixes
|+ Suffixes
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====Example====
====Example====
{{Msh-reg-C|dáfhér}}
{{Msh-reg-C|dáfhér}}
===Numerals===
===Numerals===
Numerals in Moshurian are labelled as cardinal by adding the suffix ''-i'' to a number.
Numerals in Moshurian are labelled as cardinal by adding the suffix ''-i'' to a number.
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==Syntax==
==Syntax==
===Constituent order===
===Constituent order===
Moshurian uses an '''OSV'''(object-subject-verb) sentence structure.
Modern Moshurian uses an '''OSV'''(object-subject-verb) sentence structure.
====Verb order====
In Moshurian, in the event of two verbs, the first, "initiating" verb('''V₁''') is conjugated based on the context, while the second('''V₂''') is in infinitive. However, many Moshurian speakers, especially in Maranösia, do not conjugate the second verb in infinitive, which is a defining feature of the region's vernacular.
 
====Noun-adjective order====
Noun-adjective order is free, though most people put the adjective following the noun.
 
===Cases===
===Cases===
Moshurian has three noun cases: the '''nominative''', the '''accusative''' and the '''genitive'''. The nominative is not indicated, while the accusative is indicated with a ''-géd/-éd'' suffix for all nouns but pronouns and the suffix ''-e'' for pronouns. The genitive case is indicated with the  
Moshurian has three noun cases: the '''nominative''', the '''accusative''' and the '''genitive'''. The nominative is not indicated, while the accusative is indicated with a ''-géd/-éd'' suffix for all nouns but pronouns and the suffix ''-e'' for pronouns. The genitive case is indicated with the  
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|-
|-
! rowspan=2 | Noun
! rowspan=2 | Noun
! Consonant-ending/starting
! Consonant-ending
| rowspan=4 | -
| rowspan=3 | -
| ''-éd''
| ''-éd''
| rowspan=4 | ''ta-''
| rowspan=3 | ''ta-''
|-
|-
! Vowel-ending/starting
! Vowel-ending
| ''-géd''
| ''-géd''
|-
|-
! colspan=2 | Pronoun
! colspan=2 | Pronoun
|  ''-e''
|  ''-e''
|-
|}
|}
===Particles===
===Particles===
====Tense particles====
====Tense particles====
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==Dialects==
==Dialects==
===Standard dialect===
<small>''Main article: [[Moshurian dialects]]''</small>
The standard dialect of Moshurian is, according to the Ministry of Linguistic Regulation(MLR), officially the Taráhus dialect spoken in the capital, although Tárahus is so large that several districts have developed their own dialects, many of which who are vastly different from each other, so it is still unclear on which is considered the standard within the family of Taráhus dialects.
====Inner Taráhus dialect====
The Inner Taráhus dialect is generally considered by Moshurian linguistics to be what the MLR constitution means in the line: <blockquote>"''[...] The dialect '''spoken around the capitol and the [MLR]''' shall be considered the dialect to be used for the transmission of necessary information to Moshurian citizens. For non-Moshurian areas of the Empire, the standard [dialect]<ref>The original constitution uses the word "edition"(''[[Contionary:kuchbarà|kuchbarà]]'') to refer to standard dialects of minority languages, which is kind of confusing.</ref> of the most prominent non-Moshurian language shall be used to convey said information.''"</blockquote>
However, this quote can be considered quite vague, as the MLR and the wider capitol has changed location many times in Taráhus. One year, the MLR headquarters was located in the district of Oźmaneli, where a borderline unintelligible dialect of Moshurian is spoken, and, for that year, the bizarre Oźmaneli dialect was considered the standard, causing great confusion to non-Oźmanelis.
 
====Oźmaneli dialect====
The Oźmaneli dialect is a dialect spoken in the inner city district of Oźmaneli. It has garnered much attention from linguists, as its pronunciation is widely different from typical pronunciation.
 
Additionally, it is the only dialect to utilise the [[w:Zero copula|zero copula]], an effect where the verb "to be" is not used in a statement, e.g. instead of "I am tired" it would be "I tired".
=====Phonetic differences=====
In general, the pattern seems to be that voiceless consonants tend to get voiced, but this is not always the case.
* /ŋ/ is pronounced [ɳ] or [ɟ]<ref>Why /ŋ/ is pronounced [ɟ] is one of the greatest mysteries of Moshurian.</ref>
* /x/ is pronounced [ɣ]
* /ð/ is pronounced [θ]<ref>The pronunciation of /ð/ as [θ] is a consistent pattern among most non-standard dialects of Moshurian, although some Oźmanelis pronounced /ð/ as [ɕ].</ref>
* /b/ is sometimes pronounced [ʙ] before a /ɽ/.
* Speaking of /ɽ/, it is pronounced [ɬ]
=====Morphological differences=====
* ''[[Contionary:mosok|mosok]]'' ⇒ Oźmaneli ''mudźuk''.
* ''[[Contionary:pusadi|pusadi]]'' ⇒ Oźmaneli ''bsédodifh''.
* ''[[Contionary:uthilikh|uthilikh]]'' ⇒ Oźmaneli ''utuɟul''.
* ''[[Contionary:surus|surus]]/[[Contionary:zazuŋ|zazuŋ]]'' ⇒ Oźmaneli ''şild/soéş''.
=====Oźmaneli rhyming slang=====
Very similar to [[w:Rhyming slang|Cockney rhyming slang]] in London, Oźmaneli has its own rhyming slang, that often leaves many non-Oźmanelis ''stringed''(confused).
* ''abaza''(football) rhymes with ''dzul iz upaza''(colour and shape) → ''dzul''
* ''zebatalomh''(confuse) → ''usuŋtua sibatal''(stringed instrument) → ''usuŋtua''
 
===Oalan dialect===
The Oalan dialect is the specific dialect of Moshurian spoken in the city of Oalan and its surrounding suburbs. Although not as dissimilar from the standard as the Oźmaneli dialect, and having relatively few morphological differences, phonologically it differs quite a bit, and is thus often considered by those from Taráhus as an "uneducated" and "rural" dialect, although this interpretation is obviously considered quite offensive by Oalanians, who in return see the Taráhusians as "egotistic bourgeois moral absolutists", or just "rich assholes" for short. Perhaps not so coincidentally, the local branch of the Moshurian Socialist Party often use rich Taráhusians as scapegoats in economic troubles, and are thus quite popular in the region.
====Phonological differences====
* Glottal or velar fricatives(/h/ or /x/) surrounded by vowels are either not pronounced or non-syllabic.
** Middle Moshurian ''ukhalan''<ref>Often mentioned as a possible etymology for the city of Oalan.</ref> → (possibly) Oalan
* Initial /u/ is pronounced [o] or [ɔ].
** ''uthilikh'' /ˈuð.ilix/ → ''othilih'' [ˈoθ.ilih]
* Final /x/ is pronounced [h] or not at all
** ''semikh'' → ''semï/semih''
* Final unrounded vowels are rounded.
** ''asti'' /asti/ → ''astï'' [asty]
* Voiced fricatives at the end of syllables, unless velar or glottal and the next phone is a vowel, are unvoiced.
** ''eźir'' /ɛˈʒiɽ/ → ''eşir'' [ɛˈʃiɽ]
 
===Loïha dialect===
The Loïha dialect is the dialect of Moshurian speakers who reside in the Golden Plain. Loïha is possibly the most distinct but still intelligible dialect of Moshurian. This is because there are very few morphological differences, but quite large sound changes.
 
Notably, the Loïha dialect can be split into two groups: the Western and Eastern dialects. Western Loïha tends to be a bit more distant from the standard, whereas Eastern is the opposite. However, what is universal across both dialects is that [[w:Glottal stop|glottal stops]] are incorporated in everyday speech.
====Sound changes====
* From /ð/ → [ð](Western) or [θ](Eastern)
* From /x/ → [ʁ](Western) or [χ](Eastern)
* In diphthong C̥V → /ʔV/.
 
===Odezyë dialect===
The Odezyë dialect is phonetically not very different from standard Moshurian, but it does have a bizarre mannerism that cannot be found in any other dialect- that being the suffix ''-áktu''. It is placed directly after any sort of proper noun, including names. The origin of this is heavily debated- although the most prominent theory claims that it may come from the Aquq genitive suffix ''-ḗC̥ə̹''.
===Far East dialect===
The entire existence of the Far East Moshurians(''Dmuriékh''; <small>Moshurian:</small> [[IPA for Moshurian|<nowiki>[dˈmuɽi̯ˌex]</nowiki>]]) is shrouded in mystery, but they seem to speak a certain dialect of Moshurian that only slightly varies from the standard Taráhus dialect.
====Phonological differences====
* /u/ → [ʊ] or [ɯ] in some cases
* [VN]<ref>Vowel before nasal consonant. Quite common in the Eastern subgroup of dialects.</ref> → [Ṽ].
 
===Sépenzg dialect===


==Example texts==
==Example texts==


==Other resources==
==Other resources==
[[Category:Moshurian]]
[[Category:Moshurian]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Yeldhic languages]]
[[Category:Yeldhic languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]
[[Category:Radael]]
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