Hammadhi: Difference between revisions

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==Introduction==
==Introduction==
 
<!--
The name ''ħammāðī'' comes from Sanskrit ''saṃvāda'' "conversation" with the adjectival suffix ''-ī'' (from Sanskrit ''-ika''). Therefore, its original meaning would have been "conversational [speech]" - i.e. the language used in everyday conversation.
-->
<!-- Design goals, inspiration, ideas, who speaks it?, when was it created?, where does it come from?, any peculiarities? -->
<!-- Design goals, inspiration, ideas, who speaks it?, when was it created?, where does it come from?, any peculiarities? -->
<!-- Example categories/headings:  
<!-- Example categories/headings:  
Goals
Goals
Setting
Setting
Inspiration
Inspiration
-->
-->
<!-- ***Phonology*** -->
<!-- ***Phonology*** -->
<!-- What sounds does your language use? -->
<!-- What sounds does your language use? -->
<!-- Here are some example sub-/other categories:
<!-- Here are some example sub-/other categories:
Vowel inventory
Vowel inventory
Consonant inventory
Consonant inventory
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Stress
Stress
Intonation
Intonation
-->


-->
==Phonology==
==Phonology==
<!-- ***Phonology*** -->
<!-- ***Phonology*** -->
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===Orthography===
===Orthography===
===Consonants===
===Consonants===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:110%;font-family:Gentium,'DejaVu Sans','Segoe UI',sans-serif"
|+ Reconstructed consonant phonemes of Proto-Zanahic
|+ Hammadhi consonant phonemes
! colspan="2" |
! colspan="2" |
! [[w:Labial consonant|Labial]]
! [[w:Labial consonant|Labial]]
! [[w:Dental consonant|Dental]]
! [[w:Dental consonant|Dental]]
! [[w:Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! [[w:Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! [[w:Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]
! [[w:Postalveolar consonant|Postalveolar]]/ [[w:Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! [[w:Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! [[w:Velar consonant|Velar]]/ [[w:Uvular consonant|Uvular]]
! [[w:Velar consonant|Velar]]
! [[w:Uvular consonant|Uvular]]
! [[w:Pharyngeal consonant|Pharyngeal]]
! [[w:Pharyngeal consonant|Pharyngeal]]
! [[w:Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
! [[w:Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-  
|-  
! colspan="2" |[[w:Nasal stop|Nasal]]
! colspan="2" |[[w:Nasal stop|Nasal]]
| {{IPA|m}}
| م m
|
| {{IPA|n}}
|
| {{IPA|ɲ}} (ñ)
| {{IPA|ŋ}}
|
|
| ن n
| ݧ ''ñ'' ɲ
| ڹ ŋ
|
|
|
|
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! rowspan="3"  |[[w:Stop consonant|Stop]]
! rowspan="3"  |[[w:Stop consonant|Stop]]
!  |[[w:Voiceless consonant|voiceless]]
!  |[[w:Voiceless consonant|voiceless]]
| {{IPA|p}}
| پ p
| {{IPA|t̪}} (t)
| ت ''t'' t̪
|  
| ٿ‎ ''<u>t</u>'' t
|  
|  
| {{IPA|k}}
| ك k
| {{IPA|q}}
|
|
| {{IPA|ʔ}}
| ء ʔ
|-
|-
!  |[[w:Voiced consonant|voiced]]
!  |[[w:Voiced consonant|voiced]]
| *b {{IPA|/b/}}
| ب b
| *d {{IPA|/d/}}
| د ''d'' d̪
| ڐ ''<u>d</u>'' d
|
| ڭ‎ ɡ
|  
|  
| *g {{IPA|/ɡ/}}
|
|
|-
|-
!  |[[w:Ejective consonant|ejective]]
!  |[[w:Emphatic consonant|emphatic]]
| *ṗ {{IPA|/pʼ/}}
| ڀ ''ṗ'' pˁ<!-- ~ pʼ-->
| *ṭ {{IPA|/tʼ/}}
| ط ''ṭ'' t̪ˁ<!-- ~ t̪ʼ-->
| <!--ط (with 4 dots) ''t̳'' tˁ<!-- ~ tʼ-->
|
| ق <!--''q'' -->q<!-- ~ kʼ-->
|  
|  
| *ḳ {{IPA|/kʼ/}}
|  
|  
|-
|-
! rowspan="3" | [[w:Affricate|Affricate]]
! rowspan="2" | [[w:Affricate|Affricate]]
!  [[w:Voiceless consonant|voiceless]]
!  [[w:Voiceless consonant|voiceless]]
|  
|  
| *s {{IPA|/ts/}}
|  
|
| چ ''č'' tʃ
|  
|  
|  
|  
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! [[w:Voiced consonant|voiced]]
! [[w:Voiced consonant|voiced]]
|
|
| *z {{IPA|/dz/}}
|  
|  
| 
| ج ''j'' dʒ
|  
|  
|
|  
|  
|-
|-
![[w:Ejective consonant|ejective]]
! rowspan="3"| [[w:Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
!  [[w:Voiceless consonant|voiceless]]
| ف f
| ث θ
| س s
| ش ''š'' ʃ
| خ ''x'' χ
| ح ''ḥ'' ħ
| هـ h
|-
! [[w:Voiced consonant|voiced]]
|
|
| *ṣ {{IPA|/tsʼ/}}
| ذ ð
| ز z
| <!--ژ ''ž'' ʒ-->
| غ ''ğ'' ʁ
| ع ʕ
|
|-
!  [[w:Emphatic consonant|emphatic]]
|
|
| ص ''ṣ'' sˁ<!--, ~ sʼ-->
|  
|  
|  
|  
|  
|  
|  
|-
|-
! colspan="2" |[[w:Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
! colspan="2" |[[w:Trill consonant|Trill]]
|
|
| <!--*s {{IPA|/s/}}-->
| *š {{IPA|/ɕ ~ ç/}}
|
|
| *h {{IPA|/h ~ x ~ θ/}}
| ر r
|-
! colspan="2" |[[w:Trill consonant|Trill]]
|
|
| *r {{IPA|/r/}}
|
|
|
|
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! colspan="2" |[[w:Approximant|Approximant]]
! colspan="2" |[[w:Approximant|Approximant]]
|
|
| *l {{IPA|/l/}}
|  
| *y {{IPA|/j/}}
| ل l
| *w {{IPA|/w/}}
| ي ''y'' j
| و w
|
|
|
|}
|}
'''Comments:'''
¹ Dental stops are laminal, while alveolar stops are apical.


===Vowels===
===Vowels===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:110%;font-family:Gentium,'DejaVu Sans','Segoe UI',sans-serif"
|+ Hammadhi vowel phonemes
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" |Short
! colspan="2" |Long
|-
![[w:Front vowel|Front]]
![[w:Back vowel|Back]]
![[w:Front vowel|Front]]
![[w:Back vowel|Back]]
|- style="text-align: center;"
![[w:Close vowel|Close]]
| بِ i
| بُ u
| بِي ''ī'' iː
| بُو ''ū'' uː
|-
![[w:Mid vowel|Mid]]
| بٖ e
| بٗ o
| بٖي ''ē'' eː
| بٗو ''ō'' oː
|-
![[w:Open vowel|Open]]
| colspan="2" | بَ a
| colspan="2" | بَا ''ā'' aː
|-
!Diphthongs
| colspan="4" | بَوْ ''au'' aw; بَيْ ''ai'' aj
|-
|}
<!-- ***Phonology*** -->
<!-- What sounds does your language use? -->
<!-- Here are some example sub-/other categories:
Vowel inventory
Consonant inventory
Syllable structure
Stress
Intonation
-->
===Prosody===
===Prosody===
====Stress====
====Stress====
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<!-- Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that are permissible for use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. -->
<!-- Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that are permissible for use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. -->
===Morphophonology===
===Morphophonology===
==Morphology==
==Morphology==
<!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. -->
<!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. -->
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! rowspan="2"| S
! rowspan="2"| S
! Informal
! Informal
| عوڹ ʕauŋ
| عاڹ ʕāŋ
| مي mē
| مي mē
| مج maj
| مج majj
|-
|-
! Formal
! Formal
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! rowspan="2"| S
! rowspan="2"| S
! Informal
! Informal
| پوڹ pauŋ
| پاڹ pāŋ
| تي tē
| تي tē
| تج tuj
| تج tujj
|-
|-
! Formal
! Formal
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|-
|-
! Formal
! Formal
| چوڹ čūŋ
| جوڹ jūŋ
| بو bō
| بو bō
| بون bōn
| بون bōn
|-
|-
! rowspan="4"| 3
! rowspan="2"| S
! Informal
| إيڹ ʔēŋ
| نين nēn
| أچ ʔačč
|-
! Formal
| rowspan="2" colspan="2"| إيح ʔēħ
| rowspan="2"| إيحان ʔēħān
|-
! rowspan="2"| P
! Informal
|-
! Formal
| إم ʔim
| جو jō
| جون jōn
|-
|-
|}
|}
===Numerals===
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Hammadhi numerals
! # !! Cardinal !! Ordinal !! Fractional
|-
! 0
| حݧ ħuññ
| حݧم ħuññam
| —
|-
! 1
| إك ʔekk
| پشم pašam
| ڀن ṗunn
|-
! 2
| بي bē
| بيجم bījjam
| هڐا ha<u>dd</u>ā
|-
! 3
| ٿي <u>t</u>ē
| ٿيجم <u>t</u>ījjam
| ٿباغ <u>t</u>ibāğ
|-
! 4
| صوار ṣawār
| صوارم ṣawāram
| صوٿ ṣau<u>t</u>
|-
! 5
| ڀنز ṗanz
| colspan="2"| ڀنزم ṗanzam
|-
! 6
| سٿ sa<u>tt</u>
| colspan="2"| سٿم sa<u>tt</u>am
|-
! 7
| حت ħatt
| colspan="2"| حتم ħattam
|-
! 8
| هٿا ha<u>tt</u>ā
| colspan="2"| هٿام ha<u>tt</u>ām
|-
! 9
| نو naww
| colspan="2"| نوم nawwam
|-
! 10
| دح daħ
| colspan="2"| دحم daħam
|-
! 11
| ياذح yāðaħ
| colspan="2"| ياذحم yāðaħam
|-
! 12
| باذح bāðaħ
| colspan="2"| باذحم bāðaħam
|-
! 13
| ٿيذح <u>t</u>ēðaħ
| colspan="2"| ٿيذحم <u>t</u>ēðaħam
|-
! 14
| صوڐح ṣau<u>d</u>aħ
| colspan="2"| صوڐحم ṣau<u>d</u>aħam
|-
! 15
| ڀنڐح ṗan<u>d</u>aħ
| colspan="2"| ڀنڐحم ṗan<u>d</u>aħam
|-
! 16
| حولح ħōlaħ
| colspan="2"| حولحم ħōlaħam
|-
! 17
| حذح ħaððaħ
| colspan="2"| حذحم ħaððaħam
|-
! 18
| هٿاذح ha<u>tt</u>āðaħ
| colspan="2"| هٿاذحم ha<u>tt</u>āðaħam
|-
! 19
| نوذح nōðaħ
| colspan="2"| نوذحم nōðaħam
|-
! 20
| بيح bīħ
| colspan="2"| بيحم bīħam
|-
! 21
| بيحا إك bīħā ʔekk
| colspan="2"| بيحا إكم bīħā ʔekkam
|-
! 30
| ٿيح <u>t</u>īħ
| colspan="2"| ٿيحم <u>t</u>īħam
|-
! 40
| صواريح ṣawārīħ
| colspan="2"| صواريحم ṣawārīħam
|-
! 50
| ڀنزيح ṗanzīħ
| colspan="2"| ڀنزيحم ṗanzīħam
|-
! 60
| سٿيح sa<u>tt</u>īħ
| colspan="2"| سٿيحم sa<u>tt</u>īħam
|-
! 70
| حتيح ħattīħ
| colspan="2"| حتيحم ħattīħam
|-
! 80
| هٿائيح ha<u>tt</u>āʔīħ
| colspan="2"| هٿائيحم ha<u>tt</u>āʔīħam
|-
! 90
| نويح nawwīħ
| colspan="2"| نويحم nawwīħam
|-
! 100
| حو ħaww
| colspan="2"| حوم ħawwam
|-
! 101
| حو إك ħaww ʔekk
| colspan="2"|  حو إكم ħaww ʔekkam
|-
! 200
| بي حو bē ħaww
| colspan="2"| بي حوم bē ħawwam
|-
! 1000
| حاچ ħāč
| colspan="2"| حاچم ħāčam
|-
|}
===Nouns===
===Verbs===
====Stems====
====Tenses====
====Example verb: ''lixām'' "to write"====
The verb ''lixām'' "to write" is conjugated as follows:
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Non-finite forms of the verb ''lixām'' "to write"
! Infinitive
| ''lixām''
|-
! Present active participle
| ''lixān''
|-
! Present passive participle
| ''lixamān''
|-
! Past active participle
| ''lixipp''
|-
! Past passive participle
| ''lixī''
|-
! Future active participle
| ''lixejj''
|-
! Future passive participle
| ''lixanejj''
|}
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Finite forms of the verb ''lixām'' "to write"
! Person
! First
! Second
! Third
! Zeroth
|-
! Aorist
| ''lixam''
| ''lixaθ''
| ''lixat''
| ''lixand''
|-
! Present active
| ''lixānam''
| ''lixānaθ''
| ''lixānat''
| ''lixānand''
|-
! Present passive
| ''lixamānam''
| ''lixamānaθ''
| ''lixamānat''
| ''lixamānand''
|-
! Past active
| ''lixippam''
| ''lixippaθ''
| ''lixippat''
| ''lixippand''
|-
! Past passive
| ''lixiyam''
| ''lixiyaθ''
| ''lixiyat''
| ''lixiyand''
|-
! Future active
| ''lixejjam''
| ''lixejjaθ''
| ''lixejjat''
| ''lixejjand''
|-
! Future passive
| ''lixanejjam''
| ''lixanejjaθ''
| ''lixanejjat''
| ''lixanejjand''
|-
|}
<!--
The forms in the above table are indicative. The corresponding subjunctives are formed with the infix ''-ejj-'' between the stem and the personal ending - e.g. first person forms are ''lixejjam''-->
<!--
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Finite forms of the verb "to be"
! Person !! Present !!
|-
!
|}-->
<!--
====The verb "to be"====
The verb "to be" is conjugated as follows:
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Non-finite forms of the verb "to be"
! Infinitive
|
|-
! Present active participle
| ḥand
|-
|}
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Finite forms of the verb "to be"
! Person !!
|}
-->


==Syntax==
==Syntax==
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[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]
[[Category:Indo-European languages]]
[[Category:Indo-Iranian languages]]
[[Category:Indo-Aryan languages]]

Latest revision as of 17:33, 9 April 2024

Hammadhi (native: حمّاذي /ħamːaːðiː/) is an Indo-Aryan language.


Introduction

Phonology

Orthography

Consonants

Hammadhi consonant phonemes
Labial Dental Alveolar Postalveolar/ Palatal Velar/ Uvular Pharyngeal Glottal
Nasal م m ن n ݧ ñ ɲ ڹ ŋ
Stop voiceless پ p ت t t̪ ٿ‎ t t ك k ء ʔ
voiced ب b د d d̪ ڐ d d ڭ‎ ɡ
emphatic ڀ ṗ pˁ ط ṭ t̪ˁ ق q
Affricate voiceless چ č tʃ
voiced ج j dʒ
Fricative voiceless ف f ث θ س s ش š ʃ خ x χ ح ḥ ħ هـ h
voiced ذ ð ز z غ ğ ʁ ع ʕ
emphatic ص ṣ sˁ
Trill ر r
Approximant ل l ي y j و w

Comments:

¹ Dental stops are laminal, while alveolar stops are apical.

Vowels

Hammadhi vowel phonemes
Short Long
Front Back Front Back
Close بِ i بُ u بِي ī iː بُو ū uː
Mid بٖ e بٗ o بٖي ē eː بٗو ō oː
Open بَ a بَا ā aː
Diphthongs بَوْ au aw; بَيْ ai aj

Prosody

Stress

Intonation

Phonotactics

Morphophonology

Morphology

Pronouns

Personal pronouns

Hammadhi personal pronouns
Person Number Familiarity Direct Oblique Possessive
1 S Informal عاڹ ʕāŋ مي mē مج majj
Formal هم ham همان hamān
P Informal
Formal بيڹ bēŋ نو nō نون nōn
2 S Informal پاڹ pāŋ تي tē تج tujj
Formal چم čum چمان čumān
P Informal
Formal جوڹ jūŋ بو bō بون bōn
3 S Informal إيڹ ʔēŋ نين nēn أچ ʔačč
Formal إيح ʔēħ إيحان ʔēħān
P Informal
Formal إم ʔim جو jō جون jōn

Numerals

Hammadhi numerals
# Cardinal Ordinal Fractional
0 حݧ ħuññ حݧم ħuññam —
1 إك ʔekk پشم pašam ڀن ṗunn
2 بي bē بيجم bījjam هڐا haddā
3 ٿي tē ٿيجم tījjam ٿباغ tibāğ
4 صوار ṣawār صوارم ṣawāram صوٿ ṣaut
5 ڀنز ṗanz ڀنزم ṗanzam
6 سٿ satt سٿم sattam
7 حت ħatt حتم ħattam
8 هٿا hattā هٿام hattām
9 نو naww نوم nawwam
10 دح daħ دحم daħam
11 ياذح yāðaħ ياذحم yāðaħam
12 باذح bāðaħ باذحم bāðaħam
13 ٿيذح tēðaħ ٿيذحم tēðaħam
14 صوڐح ṣaudaħ صوڐحم ṣaudaħam
15 ڀنڐح ṗandaħ ڀنڐحم ṗandaħam
16 حولح ħōlaħ حولحم ħōlaħam
17 حذح ħaððaħ حذحم ħaððaħam
18 هٿاذح hattāðaħ هٿاذحم hattāðaħam
19 نوذح nōðaħ نوذحم nōðaħam
20 بيح bīħ بيحم bīħam
21 بيحا إك bīħā ʔekk بيحا إكم bīħā ʔekkam
30 ٿيح tīħ ٿيحم tīħam
40 صواريح ṣawārīħ صواريحم ṣawārīħam
50 ڀنزيح ṗanzīħ ڀنزيحم ṗanzīħam
60 سٿيح sattīħ سٿيحم sattīħam
70 حتيح ħattīħ حتيحم ħattīħam
80 هٿائيح hattāʔīħ هٿائيحم hattāʔīħam
90 نويح nawwīħ نويحم nawwīħam
100 حو ħaww حوم ħawwam
101 حو إك ħaww ʔekk حو إكم ħaww ʔekkam
200 بي حو bē ħaww بي حوم bē ħawwam
1000 حاچ ħāč حاچم ħāčam

Nouns

Verbs

Stems

Tenses

Example verb: lixām "to write"

The verb lixām "to write" is conjugated as follows:

Non-finite forms of the verb lixām "to write"
Infinitive lixām
Present active participle lixān
Present passive participle lixamān
Past active participle lixipp
Past passive participle lixī
Future active participle lixejj
Future passive participle lixanejj
Finite forms of the verb lixām "to write"
Person First Second Third Zeroth
Aorist lixam lixaθ lixat lixand
Present active lixānam lixānaθ lixānat lixānand
Present passive lixamānam lixamānaθ lixamānat lixamānand
Past active lixippam lixippaθ lixippat lixippand
Past passive lixiyam lixiyaθ lixiyat lixiyand
Future active lixejjam lixejjaθ lixejjat lixejjand
Future passive lixanejjam lixanejjaθ lixanejjat lixanejjand



Syntax

Constituent order

Noun phrase

Verb phrase

Sentence phrase

Dependent clauses

Example texts

Other resources

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