Qasunattuuji: Difference between revisions
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{{Infobox language | {{Infobox language | ||
|image = | |image = | ||
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|pronunciation_key = | |pronunciation_key = | ||
|state = Tuujiyumix Ilihuu | |state = Tuujiyumix Ilihuu | ||
|setting = Alt-history [[w:North America|North America | |setting = Alt-history [[w:North America|North America]] | ||
|created = 2023 - present | |created = 2023 - present | ||
|familycolor = Indo-European | |familycolor = Indo-European | ||
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[ŋ] can only come at the beginning of a medial syllable after another [ŋ]. <br> | [ŋ] can only come at the beginning of a medial syllable after another [ŋ]. <br> | ||
If there is a long and a short vowel in sequence, and vice versa, for example [aːi], an epenthetic [ŋ] appears to break this hiatus, in this case, becoming [aːŋi]. <br> | If there is a long and a short vowel in sequence, and vice versa, for example [aːi], an epenthetic [ŋ] appears to break this hiatus, in this case, becoming [aːŋi]. <br> | ||
[t] and [ | [t] and [p] become [ʐ] and [v], respectively, between vowels (assibilation). <br> | ||
[k], [q] and [t] become [ŋ], [ʁ] and [n], respectively, before [n] <br> | [k], [q] and [t] become [ŋ], [ʁ] and [n], respectively, before [n] <br> | ||
Consonants can be geminated, but in this case, they should be pronounced as if there were two of them. | Consonants can be geminated, but in this case, they should be pronounced as if there were two of them. | ||
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| [[w:X|X]], x || [[w:Sha (Cyrillic)|Ш]], ш|| [[w:Voiceless retroflex fricative|/ʂ/]] | | [[w:X|X]], x || [[w:Sha (Cyrillic)|Ш]], ш|| [[w:Voiceless retroflex fricative|/ʂ/]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[w:Y|Y]], y || [[w:Short I (Cyrillic)|Й]] || [[w:Voiced palatal approximant|/j/]] | | [[w:Y|Y]], y || [[w:Short I (Cyrillic)|Й]], й|| [[w:Voiced palatal approximant|/j/]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
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==Morphology== | ==Morphology== | ||
===Nouns=== | ===Nouns=== | ||
Nouns decline in eight different cases: absolutive, ergative, instrumental, allative, ablative, locative, perlative and similative. | Nouns decline in eight different cases: absolutive, ergative, instrumental, allative, ablative, locative, perlative and similative, and in number, for singular, dual and plural. | ||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|+ '''Nouns''' | |||
|- | |||
! | |||
! {{center|Singular}} | |||
! {{center|Dual}} | |||
! {{center|Plural}} | |||
|- | |||
| '''Absolutive''' | |||
| -∅ | |||
| ÷ju² | |||
| ÷ix¹ / -mix | |||
|- | |||
| '''Ergative''' | |||
| ÷huu | |||
| ÷juh² | |||
| ÷ixi¹ / -mixi | |||
|- | |||
| '''Instrumental''' | |||
| ÷hak / -k | |||
| ÷kat / tuk | |||
| ÷kix² | |||
|- | |||
| '''Allative''' | |||
| ÷hi | |||
| ÷hit | |||
| ÷him | |||
|- | |||
| '''Ablative''' | |||
| ÷hahip / -hip | |||
| ÷huut | |||
| ÷hum | |||
|- | |||
| '''Locative''' | |||
| ÷haqi / -qi | |||
| ÷haq / qu | |||
| ÷qix² | |||
|- | |||
| '''Perlative''' | |||
| ÷havi / -pi | |||
| ÷it¹ / -t | |||
| ÷pix² | |||
|- | |||
| '''Similative''' | |||
| ÷hasi / -si | |||
| ÷sit² | |||
| ÷six² | |||
|} | |||
Notes: | |||
*÷: if the root ends in a consonant, remove it. | |||
*¹: if the root ends in a consonant, remove both it and the vowel before it, except in monosyllabic words, in which case the suffix goes after the consonant. | |||
*²: if the root ends with the suffix's first consonant, the suffix is applied in its totality, without removing consonants. | |||
* If there are two forms, the second is used if the root ends in a vowel. | |||
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" | |||
! colspan="8" |Example: mihat (mother) | |||
|- | |||
! | |||
! {{center|Singular}} | |||
! {{center|Dual}} | |||
! {{center|Plural}} | |||
|- | |||
| '''Absolutive''' | |||
| mihat | |||
| miha'''ju''' | |||
| mih'''ix''' | |||
|- | |||
| '''Ergative''' | |||
| miha'''huu''' | |||
| miha'''juh''' | |||
| mih'''ixi''' | |||
|- | |||
| '''Instrumental''' | |||
| miha'''hak''' | |||
| miha'''kat''' | |||
| miha'''kix''' | |||
|- | |||
| '''Allative''' | |||
| miha'''hi''' | |||
| miha'''hit''' | |||
| miha'''him''' | |||
|- | |||
| '''Ablative''' | |||
| miha'''hahip''' | |||
| miha'''huut''' | |||
| miha'''hum''' | |||
|- | |||
| '''Locative''' | |||
| miha'''haqi''' | |||
| miha'''haqu''' | |||
| miha'''qix''' | |||
|- | |||
| '''Perlative''' | |||
| miha'''vi''' | |||
| mih'''it''' | |||
| miha'''vix''' | |||
|- | |||
| '''Similative''' | |||
| miha'''si''' | |||
| miha'''sit''' | |||
| miha'''six''' | |||
|} | |||
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" | |||
! colspan="8" |Example: puulu (son) | |||
|- | |||
! | |||
! {{center|Singular}} | |||
! {{center|Dual}} | |||
! {{center|Plural}} | |||
|- | |||
| '''Absolutive''' | |||
| puulu | |||
| puulu'''ju''' | |||
| puulu'''mix''' | |||
|- | |||
| '''Ergative''' | |||
| puulu'''huu''' | |||
| puulu'''juh''' | |||
| puulu'''mixi''' | |||
|- | |||
| '''Instrumental''' | |||
| puulu'''k''' | |||
| puulu'''juk''' | |||
| puulu'''kix''' | |||
|- | |||
| '''Allative''' | |||
| puulu'''hi''' | |||
| puulu'''hit''' | |||
| puulu'''him''' | |||
|- | |||
| '''Ablative''' | |||
| puulu'''hip''' | |||
| puulu'''huut''' | |||
| puulu'''hum''' | |||
|- | |||
| '''Locative''' | |||
| puulu'''qi''' | |||
| puulu'''qu''' | |||
| puulu'''qix''' | |||
|- | |||
| '''Perlative''' | |||
| puulu'''vi''' | |||
| puulu'''t''' | |||
| puulu'''vix''' | |||
|- | |||
| '''Similative''' | |||
| puulu'''si''' | |||
| puulu'''sit''' | |||
| puulu'''six''' | |||
|} | |||
====Ergative==== | ====Ergative==== | ||
The ergative is used to mark the subject of a transitive sentence and to mark the genitive, specifically, marking the possessor of a possessed entity, except in sentences like "is my X", where the ergative falls in the pronoun. | The ergative is used to mark the subject of a transitive sentence and to mark the genitive, specifically, marking the possessor of a possessed entity, except in sentences like "is my X", where the ergative falls in the pronoun. | ||
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| colspan="8"| ''A mouse is smaller than a groundhog'' | | colspan="8"| ''A mouse is smaller than a groundhog'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
====Perlative==== | ====Perlative==== | ||
The perlative indicates the manner or the way of transportation and also marks the path and the subject of the conversation. | The perlative indicates the manner or the way of transportation and also marks the path and the subject of the conversation. | ||
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|+ | |+ | ||
<!-- Sentence --> | <!-- Sentence --> | ||
| colspan="8"| ''' | | colspan="8"| '''vijunivisigik {{red|qayivi?}}''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
<!-- Pronunciation--> | <!-- Pronunciation--> | ||
| colspan="8"| /viʐuniˈsiʁik | | colspan="8"| /viʐuniˈsiʁik qaˈjivi/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
<!-- Morphemes--> | <!-- Morphemes--> | ||
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|<small>-pisigik</small> | |<small>-pisigik</small> | ||
|<small>qayi-</small> | |<small>qayi-</small> | ||
|<small>- | |<small>-vi</small> | ||
|- | |- | ||
<!-- Gloss--> | <!-- Gloss--> | ||
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|- | |- | ||
<!-- Translations --> | <!-- Translations --> | ||
| colspan="8"| ''Are you talking {{ | | colspan="8"| ''Are you talking {{red|about the winter?}}'' | ||
|} | |||
====Vocative==== | |||
The vocative shows the addressee, including the subject of an imperative sentence. It doesn't have its own suffix, but is marked by elongating the noun's last vowel (if it's short), and in the case of proper nouns, it's not marked orthographically. | |||
{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;" | |||
|+ | |||
<!-- Sentence --> | |||
| colspan="8"| '''miih'''—'''Mihaat!''' | |||
|- | |||
<!-- Pronunciation--> | |||
| colspan="8"| /miχ/ — /miχaːt/ | |||
|- | |||
<!-- Morphemes--> | |||
|<small>mihat-</small> | |||
|<small>-∅-</small> / | |||
|<small>mihaat</small> | |||
|- | |||
<!-- Gloss--> | |||
|mother | |||
| -{{sc|abs.sg}} / | |||
|mother | |||
| -{{sc|voc.sg}} | |||
|- | |||
<!-- Translations --> | |||
| colspan="8"| ''Mother/Oh, mother'' | |||
|} | |} | ||
====Derivation and structure==== | |||
The morpheme ''ti'' is suffixed to the verbs in order to indicate the agent: pi (hunt) → pi'''ji''' (hunter).<br> | |||
The suffix ''-un'' transforms a verb into an instrument to do so: sayu (sew) → sayu'''un''' (sewing machine).<br> | |||
The suffix ''-(ŋ)il'' indicates the diminutive: viin (woman) → viin'''ilu''' (ggirl).<br> | |||
The suffix ''-ppak'' creates a noun that in theory is bigger than the primitive: ixav (caribou) → ixa'''ppak''' (horse).<br> | |||
There are also suffixes for quantities, such as ''hayaat'' (many) or ''payaak'' (each). | |||
The maximum structure of nouns is:<br> | |||
{{Center|root-(derivational)-(inflecional)-(number and case)}}<br> | |||
Derivational can be an adjective or other derivational suffixes, such as the cited above, and inflectional can be an adverb that isn't a free morpheme. There can have several derivational or inflectional suffixes, but, only one nominal root per noun. | |||
===Verbs=== | ===Verbs=== | ||
:''See also: [[Qasunattuuji verbs]].'' | |||
Every verb has an obligatory inflection for person, number, and mood (all marked by a single suffix), and can have other inflectional suffixes such as tense, aspect, modality, and various suffixes carrying adverbial functions. | |||
====Tense==== | |||
Tense marking is always optional. The only explicitly marked tense is the future tense. Past and present tense cannot be marked and are always implied. All verbs can be marked through adverbs to show relative time (using words such as "yesterday" or "tomorrow"). If neither of these markings is present, the verb can imply a past, present, or future tense. | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|+ Future tense | |||
!Tense | |||
!Example | |||
|- | |||
|Present | |||
|{{interlinear | |||
|Pijavimiq vigiipuk. | |||
|telephone-INSTR talk-we-1DU.3SG | |||
|We (two) talk on the phone.}} | |||
|- | |||
|Future | |||
|{{interlinear | |||
|Pijavimiq vi'''nia'''giipuk. | |||
|telephone-INSTR talk-we-DU-'''FUT''' | |||
|We (two) '''will''' talk on the phone.}} | |||
|- | |||
|Future (implied) | |||
|{{interlinear | |||
|Suujuqqanu savisuhuu ilaa '''kaluuŋiluuk'''. | |||
|{give birth probably} {sister's} {I} '''tomorrow''' | |||
|My sister (will) give(s) birth '''tomorrow'''. (the future tense "will" is implied by the word tomorrow)}} | |||
|} | |||
====Aspect==== | |||
Marking aspect is optional in Qasunattuuji verbs. It has a perfective versus imperfective distinction in aspect, along with other distinctions, such as: frequentative (-ataq; "to repeatedly verb"), habitual (-simavi; "to always, habitual verb"), inchoative (-hiŋaat; "about to verb"), and intentional (-sahuma; "intend to verb"). The aspect suffix can be found after the verb root and before or within the obligatory person-number-mood suffix. | |||
number-mood suffix. | |||
====Mood==== | |||
Qasunattuuji has the following moods: Indicative, Interrogative, Imperative (positive, negative), Coordinative, and Conditional. Participles are sometimes classified as a mood. | |||
===Adjectives=== | ===Adjectives=== | ||
=== | Generally, adjectives are affixed on the noun, after the root. | ||
Sufixos derivacionais: | |||
*-(q)ip- (opposite) | |||
*-(p)ali- (-ful) | |||
*-(f)al- (-phile) | |||
*-(f)up- (-phobe) | |||
noun+adjective declined in the instrumental (able) | |||
person+place declined in the ablative (inhabitant) | |||
Notes: | |||
*There isn't a derivational method to transform adjectives into manner adverbs, because they are separate words. | |||
*Both -(f)al- and -(f)ub- are borrowed from English. | |||
===Numerals=== | |||
Qasunattuuji numerals are [[w:Vigesimal|base-20]] with a sub-base of 10. They decline (except in the vocative) and can be incorporated to the verbs. The numbers 1 to 20 are: | |||
{|class=wikitable | |||
|- | |||
!1||2||3||4||5 | |||
|- | |||
|qii | |||
|tuvu | |||
|taji | |||
|pija | |||
|pinap | |||
|- | |||
!6||7||8||9||10 | |||
|- | |||
|savix | |||
|sivat | |||
|uxat | |||
|qanuun | |||
|tixam | |||
|- | |||
!11||12||13||14||15 | |||
|- | |||
|tixaqii | |||
|tixajuvu | |||
|tixajaji | |||
|tixapija | |||
|tixapinap | |||
|- | |||
!16||17||18||19||20 | |||
|- | |||
|tixasavix | |||
|tixisivat | |||
|tixamuxat | |||
|tixaqanuun | |||
|iŋuiŋŋaq | |||
|} | |||
Multiples of 400 are created with ''-kipiaq'' and 8000's with ''-pak''. | |||
{|class=wikitable | |||
!# | |||
!Number | |||
!Semantics | |||
|- | |||
|20 | |||
|iŋuiŋŋaq | |||
|20 | |||
|- | |||
|25 | |||
|iŋuiŋŋaq pinap | |||
|20 + 5 | |||
|- | |||
|30 | |||
|iŋuiŋŋaq tixam | |||
|20 + 10 | |||
|- | |||
|35 | |||
|iŋuiŋŋaq tixapinap | |||
|20 + 15 | |||
|- | |||
|- | |||
|40 | |||
|tuviŋuiŋŋaq | |||
|2×20 | |||
|- | |||
|45 | |||
|tuviŋuiŋŋaq pinap | |||
|2×20 + 5 | |||
|- | |||
|50 | |||
|tuviŋuiŋŋaq tixam | |||
|2×20 + 10 | |||
|- | |||
|55 | |||
|tuviŋuiŋŋaq tixapinap | |||
|2×20 + 15 | |||
|- | |||
|60 | |||
|tajiiŋuiŋŋaq | |||
|3×20 | |||
|- | |||
|70 | |||
|tajiŋuiŋŋaq tixam | |||
|3×20 + 10 | |||
|- | |||
|80 | |||
|pijiŋuiŋŋaq | |||
|4×20 | |||
|- | |||
|90 | |||
|pijiŋuiŋŋaq tixam | |||
|4×20 + 10 | |||
|- | |||
|100 | |||
|pinapiŋuiŋŋaq | |||
|5×20 | |||
|- | |||
|110 | |||
|pinapiŋuiŋŋaq tixam | |||
|5×20 + 10 | |||
|- | |||
|120 | |||
|savixiŋuiŋŋaq | |||
|6x20 | |||
|- | |||
|140 | |||
|sivajiŋuiŋŋaq | |||
|7x20 | |||
|- | |||
|160 | |||
|uxajiŋuiŋŋaq | |||
|8×20 | |||
|- | |||
|180 | |||
|qanuuniŋuiŋŋaq | |||
|9×20 | |||
|- | |||
|200 | |||
|tixamiŋuiŋŋaq | |||
|10×20 | |||
|- | |||
|300 | |||
|tixapinapiŋuiŋŋaq | |||
|15×20 | |||
|- | |||
|400 | |||
|qiikipiaq | |||
|1x400 | |||
|- | |||
|800 | |||
|tuvukipiaq | |||
|2×400 | |||
|- | |||
|1200 | |||
|tajikipiaq | |||
|3×400 | |||
|- | |||
|1600 | |||
|pijakipiaq | |||
|4×400 | |||
|- | |||
|2000 | |||
|pinakipiaq | |||
|5×400 | |||
|- | |||
|2400 | |||
|savikipiaq | |||
|6×400 | |||
|- | |||
|2800 | |||
|sivakipiaq | |||
|7x400 | |||
|- | |||
|4000 | |||
|tixakipiaq | |||
|10×400 | |||
|- | |||
|6000 | |||
|tixapinakipiaq | |||
|15×400 | |||
|- | |||
|8000 | |||
|qiipak | |||
|1x8000 | |||
|} | |||
Ordinal numerals are formed by the suffix (a)t to the base number: qii (one) → qii'''t''' (first).<br> | |||
Fractions are formed with the numerator being cardinal and decline in the ergative, and the denominator being ordinal: tavujix taji (two thirds).<br> | |||
Frequency numerals are formed adding the particle viik (times): taji vix (three times).<br> | |||
Multiplicative numerals are formed adding the particle pilu (plus): taji pilu (triple). | |||
====Mathematical operations==== | |||
Addition: qajit + number in the ergative + number in the ablative, e.g. qajit tuvujuh tuvuhip pijaujut (2 plus 2 equals 4).<br> | |||
Subtraction: muugit + number no ergative + number in the ablative, e.g. muugit pijamixi tuvuhip tuvuujut (4 minus 4 equals 2).<br> | |||
Multiplication: viimixah + number in the ergative + number in the allative, e.g. viimixah tuvujuh tuvuhip pijaujut (2 multiplied by 2 equals 4).<br> | |||
Division: yaka+ number in the ergative + number in the allative, e.g. yaka tajimixi tuvuhip tuvuujut (4 divided by 2 equals 2).<br> | |||
===Demonstrative adverbs=== | ===Demonstrative adverbs=== | ||
===Demonstrative pronouns=== | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|+Demonstrative adverbs in the absolutive case | |||
! | |||
! colspan="2" |{{center|'''Visible'''}} | |||
! rowspan="2" |{{center|'''Not visible'''}} | |||
|- | |||
| | |||
|{{center|'''Restricted'''}} | |||
|{{center|'''Extended'''}} | |||
|- | |||
|'''Proximal''' | |||
|{{center|uvva}} | |||
|{{center|majja}} | |||
! | |||
|- | |||
|'''Distal (to the speaker), proximal (to the listener)''' | |||
|{{center|taaja}} | |||
!colspan="2"| | |||
|- | |||
|'''Distal (to the speaker and listener)''' | |||
|{{center|iŋŋa}} | |||
|{{center|avva}} | |||
|{{center|amma}} | |||
|- | |||
|'''Up there''' | |||
|{{center|pikka}} | |||
|{{center|pagga}} | |||
|{{center|paama}} | |||
|- | |||
|'''Down there''' | |||
|{{center|kanna}} | |||
|{{center|unna}} | |||
|{{center|saana}} | |||
|- | |||
|'''In there''' | |||
|{{center|kivva}} | |||
|{{center|qavva}} | |||
|{{center|qamma}} | |||
|- | |||
|'''Out there''' | |||
|{{center|qigga}} | |||
|{{center|qagga}} | |||
|{{center|qaama}} | |||
|- | |||
|'''Near the door''' | |||
|{{center|ugga}} | |||
!colspan="2"| | |||
|- | |||
|'''Outside the door''' | |||
!colspan="2"| | |||
|{{center|saama}} | |||
|- | |||
|'''Across there''' | |||
|{{center|ikka}} | |||
|{{center|agga}} | |||
|{{center|aama}} | |||
|- | |||
|'''Back there''' | |||
|{{center|piŋŋa}} | |||
|{{center|pavva}} | |||
|{{center|pamma}} | |||
|- | |||
|'''Remote past''' | |||
|{{center|imma}} | |||
!colspan="2"| | |||
|} | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|+Declination of some demonstrative adverbs | |||
! | |||
!Locative | |||
!Allative | |||
!Ablative | |||
!Perlative | |||
|- | |||
|qaama <br> out there,not visible | |||
|{{center|qaama-qi}} | |||
|{{center|qaama-hi}} | |||
|{{center|qaaama-hip}} | |||
|{{center|qaama-pi}} | |||
|- | |||
|paama <br> out there, not visible, distal | |||
|{{center|paama-qi}} | |||
|{{center|paama-hi}} | |||
|{{center|paama-hip}} | |||
|{{center|paama-pi}} | |||
|- | |||
|kanna <br> down there | |||
|{{center|kanna-qi}} | |||
|{{center|kanna-hi}} | |||
|{{center|kanna-hip}} | |||
|{{center|kanna-pi}} | |||
|- | |||
|majja <br> around here, visible, extended, distal | |||
|{{center|majja-qi}} | |||
|{{center|majja-hi}} | |||
|{{center|majja-hip}} | |||
|{{center|majja-pi}} | |||
|} | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|+Case stacking on demonstrative adverbs | |||
!colspan="2"|amma 'over there (not visible, distal)' | |||
|- | |||
|amma-qi | |||
|Locative | |||
|- | |||
|amma-qi-aŋa-qi | |||
|Locative-aŋa-locative | |||
|- | |||
|amma-qi-aŋa-hi | |||
|Locative-aŋa-allative | |||
|- | |||
|amma-qi-aŋa-hip | |||
|Locative-aŋa-ablative | |||
|- | |||
|amma-qi-aŋa-pi | |||
|Locative-aŋa-perlative | |||
|- | |||
|amma-hi | |||
|Allative | |||
|- | |||
|amma-hi-hi | |||
|Allative-allative | |||
|- | |||
|amma-hip | |||
|Ablative | |||
|- | |||
|amma-pi | |||
|Perlative | |||
|} | |||
===Pronouns=== | |||
{|class="wikitable" | |||
|+Personal pronouns | |||
! | |||
!{{center|'''Absolutive'''}} | |||
!{{center|'''Ergative'''}} | |||
!{{center|'''Allative'''}} | |||
!{{center|'''Ablative'''}} | |||
!{{center|'''Locative'''}} | |||
!{{center|'''Perlative'''}} | |||
!{{center|'''Similative'''}} | |||
|- | |||
|{{center|{{Interlinear|1SG}}}} | |||
|{{center|Uvaŋa}} | |||
|{{center|Uvaŋahuu}} | |||
|{{center|Uvaŋahi}} | |||
|{{center|Uvaŋahip}} | |||
|{{center|Uvaŋaqi}} | |||
|{{center|Uvaŋapi}} | |||
|{{center|Uvaŋasi}} | |||
|- | |||
|{{center|{{Interlinear|2SG}}}} | |||
|{{center|Ilivix}} | |||
|{{center|Ilivihuu}} | |||
|{{center|Ilivihi}} | |||
|{{center|Ilivihahip}} | |||
|{{center|Ilivihaqi}} | |||
|{{center|Ilivihapi}} | |||
|{{center|Ilivihasi}} | |||
|- | |||
|{{center|{{Interlinear|3SG}}}} | |||
|{{center|Ilaa}} | |||
|{{center|Ilaahuu}} | |||
|{{center|Ilaahi}} | |||
|{{center|Ilaahip}} | |||
|{{center|Ilaaqi}} | |||
|{{center|Ilaapi}} | |||
|{{center|Ilaasi}} | |||
|- | |||
|{{center|{{Interlinear|1DU}}}} | |||
|{{center|Uvaŋaju}} | |||
|{{center|Uvaŋajuh}} | |||
|{{center|Uvaŋahit}} | |||
|{{center|Uvaŋahuut}} | |||
|{{center|Uvaŋaqu}} | |||
|{{center|Uvaŋat}} | |||
|{{center|Uvaŋasit}} | |||
|- | |||
|{{center|{{Interlinear|2DU}}}} | |||
|{{center|Iliviju}} | |||
|{{center|Ilivijuh}} | |||
|{{center|Ilivihit}} | |||
|{{center|Ilivihuut}} | |||
|{{center|Ilivihaq}} | |||
|{{center|Ilivit}} | |||
|{{center|Ilivisit}} | |||
|- | |||
|{{center|{{Interlinear|3DU}}}} | |||
|{{center|Ilaaju}} | |||
|{{center|Ilaajuh}} | |||
|{{center|Ilaahit}} | |||
|{{center|Ilaahuut}} | |||
|{{center|Ilaaqu}} | |||
|{{center|Ilaat}} | |||
|{{center|Ilaasit}} | |||
|- | |||
|{{center|{{Interlinear|1PL}}}} | |||
|{{center|Uvaŋamix}} | |||
|{{center|Uvaŋamixi}} | |||
|{{center|Uvaŋahim}} | |||
|{{center|Uvaŋahum}} | |||
|{{center|Uvaŋaqix}} | |||
|{{center|Uvaŋapix}} | |||
|{{center|Uvaŋasix}} | |||
|- | |||
|{{center|{{Interlinear|2PL}}}} | |||
|{{center|Ilivimix}} | |||
|{{center|Ilivixi}} | |||
|{{center|Ilivihim}} | |||
|{{center|Ilivihum}} | |||
|{{center|Iliviqix}} | |||
|{{center|Ilivipix}} | |||
|{{center|Ilivisix}} | |||
|- | |||
|{{center|{{Interlinear|3PL}}}} | |||
|{{center|Ilaamix}} | |||
|{{center|Ilaamixi}} | |||
|{{center|Ilaahim}} | |||
|{{center|Ilaahum}} | |||
|{{center|Ilaaqix}} | |||
|{{center|Ilaapix}} | |||
|{{center|Ilaasix}} | |||
|- | |||
|{{center|{{Interlinear|3SG-REFL}}}} | |||
|{{center|Iimi}} | |||
|{{center|Iimihuu}} | |||
|{{center|Iimihi}} | |||
|{{center|Iimihip}} | |||
|{{center|Iimiqi}} | |||
|{{center|Iimipi}} | |||
|{{center|Iimisi}} | |||
|- | |||
|{{center|{{Interlinear|3DU-REFL}}}} | |||
|{{center|Iimiju}} | |||
|{{center|Iimijuh}} | |||
|{{center|Iimihit}} | |||
|{{center|Iimihuut}} | |||
|{{center|Iimiqu}} | |||
|{{center|Iimit}} | |||
|{{center|Iimisit}} | |||
|- | |||
|{{center|{{Interlinear|3PL-REFL}}}} | |||
|{{center|Iimimix}} | |||
|{{center|Iimimixi}} | |||
|{{center|Iimihim}} | |||
|{{center|Iimihum}} | |||
|{{center|Iimiqix}} | |||
|{{center|Iimipix}} | |||
|{{center|Iimisix}} | |||
|} | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|+Interrogative pronouns | |||
! colspan="4" |{{center|kiŋa (who?)}} | |||
|- | |||
| | |||
|{{center|'''Singular'''}} | |||
|{{center|'''Dual'''}} | |||
|{{center|'''Plural'''}} | |||
|- | |||
|{{center|'''Absolutive'''}} | |||
|{{center|kiŋa}} | |||
|{{center|kiŋa-ju}} | |||
|{{center|kiŋa-mix}} | |||
|- | |||
|{{center|'''Ergative'''}} | |||
|{{center|kiŋa-hu}} | |||
|{{center|kiŋa-juh}} | |||
|{{center|kiŋa-mixi}} | |||
|- | |||
|{{center|'''Instrumental'''}} | |||
|{{center|kiŋa-k}} | |||
|{{center|kiŋa-juk}} | |||
|{{center|kiŋa-kix}} | |||
|- | |||
|{{center|'''Allative'''}} | |||
|{{center|kiŋa-hi}} | |||
|{{center|kiŋa-hit}} | |||
|{{center|kiŋa-him}} | |||
|- | |||
|{{center|'''Ablative'''}} | |||
|{{center|kiŋa-hip}} | |||
|{{center|kiŋa-hut}} | |||
|{{center|kiŋa-hum}} | |||
|- | |||
|{{center|'''Locative'''}} | |||
|{{center|kiŋa-qi}} | |||
|{{center|kiŋa-qu}} | |||
|{{center|kiŋa-qix}} | |||
|- | |||
|{{center|'''Perlative'''}} | |||
|{{center|kiŋa-pi}} | |||
|{{center|kiŋa-t}} | |||
|{{center|kiŋa-pix}} | |||
|- | |||
|{{center|'''Similative'''}} | |||
|{{center|kiŋa-si}} | |||
|{{center|kiŋa-sit}} | |||
|{{center|kiŋa-six}} | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="4" |{{center|put (what?)}} | |||
|- | |||
| | |||
|{{center|'''Singular'''}} | |||
|{{center|'''Dual'''}} | |||
|{{center|'''Plural'''}} | |||
|- | |||
|{{center|'''Absolutive'''}} | |||
|{{center|put}} | |||
|{{center|put-tu}} | |||
|{{center|puj-ix}} | |||
|- | |||
|{{center|'''Ergative'''}} | |||
|{{center|pu-hu}} | |||
|{{center|put-tuh}} | |||
|{{center|puj-ixi}} | |||
|- | |||
|{{center|'''Instrumental'''}} | |||
|{{center|pu-hak}} | |||
|{{center|pu-kat}} | |||
|{{center|pu-kix}} | |||
|- | |||
|{{center|'''Allative'''}} | |||
|{{center|pu-hi}} | |||
|{{center|pu-hit}} | |||
|{{center|pu-him}} | |||
|- | |||
|{{center|'''Ablative'''}} | |||
|{{center|pu-hahip}} | |||
|{{center|pu-huut}} | |||
|{{center|pu-hum}} | |||
|- | |||
|{{center|'''Locative'''}} | |||
|{{center|pu-haqi}} | |||
|{{center|pu-haq}} | |||
|{{center|pu-qix}} | |||
|- | |||
|{{center|'''Perlative'''}} | |||
|{{center|pu-hapi}} | |||
|{{center|puj-it}} | |||
|{{center|pu-pix}} | |||
|- | |||
|{{center|'''Similative'''}} | |||
|{{center|pu-hasi}} | |||
|{{center|pu-sit}} | |||
|{{center|pu-six}} | |||
|} | |||
====Demonstrative pronouns==== | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|+Demonstrative pronouns in the absolutive case | |||
! | |||
! colspan="2" |{{center|'''Visible'''}} | |||
! rowspan="2" |{{center|'''Not visible'''}} | |||
|- | |||
| | |||
|{{center|'''Restricted'''}} | |||
|{{center|'''Extended'''}} | |||
|- | |||
|'''Proximal''' | |||
|{{center|una}} | |||
|{{center|manna}} | |||
! | |||
|- | |||
|'''Distal (to the speaker), proximal (to the listener)''' | |||
|{{center|taamana}} | |||
!colspan="2"| | |||
|- | |||
|'''Distal (to the speaker and listener)''' | |||
|{{center|iŋŋa}} | |||
|colspan="2"|{{center|aana}} | |||
|- | |||
|'''Up there''' | |||
|{{center|piiŋa}} | |||
|{{center|paana}} | |||
|{{center|pakiina}} | |||
|- | |||
|'''Down there''' | |||
|{{center|kanna}} | |||
|{{center|unna}} | |||
|{{center|saana}} | |||
|- | |||
|'''In there''' | |||
|{{center|kiiŋa}} | |||
|colspan="2"|{{center|qaana}} | |||
|- | |||
|'''Out there''' | |||
|{{center|kiŋŋa}} | |||
|{{center|qaŋna}} | |||
|{{center|qakiina}} | |||
|- | |||
|'''Near the door''' | |||
|{{center|uuna}} | |||
!colspan="2"| | |||
|- | |||
|'''Outside the door''' | |||
!colspan="2"| | |||
|{{center|sakiina}} | |||
|- | |||
|'''Across there''' | |||
|{{center|iiŋa}} | |||
|{{center|aaŋa}} | |||
|{{center|akiina}} | |||
|- | |||
|'''Back there''' | |||
|{{center|piŋŋa}} | |||
|colspan="2"|{{center|paana}} | |||
|- | |||
|'''Remote past''' | |||
|{{center|iima}} | |||
!colspan="2"| | |||
|} | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|+Declination of the demonstrative pronoun paana | |||
! | |||
!{{center|Singular}} | |||
!{{center|Dual}} | |||
!{{center|Plural}} | |||
|- | |||
|{{center|'''Absolutive'''}} | |||
|{{center|paana}} | |||
|{{center|paana-ju}} | |||
|{{center|paana-mix}} | |||
|- | |||
|{{center|'''Ergative'''}} | |||
|{{center|paana-hu}} | |||
|{{center|paana-juh}} | |||
|{{center|paana-mixi}} | |||
|- | |||
|{{center|'''Instrumental'''}} | |||
|{{center|paana-k}} | |||
|{{center|paana-juk}} | |||
|{{center|paana-kix}} | |||
|- | |||
|{{center|'''Allative'''}} | |||
|{{center|paana-hi}} | |||
|{{center|paana-hit}} | |||
|{{center|paana-him}} | |||
|- | |||
|{{center|'''Ablative'''}} | |||
|{{center|paana-hip}} | |||
|{{center|paana-hut}} | |||
|{{center|paana-hum}} | |||
|- | |||
|{{center|'''Locative'''}} | |||
|{{center|paana-qi}} | |||
|{{center|paana-qu}} | |||
|{{center|paana-qix}} | |||
|- | |||
|{{center|'''Perlative'''}} | |||
|{{center|paana-pi}} | |||
|{{center|paana-t}} | |||
|{{center|paana-pix}} | |||
|- | |||
|{{center|'''Similative'''}} | |||
|{{center|paana-si}} | |||
|{{center|paana-sit}} | |||
|{{center|paana-six}} | |||
|- | |||
|{{center|'''Vocative'''}} | |||
|{{center|paanaa}} | |||
!colspan="2"| | |||
|} | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|+Case stacking on demonstrative pronouns | |||
!colspan="2"|aana 'that one over there (not visible, distal)' | |||
|- | |||
|aana | |||
|Absolutive | |||
|- | |||
|aana-hu | |||
|Ergative | |||
|- | |||
|aana-hu-qu | |||
|Ergative-locative | |||
|- | |||
|aana-hu-hi | |||
|Ergative-allative | |||
|- | |||
|aana-hu-hip | |||
|Ergative-ablative | |||
|- | |||
|aana-hu-pi | |||
|Ergative-perlative | |||
|- | |||
|aana-hu-si | |||
|Ergative-similative | |||
|- | |||
|aana-hu-k | |||
|Ergative-instrumental | |||
|} | |||
===Conjunctions=== | ===Conjunctions=== | ||
aaŋa means “but”, asiiŋ and suli mean “and”, but asiiŋ is contrastive (that is, and, in contrast) | |||
===Cross-class morphology and wordhood definition=== | |||
Nouns cannot be conjugated or negated as verbs, nor verbs, declinated. When a noun is negated, it becomes a verb. Only verbs can bear the nominalizer suffix -(ŋ)iiŋi.<br> | |||
Assibilation and hiatus breaking don't occur between words. | |||
==Syntax== | ==Syntax== | ||
In order to express a phrase that in the Western languages would be with the phrase "big dog", in Qasunattuuji can be expressed in two ways: with a noun with the augmentative suffix or with a verbal phrase with the verb "to be big". If there are verbs with incorporated nouns, the quantifiers come before the verb. | |||
Indirect objects, oblique objects and comparatives' objects cannot be relativized. <br> | |||
An ergative can be promoted (passivized) to an absolutive through an antipassive (suffix -(i)si) before the person-number-mood suffix. <br> | |||
Titles come before nouns, and geographic names, after the noun that characterizes it e.g. Iluuhuusaji Muppak (North Sea). <br> | |||
The verb ''to be'' is always conjugated in the dual or plural after a mathematical operation that results in 2 or more. | |||
===Constituent order=== | ===Constituent order=== | ||
The basic word order is relatively free due to grammatical cases, but it's generally VSO. | |||
===Noun phrase=== | ===Noun phrase=== | ||
If present, the possessor should come before the nucleus and if colors, numbers or quantifiers are used, they come before the nucleus. | |||
===Dependent clauses=== | ===Dependent clauses=== | ||
Usually, relative sentences come after the main sentence. <br> | |||
===Some other valid transformations=== | ===Some other valid transformations=== | ||
*WH fronting: only one WH can be fronted. | |||
*Quotation inversion: a quotation can be placed before the verbs of saying or thinking, but only if the subject isn't a pronoun. | |||
*Sentence-level prepositional phrases can be reordered, but only one verbal argument can be fronted. For example, the sentence ''with the lawyer, about money, we talked'' is invalid. | |||
*Heavy-NP backing: a long noun phrase can be placed at the end of a sentence. | |||
*A sentence with ''as'' can be easily deleted. E.g.<br> | |||
:Kiŋahu iijuliaŋupisaxanipisa ilaasi upisaxanituaq? <br> | |||
:Who can write a story as s/he can write?<br> | |||
:can become<br> | |||
:Kiŋahu iijuliaŋupisaxaniggaa ''ilaa''? | |||
:Who can write a story as ''s/he''? | |||
*Gapping can also happen with negated verbs. For example:<br> | |||
:Huuŋihuu qagigaaŋit nuuŋukalija suli Qiqahuu, nuuŋukijimiq<br> | |||
:Huuŋi didn't buy a new car, and Qiqaj, a new refrigerator <br> | |||
:is perfectly valid.<br> | |||
*Another kind of gapping (stripping) can occur even when the sentences' objects are different. For example:<br> | |||
:Qiqaaŋa hilippihahuu sajijajilugu suli ilaahuu, sul<br> | |||
:I ate some of the leftover bread and s/he, cheese <br> | |||
:is perfectly possible in Qasunattuuji. | |||
*In certain contexts, a sentence that has nothing to do with the main sentence can be inserted. For example:<br> | |||
:Tisaa (vigamigaa simavihi) qusajiqagijittuq<br> | |||
:The king (may he live forever) isn't receiving visitors<br> | |||
:is possible. | |||
==Example texts== | ==Example texts== | ||
<!-- | Iluuhuusaji Haviqan (The North Wind and the Sun): Imaaŋa, igajuxiinijunikkaŋa Iluuhuusaji Haviqahuu suli Sahuu vixalilujuq kiŋa, qaaŋalan vijuq qiihuu mujunajihuu majiyakanuugaa ayuaqujuq. Aŋigaajin mihaxxaniniagaa iŋŋahuu kiŋahuu mujinajihuu muugittuq ilaa maajiyahuu ilusuisihattuq vixalilujuq hinajihahip. Aaxiiŋ havijuq vixaliluxanijuq Iluuhuusaji Haviqan, vixalilujuq havijuq aaŋa kaluuqi, maajiyaviijuq mujunaji kanuukkaŋa ilaa. Aaxiiŋ xaviluni ayuaqujuq Sahuu suli uusa maajiyamuugittuq mujunaji. Qajukajijujuq malugu Iluuhuusaji Haviqahuu pit vixaligik Sahuu tuvuhuut. | ||
/i.luː.χuːˈsa.ʐi χaˈvi.qan ˈsu.li ˈsa.χu/ (transcription): /iˈmaːŋ.a, i.ʁa.ʐu.ʂiː.ni.ʐu.nikˈkaŋ.a i.luːχuːˈsa.ʐi χa.viˈqa.χuː su.li ˈsa.χuː vi.ʂa.liˈlu.ʐuq ˈki.na, qaːŋˈa.lan ˈvi.ʐuq ˈqiː.χuː mu.ʐu.naˈʐi.χuː ma.ʐi.ja.kaˈnuː.ʁaː a.juaˈqu.ʐuq. aŋ.iˈʁaː.ʐin mi.χaʂ.ʂa.niˈnia.ʁaː iŋˈŋa.χuː kiˈna.χuː mu.ʐi.naˈʐi.χuː muːˈʁit.tuq ˈi.laː maː.ʐiˈja.χuː i.lu.sui.siˈχat.tuq vi.ʂa.liˈlu.ʐuq χi.na.ʐiˈχa.χip. ˈaː.ʂiːŋ χaˈvi.ʐuq vi.ʂa.li.lu.ʂaˈni.ʐuq i.luː.χuːˈsa.ʐi χaˈvi.qan, vi.ʂa.liˈlu.ʐuq χaˈvi.ʐuq ˈaː.ŋa kaˈluː.qi, maː.ʐi.jaˈviː.ʐuq mu.ʐuˈna.ʐi ka.nuːkˈka.ŋa ˈi.laː. ˈaː.ʂiːŋ ʂa.viˈlu.ni a.juaˈqu.ʐuq ˈsa.χuː ˈsu.li ˈuː.sa maː.ʐi.ja.muːˈʁit.tuq mu.ʐuˈna.ʐi. qa.ʐu.ka.ʐiˈʐu.ʐuq maˈlu.ɢu i.luː.χuːˈsa.ʐi χa.viˈqa.χuː pit vi.ʂaˈli.ʁik ˈsa.χuː tuˈvu.χuːt/ | |||
Text with gloss:<br> | |||
{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;" | |||
|+ | |||
<!-- Sentence --> | |||
| colspan="8"| '''Kaluusaakiiŋaviŋiiŋi, vuhuu tisaal tisalisaakuugnuqittuq aaq ilaa xajijatŋiiŋihuu''' | |||
|- | |||
<!-- Pronunciation--> | |||
| colspan="8"| /kaluːsaːkiːŋaviˈʐiŋu ˈvuχuː ˈtisaːl tisalisaːkuːʁnuˈqittuq aːq ˈilaː ʂaʐiʐattiŋˈuχuː/ | |||
|- | |||
<!-- Morphemes--> | |||
|<small>kaluusaakiiŋavijŋiiŋi</small> | |||
|<small>vuj-</small> | |||
|<small>-huu</small> | |||
|<small>tisaa</small> | |||
|<small>tisalisa-</small> | |||
|<small>-akuugnuq-</small> | |||
|<small>-it-</small> | |||
|<small>-tuq</small> | |||
|<small>aaq</small> | |||
|<small>ilaa</small> | |||
|<small>xajijaŋiiŋi-</small> | |||
|<small>-huu</small> | |||
|- | |||
<!-- Gloss--> | |||
|yesterday | |||
| court- | |||
| -{{sc|erg}} | |||
|winter | |||
| king | |||
| queen- | |||
| -accept- | |||
| -{{sc|neg}}- | |||
| -{{sc|3s.intr}} | |||
| because | |||
| s/he | |||
| belief- | |||
| -{{sc|erg}} | |||
|- | |||
<!-- Translations --> | |||
| colspan="8"| '' The king's court rejected the new queen due to her faith.'' | |||
|} | |||
Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights: xaxajut qaluujut suli iikujut haniyumixi taxahaqi suli mijayuqix, ihihiimixi isummiq suli sulijalaqaxannigiiŋu, igigaixaxu qiimixi hinajihim qajihajuŋiiŋiqi vihuu. | |||
Uvisa suli Ixappix (The Sheep and the Horses — Schleicher's Fable): Xisukaajuaqit uvisahuu ixxapavijijax, kalijaqajuujunigaa vijujuaq qii, yuqijunigaa mijuaq qii, suli viqaqijunigaa qilamik qii. Vigaa uvisahuu ixappahum: “ihigaaŋa uvaŋahuu xijahuu viqavilugu ixappajajiijunigaa”. Vijut ixappix: “xaluuja, uvisaa, ihigaix uvaŋamixi xijix viqavilugu manna: viqahuu, pujihuu, xaagaa uvisa xisuhuu tiihuu, visajijiiŋuhi ayuaqujuq uvaŋahi xisukaajuaqinu.” Kajunilugu xaluulugu manna, quugaa uvisahuu hixahi. | |||
Vavilun Paaniahuu (The Tower of Babel): | |||
#Sajiijigaa iluqaqiluuhuu tanaqupaaluk qii, qii vipaaluhuu vipiiŋu. | |||
#Qavijunilugu viqixi Huusajihip, kugaat qii palit Sinnaal gulunisiluvajunu paana iŋmimix. | |||
#Vigaix qiimixi hinajihim: “qilamihalijuŋ suli viqinalaniagivut.” Qijasulijalaqamihagaix hixamalix suli pijum laavulaluaq. | |||
#Huujij vijut: “guluttiijilijuŋ sulijalaqaq paania qajiikkaŋa tayuumix. Xannigiiŋuniasijuli qanihuu suli qilukisigiput iliihuu tiqi. | |||
#Ilusuyumajuq Pujis tijagaa kuluhuu suli paaniahuu tiijijuat viqixi. | |||
#Vijunu Pujis: ”Tuujiujut qiipaaluk suli tanaquvigaat qiipaaluk aakajunu tiijigaat una. Kaluuŋunaxavixanimisiagai niahuu unaxamijuat mihajut. | |||
#Vilik, ilusuyumali suli sulijalaqavalaujilaaput tanaquhuu vijuat mijijax qasunaminiaigaux qiimixi hinajihim.” | |||
#Qiluugaili Pujihuu aanahahip tiyuhi, tuujunu guluttiiji. | |||
#Aaq Vavilukulaqasujuq, aaq sulijalaqavalaujigaa tanaquhuu iluuyu. Aanahahip Pujihuu qiluugai tiyupi.. | |||
Pahaat Uvaŋa (Lord's Prayer)<br> | |||
Pahaat uvaŋa, kiŋa tayuuŋujujin:<br> | |||
Xaviiŋattijuniajuq Ilivix qanihuu.<br> | |||
Viniajuq Ilivix Tisaattuu.<br> | |||
Mihaxisijuq Ilivix iluuqiiŋuhuu.<br> | |||
Qajittigu uvaŋamix hilihuu iluuyu.<br> | |||
Pujuimuulagittigu uvaŋamix qajigijaxujiihix, pujuimuulagigivuli qajigijaxujimix.<br> | |||
Yumajiuŋnu killuhim, uujau qaluujit huuqihum.<br> | |||
Aaq Ilivihuu Tisaattuuŋujuq, vixuŋujuq, suli qijaqunatujuq, simavihi.<br> | |||
Unauniajuq. | |||
[[Category:Qasunattuuji]] | [[Category:Qasunattuuji]] | ||
[[Category:Conlangs]] | [[Category:Conlangs]] |
Latest revision as of 23:50, 17 December 2024
Qasunattuuji | |
---|---|
Qasunattuuji | |
Pronunciation | [qasunatˈtuːʐi] |
Created by | GJS |
Date | 2023 - present |
Setting | Alt-history North America |
Native to | Tuujiyumix Ilihuu |
Indo-European
| |
Official status | |
Official language in | Tuujiyumix Ilihuu |
Qasunattuuji is an Indo European language (classification pending feedback) spoken in the country of Tuujiyumix Ilihuu (real-life Alaska), where it enjoys an official status. Although its words are derived from PIE, its phonology and most of its morphology show traces related to the Inuit languages, as it's polysynthetic and has only the vowels /a/, /i/, and /u/, with length distinctions. It was created for an alternate history timeline where some PIE-speakers migrated all the way from Eastern Europe to Alaska and where the Russians made Alaska a protectorate instead of a colony.
Etymology
The name Qasunattiiji means real people or true people, while Tuujiyumix Ilihuu means Land of all Peoples. The name of the country was chosen to replace the old 'Greater Alaska' in order to distance the new country from Russia shortly after its independence in 1917.
Phonology
Phonological history
- Clipping en masse
- bʰ → pʰ → ɸ → h → q
- gʰ → dʰ → x → q
- ɣʷ → ɢ
- ɢː → ʁː
- gʲʰ → gʰ → dʰ → x → q
- tʲ → tʃ → ʃ → ʂ
- gʲ → dʒ → tʃ → ʃ → ʂ
- kʲ → tʃ → ʃ → ʂ
- gʷ → w → v
- gʷʰ → gʷ → kʷ → p
- dʰ → tʰ → t
- kʷ → p
- {e,o}j → iː
- {eː,oː}j → aː
- {e,o}w → uː
- {eː,oː}w → uː
- {eː,oː} → {iː,u}
- epenthetic /a/ appears to break invalid consonant clusters, except in words borrowed from Russian and English.
- epenthetic /i/ appears before [l ʐ ɢ] if they occur in the beginning of words.
Consonants
Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Retroflex | Velar | Uvular | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | m | n | (ŋ) | |||||||||
Stop | p | t | k | q | ɢ | |||||||
Fricative | f | v | s | ʂ | ʐ | χ | (ʁ) | |||||
Lateral | l | |||||||||||
Approximant | j |
Notes:
- Before /n/, /ŋ/ /ʁ/ are the allophones of /k/ and /q/, respectively.
- /ŋ/ also appears in Inuit borrowings.
- /ʁ/ is also used in verbal morphemes that are borrowed from Inuit. Its geminated version is equivalent to a /ɢː/.
Vowels
Front | Back | |
---|---|---|
Close | i(ː) | u(ː) |
Open | a(ː) |
Prosody
Stress falls always on the penultimate syllable.
Phonotactics
[l ʐ ɢ] can't appear at the beginning of words, but can occur at the beginning of a medial syllable, while [p t k q s j m n v ʂ j f χ] can occur both at the beginning of a word and at the beginning of a medial syllable.
[ŋ] can only come at the beginning of a medial syllable after another [ŋ].
If there is a long and a short vowel in sequence, and vice versa, for example [aːi], an epenthetic [ŋ] appears to break this hiatus, in this case, becoming [aːŋi].
[t] and [p] become [ʐ] and [v], respectively, between vowels (assibilation).
[k], [q] and [t] become [ŋ], [ʁ] and [n], respectively, before [n]
Consonants can be geminated, but in this case, they should be pronounced as if there were two of them.
Orthography
Latin letter (since the 1920s) | Cyrillic letter (between the XVII century and the 1920s) | IPA |
---|---|---|
A, a | A, а | /a/ |
F, f | Ф, ф | /f/ |
G, g | Г. г | /ɢ/ or /ʁ/ (see consonants) |
H, h | Х, х | /χ/ |
I, i | И, и | /i/ |
J, j | Ж, ж | /ʐ/ |
K, k | К, к | /k/ |
L, l | Л, л | /l/ |
M, m | М, м | /m/ |
N, n | Н, н | /n/ |
Ŋ, ŋ | Нг, нг | /ŋ/ |
P, p | П, п | /p/ |
Q, q | Кь, кь | /q/ |
S, s | С, с | /s/ |
T, t | Т, т | /t/ |
U, u | У, y | /u/ |
V, v | В, в | /v/ |
X, x | Ш, ш | /ʂ/ |
Y, y | Й, й | /j/ |
Notes:
- In both alphabets, long vowels are written as double letters (aa,:ии, уу, aa, ii, uu).
- Double кь and нг were written кькь and нгнг, respectively.
Morphology
Nouns
Nouns decline in eight different cases: absolutive, ergative, instrumental, allative, ablative, locative, perlative and similative, and in number, for singular, dual and plural.
Singular |
Dual |
Plural | |
---|---|---|---|
Absolutive | -∅ | ÷ju² | ÷ix¹ / -mix |
Ergative | ÷huu | ÷juh² | ÷ixi¹ / -mixi |
Instrumental | ÷hak / -k | ÷kat / tuk | ÷kix² |
Allative | ÷hi | ÷hit | ÷him |
Ablative | ÷hahip / -hip | ÷huut | ÷hum |
Locative | ÷haqi / -qi | ÷haq / qu | ÷qix² |
Perlative | ÷havi / -pi | ÷it¹ / -t | ÷pix² |
Similative | ÷hasi / -si | ÷sit² | ÷six² |
Notes:
- ÷: if the root ends in a consonant, remove it.
- ¹: if the root ends in a consonant, remove both it and the vowel before it, except in monosyllabic words, in which case the suffix goes after the consonant.
- ²: if the root ends with the suffix's first consonant, the suffix is applied in its totality, without removing consonants.
- If there are two forms, the second is used if the root ends in a vowel.
Example: mihat (mother) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Singular |
Dual |
Plural | |||||
Absolutive | mihat | mihaju | mihix | ||||
Ergative | mihahuu | mihajuh | mihixi | ||||
Instrumental | mihahak | mihakat | mihakix | ||||
Allative | mihahi | mihahit | mihahim | ||||
Ablative | mihahahip | mihahuut | mihahum | ||||
Locative | mihahaqi | mihahaqu | mihaqix | ||||
Perlative | mihavi | mihit | mihavix | ||||
Similative | mihasi | mihasit | mihasix |
Example: puulu (son) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Singular |
Dual |
Plural | |||||
Absolutive | puulu | puuluju | puulumix | ||||
Ergative | puuluhuu | puulujuh | puulumixi | ||||
Instrumental | puuluk | puulujuk | puulukix | ||||
Allative | puuluhi | puuluhit | puuluhim | ||||
Ablative | puuluhip | puuluhuut | puuluhum | ||||
Locative | puuluqi | puuluqu | puuluqix | ||||
Perlative | puuluvi | puulut | puuluvix | ||||
Similative | puulusi | puulusit | puulusix |
Ergative
The ergative is used to mark the subject of a transitive sentence and to mark the genitive, specifically, marking the possessor of a possessed entity, except in sentences like "is my X", where the ergative falls in the pronoun.
Instrumental
The instrumental also marks the indefinite "object" of syntactically intransitive verbs.
Allative
The allative also marks objective, beneficiary and destination.
Ablative
The Ablative is also used to mark the comparison's source, with the verb receiving the suffix -lu(k) before the person, number and mood suffix.
muu maalujuq siixipahahi | |||||||
/muː maːˈluʐuk siːʂipaˈχaχi/ | |||||||
muu | maa | -luk- | -tuq | siixipahaŋ- | -hi | ||
mouse | small- | -comp- | -3s.ind | groundhog- | -abl | ||
A mouse is smaller than a groundhog |
Perlative
The perlative indicates the manner or the way of transportation and also marks the path and the subject of the conversation.
vijunivisigik qayivi? | |||||||
/viʐuniˈsiʁik qaˈjivi/ | |||||||
vip- | -tuni- | -pisigik | qayi- | -vi | |||
talk- | -ger- | -3s.int | winter | -perl | |||
Are you talking about the winter? |
Vocative
The vocative shows the addressee, including the subject of an imperative sentence. It doesn't have its own suffix, but is marked by elongating the noun's last vowel (if it's short), and in the case of proper nouns, it's not marked orthographically.
miih—Mihaat! | |||||||
/miχ/ — /miχaːt/ | |||||||
mihat- | -∅- / | mihaat | |||||
mother | -abs.sg / | mother | -voc.sg | ||||
Mother/Oh, mother |
Derivation and structure
The morpheme ti is suffixed to the verbs in order to indicate the agent: pi (hunt) → piji (hunter).
The suffix -un transforms a verb into an instrument to do so: sayu (sew) → sayuun (sewing machine).
The suffix -(ŋ)il indicates the diminutive: viin (woman) → viinilu (ggirl).
The suffix -ppak creates a noun that in theory is bigger than the primitive: ixav (caribou) → ixappak (horse).
There are also suffixes for quantities, such as hayaat (many) or payaak (each).
The maximum structure of nouns is:
root-(derivational)-(inflecional)-(number and case)
Derivational can be an adjective or other derivational suffixes, such as the cited above, and inflectional can be an adverb that isn't a free morpheme. There can have several derivational or inflectional suffixes, but, only one nominal root per noun.
Verbs
- See also: Qasunattuuji verbs.
Every verb has an obligatory inflection for person, number, and mood (all marked by a single suffix), and can have other inflectional suffixes such as tense, aspect, modality, and various suffixes carrying adverbial functions.
Tense
Tense marking is always optional. The only explicitly marked tense is the future tense. Past and present tense cannot be marked and are always implied. All verbs can be marked through adverbs to show relative time (using words such as "yesterday" or "tomorrow"). If neither of these markings is present, the verb can imply a past, present, or future tense.
Tense | Example |
---|---|
Present | Pijavimiq telephone-INSTR vigiipuk. talk-we-1DU.3SG We (two) talk on the phone. |
Future | Pijavimiq telephone-INSTR viniagiipuk. talk-we-DU-FUT We (two) will talk on the phone. |
Future (implied) | Suujuqqanu give birth probably savisuhuu sister's ilaa I kaluuŋiluuk. tomorrow My sister (will) give(s) birth tomorrow. (the future tense "will" is implied by the word tomorrow) |
Aspect
Marking aspect is optional in Qasunattuuji verbs. It has a perfective versus imperfective distinction in aspect, along with other distinctions, such as: frequentative (-ataq; "to repeatedly verb"), habitual (-simavi; "to always, habitual verb"), inchoative (-hiŋaat; "about to verb"), and intentional (-sahuma; "intend to verb"). The aspect suffix can be found after the verb root and before or within the obligatory person-number-mood suffix. number-mood suffix.
Mood
Qasunattuuji has the following moods: Indicative, Interrogative, Imperative (positive, negative), Coordinative, and Conditional. Participles are sometimes classified as a mood.
Adjectives
Generally, adjectives are affixed on the noun, after the root. Sufixos derivacionais:
- -(q)ip- (opposite)
- -(p)ali- (-ful)
- -(f)al- (-phile)
- -(f)up- (-phobe)
noun+adjective declined in the instrumental (able) person+place declined in the ablative (inhabitant) Notes:
- There isn't a derivational method to transform adjectives into manner adverbs, because they are separate words.
- Both -(f)al- and -(f)ub- are borrowed from English.
Numerals
Qasunattuuji numerals are base-20 with a sub-base of 10. They decline (except in the vocative) and can be incorporated to the verbs. The numbers 1 to 20 are:
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
---|---|---|---|---|
qii | tuvu | taji | pija | pinap |
6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 |
savix | sivat | uxat | qanuun | tixam |
11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 |
tixaqii | tixajuvu | tixajaji | tixapija | tixapinap |
16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 |
tixasavix | tixisivat | tixamuxat | tixaqanuun | iŋuiŋŋaq |
Multiples of 400 are created with -kipiaq and 8000's with -pak.
# | Number | Semantics |
---|---|---|
20 | iŋuiŋŋaq | 20 |
25 | iŋuiŋŋaq pinap | 20 + 5 |
30 | iŋuiŋŋaq tixam | 20 + 10 |
35 | iŋuiŋŋaq tixapinap | 20 + 15 |
40 | tuviŋuiŋŋaq | 2×20 |
45 | tuviŋuiŋŋaq pinap | 2×20 + 5 |
50 | tuviŋuiŋŋaq tixam | 2×20 + 10 |
55 | tuviŋuiŋŋaq tixapinap | 2×20 + 15 |
60 | tajiiŋuiŋŋaq | 3×20 |
70 | tajiŋuiŋŋaq tixam | 3×20 + 10 |
80 | pijiŋuiŋŋaq | 4×20 |
90 | pijiŋuiŋŋaq tixam | 4×20 + 10 |
100 | pinapiŋuiŋŋaq | 5×20 |
110 | pinapiŋuiŋŋaq tixam | 5×20 + 10 |
120 | savixiŋuiŋŋaq | 6x20 |
140 | sivajiŋuiŋŋaq | 7x20 |
160 | uxajiŋuiŋŋaq | 8×20 |
180 | qanuuniŋuiŋŋaq | 9×20 |
200 | tixamiŋuiŋŋaq | 10×20 |
300 | tixapinapiŋuiŋŋaq | 15×20 |
400 | qiikipiaq | 1x400 |
800 | tuvukipiaq | 2×400 |
1200 | tajikipiaq | 3×400 |
1600 | pijakipiaq | 4×400 |
2000 | pinakipiaq | 5×400 |
2400 | savikipiaq | 6×400 |
2800 | sivakipiaq | 7x400 |
4000 | tixakipiaq | 10×400 |
6000 | tixapinakipiaq | 15×400 |
8000 | qiipak | 1x8000 |
Ordinal numerals are formed by the suffix (a)t to the base number: qii (one) → qiit (first).
Fractions are formed with the numerator being cardinal and decline in the ergative, and the denominator being ordinal: tavujix taji (two thirds).
Frequency numerals are formed adding the particle viik (times): taji vix (three times).
Multiplicative numerals are formed adding the particle pilu (plus): taji pilu (triple).
Mathematical operations
Addition: qajit + number in the ergative + number in the ablative, e.g. qajit tuvujuh tuvuhip pijaujut (2 plus 2 equals 4).
Subtraction: muugit + number no ergative + number in the ablative, e.g. muugit pijamixi tuvuhip tuvuujut (4 minus 4 equals 2).
Multiplication: viimixah + number in the ergative + number in the allative, e.g. viimixah tuvujuh tuvuhip pijaujut (2 multiplied by 2 equals 4).
Division: yaka+ number in the ergative + number in the allative, e.g. yaka tajimixi tuvuhip tuvuujut (4 divided by 2 equals 2).
Demonstrative adverbs
Visible |
Not visible | ||
---|---|---|---|
Restricted |
Extended | ||
Proximal | uvva |
majja |
|
Distal (to the speaker), proximal (to the listener) | taaja |
||
Distal (to the speaker and listener) | iŋŋa |
avva |
amma |
Up there | pikka |
pagga |
paama |
Down there | kanna |
unna |
saana |
In there | kivva |
qavva |
qamma |
Out there | qigga |
qagga |
qaama |
Near the door | ugga |
||
Outside the door | saama | ||
Across there | ikka |
agga |
aama |
Back there | piŋŋa |
pavva |
pamma |
Remote past | imma |
Locative | Allative | Ablative | Perlative | |
---|---|---|---|---|
qaama out there,not visible |
qaama-qi |
qaama-hi |
qaaama-hip |
qaama-pi |
paama out there, not visible, distal |
paama-qi |
paama-hi |
paama-hip |
paama-pi |
kanna down there |
kanna-qi |
kanna-hi |
kanna-hip |
kanna-pi |
majja around here, visible, extended, distal |
majja-qi |
majja-hi |
majja-hip |
majja-pi |
amma 'over there (not visible, distal)' | |
---|---|
amma-qi | Locative |
amma-qi-aŋa-qi | Locative-aŋa-locative |
amma-qi-aŋa-hi | Locative-aŋa-allative |
amma-qi-aŋa-hip | Locative-aŋa-ablative |
amma-qi-aŋa-pi | Locative-aŋa-perlative |
amma-hi | Allative |
amma-hi-hi | Allative-allative |
amma-hip | Ablative |
amma-pi | Perlative |
Pronouns
Absolutive |
Ergative |
Allative |
Ablative |
Locative |
Perlative |
Similative | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1SG |
Uvaŋa |
Uvaŋahuu |
Uvaŋahi |
Uvaŋahip |
Uvaŋaqi |
Uvaŋapi |
Uvaŋasi |
2SG |
Ilivix |
Ilivihuu |
Ilivihi |
Ilivihahip |
Ilivihaqi |
Ilivihapi |
Ilivihasi |
3SG |
Ilaa |
Ilaahuu |
Ilaahi |
Ilaahip |
Ilaaqi |
Ilaapi |
Ilaasi |
1DU |
Uvaŋaju |
Uvaŋajuh |
Uvaŋahit |
Uvaŋahuut |
Uvaŋaqu |
Uvaŋat |
Uvaŋasit |
2DU |
Iliviju |
Ilivijuh |
Ilivihit |
Ilivihuut |
Ilivihaq |
Ilivit |
Ilivisit |
3DU |
Ilaaju |
Ilaajuh |
Ilaahit |
Ilaahuut |
Ilaaqu |
Ilaat |
Ilaasit |
1PL |
Uvaŋamix |
Uvaŋamixi |
Uvaŋahim |
Uvaŋahum |
Uvaŋaqix |
Uvaŋapix |
Uvaŋasix |
2PL |
Ilivimix |
Ilivixi |
Ilivihim |
Ilivihum |
Iliviqix |
Ilivipix |
Ilivisix |
3PL |
Ilaamix |
Ilaamixi |
Ilaahim |
Ilaahum |
Ilaaqix |
Ilaapix |
Ilaasix |
3SG-REFL |
Iimi |
Iimihuu |
Iimihi |
Iimihip |
Iimiqi |
Iimipi |
Iimisi |
3DU-REFL |
Iimiju |
Iimijuh |
Iimihit |
Iimihuut |
Iimiqu |
Iimit |
Iimisit |
3PL-REFL |
Iimimix |
Iimimixi |
Iimihim |
Iimihum |
Iimiqix |
Iimipix |
Iimisix |
kiŋa (who?) | |||
---|---|---|---|
Singular |
Dual |
Plural | |
Absolutive |
kiŋa |
kiŋa-ju |
kiŋa-mix |
Ergative |
kiŋa-hu |
kiŋa-juh |
kiŋa-mixi |
Instrumental |
kiŋa-k |
kiŋa-juk |
kiŋa-kix |
Allative |
kiŋa-hi |
kiŋa-hit |
kiŋa-him |
Ablative |
kiŋa-hip |
kiŋa-hut |
kiŋa-hum |
Locative |
kiŋa-qi |
kiŋa-qu |
kiŋa-qix |
Perlative |
kiŋa-pi |
kiŋa-t |
kiŋa-pix |
Similative |
kiŋa-si |
kiŋa-sit |
kiŋa-six |
put (what?) | |||
Singular |
Dual |
Plural | |
Absolutive |
put |
put-tu |
puj-ix |
Ergative |
pu-hu |
put-tuh |
puj-ixi |
Instrumental |
pu-hak |
pu-kat |
pu-kix |
Allative |
pu-hi |
pu-hit |
pu-him |
Ablative |
pu-hahip |
pu-huut |
pu-hum |
Locative |
pu-haqi |
pu-haq |
pu-qix |
Perlative |
pu-hapi |
puj-it |
pu-pix |
Similative |
pu-hasi |
pu-sit |
pu-six |
Demonstrative pronouns
Visible |
Not visible | ||
---|---|---|---|
Restricted |
Extended | ||
Proximal | una |
manna |
|
Distal (to the speaker), proximal (to the listener) | taamana |
||
Distal (to the speaker and listener) | iŋŋa |
aana | |
Up there | piiŋa |
paana |
pakiina |
Down there | kanna |
unna |
saana |
In there | kiiŋa |
qaana | |
Out there | kiŋŋa |
qaŋna |
qakiina |
Near the door | uuna |
||
Outside the door | sakiina | ||
Across there | iiŋa |
aaŋa |
akiina |
Back there | piŋŋa |
paana | |
Remote past | iima |
Singular |
Dual |
Plural | |
---|---|---|---|
Absolutive |
paana |
paana-ju |
paana-mix |
Ergative |
paana-hu |
paana-juh |
paana-mixi |
Instrumental |
paana-k |
paana-juk |
paana-kix |
Allative |
paana-hi |
paana-hit |
paana-him |
Ablative |
paana-hip |
paana-hut |
paana-hum |
Locative |
paana-qi |
paana-qu |
paana-qix |
Perlative |
paana-pi |
paana-t |
paana-pix |
Similative |
paana-si |
paana-sit |
paana-six |
Vocative |
paanaa |
aana 'that one over there (not visible, distal)' | |
---|---|
aana | Absolutive |
aana-hu | Ergative |
aana-hu-qu | Ergative-locative |
aana-hu-hi | Ergative-allative |
aana-hu-hip | Ergative-ablative |
aana-hu-pi | Ergative-perlative |
aana-hu-si | Ergative-similative |
aana-hu-k | Ergative-instrumental |
Conjunctions
aaŋa means “but”, asiiŋ and suli mean “and”, but asiiŋ is contrastive (that is, and, in contrast)
Cross-class morphology and wordhood definition
Nouns cannot be conjugated or negated as verbs, nor verbs, declinated. When a noun is negated, it becomes a verb. Only verbs can bear the nominalizer suffix -(ŋ)iiŋi.
Assibilation and hiatus breaking don't occur between words.
Syntax
In order to express a phrase that in the Western languages would be with the phrase "big dog", in Qasunattuuji can be expressed in two ways: with a noun with the augmentative suffix or with a verbal phrase with the verb "to be big". If there are verbs with incorporated nouns, the quantifiers come before the verb.
Indirect objects, oblique objects and comparatives' objects cannot be relativized.
An ergative can be promoted (passivized) to an absolutive through an antipassive (suffix -(i)si) before the person-number-mood suffix.
Titles come before nouns, and geographic names, after the noun that characterizes it e.g. Iluuhuusaji Muppak (North Sea).
The verb to be is always conjugated in the dual or plural after a mathematical operation that results in 2 or more.
Constituent order
The basic word order is relatively free due to grammatical cases, but it's generally VSO.
Noun phrase
If present, the possessor should come before the nucleus and if colors, numbers or quantifiers are used, they come before the nucleus.
Dependent clauses
Usually, relative sentences come after the main sentence.
Some other valid transformations
- WH fronting: only one WH can be fronted.
- Quotation inversion: a quotation can be placed before the verbs of saying or thinking, but only if the subject isn't a pronoun.
- Sentence-level prepositional phrases can be reordered, but only one verbal argument can be fronted. For example, the sentence with the lawyer, about money, we talked is invalid.
- Heavy-NP backing: a long noun phrase can be placed at the end of a sentence.
- A sentence with as can be easily deleted. E.g.
- Kiŋahu iijuliaŋupisaxanipisa ilaasi upisaxanituaq?
- Who can write a story as s/he can write?
- can become
- Kiŋahu iijuliaŋupisaxaniggaa ilaa?
- Who can write a story as s/he?
- Gapping can also happen with negated verbs. For example:
- Huuŋihuu qagigaaŋit nuuŋukalija suli Qiqahuu, nuuŋukijimiq
- Huuŋi didn't buy a new car, and Qiqaj, a new refrigerator
- is perfectly valid.
- Another kind of gapping (stripping) can occur even when the sentences' objects are different. For example:
- Qiqaaŋa hilippihahuu sajijajilugu suli ilaahuu, sul
- I ate some of the leftover bread and s/he, cheese
- is perfectly possible in Qasunattuuji.
- In certain contexts, a sentence that has nothing to do with the main sentence can be inserted. For example:
- Tisaa (vigamigaa simavihi) qusajiqagijittuq
- The king (may he live forever) isn't receiving visitors
- is possible.
Example texts
Iluuhuusaji Haviqan (The North Wind and the Sun): Imaaŋa, igajuxiinijunikkaŋa Iluuhuusaji Haviqahuu suli Sahuu vixalilujuq kiŋa, qaaŋalan vijuq qiihuu mujunajihuu majiyakanuugaa ayuaqujuq. Aŋigaajin mihaxxaniniagaa iŋŋahuu kiŋahuu mujinajihuu muugittuq ilaa maajiyahuu ilusuisihattuq vixalilujuq hinajihahip. Aaxiiŋ havijuq vixaliluxanijuq Iluuhuusaji Haviqan, vixalilujuq havijuq aaŋa kaluuqi, maajiyaviijuq mujunaji kanuukkaŋa ilaa. Aaxiiŋ xaviluni ayuaqujuq Sahuu suli uusa maajiyamuugittuq mujunaji. Qajukajijujuq malugu Iluuhuusaji Haviqahuu pit vixaligik Sahuu tuvuhuut.
/i.luː.χuːˈsa.ʐi χaˈvi.qan ˈsu.li ˈsa.χu/ (transcription): /iˈmaːŋ.a, i.ʁa.ʐu.ʂiː.ni.ʐu.nikˈkaŋ.a i.luːχuːˈsa.ʐi χa.viˈqa.χuː su.li ˈsa.χuː vi.ʂa.liˈlu.ʐuq ˈki.na, qaːŋˈa.lan ˈvi.ʐuq ˈqiː.χuː mu.ʐu.naˈʐi.χuː ma.ʐi.ja.kaˈnuː.ʁaː a.juaˈqu.ʐuq. aŋ.iˈʁaː.ʐin mi.χaʂ.ʂa.niˈnia.ʁaː iŋˈŋa.χuː kiˈna.χuː mu.ʐi.naˈʐi.χuː muːˈʁit.tuq ˈi.laː maː.ʐiˈja.χuː i.lu.sui.siˈχat.tuq vi.ʂa.liˈlu.ʐuq χi.na.ʐiˈχa.χip. ˈaː.ʂiːŋ χaˈvi.ʐuq vi.ʂa.li.lu.ʂaˈni.ʐuq i.luː.χuːˈsa.ʐi χaˈvi.qan, vi.ʂa.liˈlu.ʐuq χaˈvi.ʐuq ˈaː.ŋa kaˈluː.qi, maː.ʐi.jaˈviː.ʐuq mu.ʐuˈna.ʐi ka.nuːkˈka.ŋa ˈi.laː. ˈaː.ʂiːŋ ʂa.viˈlu.ni a.juaˈqu.ʐuq ˈsa.χuː ˈsu.li ˈuː.sa maː.ʐi.ja.muːˈʁit.tuq mu.ʐuˈna.ʐi. qa.ʐu.ka.ʐiˈʐu.ʐuq maˈlu.ɢu i.luː.χuːˈsa.ʐi χa.viˈqa.χuː pit vi.ʂaˈli.ʁik ˈsa.χuː tuˈvu.χuːt/
Text with gloss:
Kaluusaakiiŋaviŋiiŋi, vuhuu tisaal tisalisaakuugnuqittuq aaq ilaa xajijatŋiiŋihuu | ||||||||||||
/kaluːsaːkiːŋaviˈʐiŋu ˈvuχuː ˈtisaːl tisalisaːkuːʁnuˈqittuq aːq ˈilaː ʂaʐiʐattiŋˈuχuː/ | ||||||||||||
kaluusaakiiŋavijŋiiŋi | vuj- | -huu | tisaa | tisalisa- | -akuugnuq- | -it- | -tuq | aaq | ilaa | xajijaŋiiŋi- | -huu | |
yesterday | court- | -erg | winter | king | queen- | -accept- | -neg- | -3s.intr | because | s/he | belief- | -erg |
The king's court rejected the new queen due to her faith. |
Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights: xaxajut qaluujut suli iikujut haniyumixi taxahaqi suli mijayuqix, ihihiimixi isummiq suli sulijalaqaxannigiiŋu, igigaixaxu qiimixi hinajihim qajihajuŋiiŋiqi vihuu.
Uvisa suli Ixappix (The Sheep and the Horses — Schleicher's Fable): Xisukaajuaqit uvisahuu ixxapavijijax, kalijaqajuujunigaa vijujuaq qii, yuqijunigaa mijuaq qii, suli viqaqijunigaa qilamik qii. Vigaa uvisahuu ixappahum: “ihigaaŋa uvaŋahuu xijahuu viqavilugu ixappajajiijunigaa”. Vijut ixappix: “xaluuja, uvisaa, ihigaix uvaŋamixi xijix viqavilugu manna: viqahuu, pujihuu, xaagaa uvisa xisuhuu tiihuu, visajijiiŋuhi ayuaqujuq uvaŋahi xisukaajuaqinu.” Kajunilugu xaluulugu manna, quugaa uvisahuu hixahi.
Vavilun Paaniahuu (The Tower of Babel):
- Sajiijigaa iluqaqiluuhuu tanaqupaaluk qii, qii vipaaluhuu vipiiŋu.
- Qavijunilugu viqixi Huusajihip, kugaat qii palit Sinnaal gulunisiluvajunu paana iŋmimix.
- Vigaix qiimixi hinajihim: “qilamihalijuŋ suli viqinalaniagivut.” Qijasulijalaqamihagaix hixamalix suli pijum laavulaluaq.
- Huujij vijut: “guluttiijilijuŋ sulijalaqaq paania qajiikkaŋa tayuumix. Xannigiiŋuniasijuli qanihuu suli qilukisigiput iliihuu tiqi.
- Ilusuyumajuq Pujis tijagaa kuluhuu suli paaniahuu tiijijuat viqixi.
- Vijunu Pujis: ”Tuujiujut qiipaaluk suli tanaquvigaat qiipaaluk aakajunu tiijigaat una. Kaluuŋunaxavixanimisiagai niahuu unaxamijuat mihajut.
- Vilik, ilusuyumali suli sulijalaqavalaujilaaput tanaquhuu vijuat mijijax qasunaminiaigaux qiimixi hinajihim.”
- Qiluugaili Pujihuu aanahahip tiyuhi, tuujunu guluttiiji.
- Aaq Vavilukulaqasujuq, aaq sulijalaqavalaujigaa tanaquhuu iluuyu. Aanahahip Pujihuu qiluugai tiyupi..
Pahaat Uvaŋa (Lord's Prayer)
Pahaat uvaŋa, kiŋa tayuuŋujujin:
Xaviiŋattijuniajuq Ilivix qanihuu.
Viniajuq Ilivix Tisaattuu.
Mihaxisijuq Ilivix iluuqiiŋuhuu.
Qajittigu uvaŋamix hilihuu iluuyu.
Pujuimuulagittigu uvaŋamix qajigijaxujiihix, pujuimuulagigivuli qajigijaxujimix.
Yumajiuŋnu killuhim, uujau qaluujit huuqihum.
Aaq Ilivihuu Tisaattuuŋujuq, vixuŋujuq, suli qijaqunatujuq, simavihi.
Unauniajuq.