Sintsiran: Difference between revisions
No edit summary |
No edit summary |
||
| (20 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown) | |||
| Line 15: | Line 15: | ||
== Etymology == | == Etymology == | ||
The word "Sintsiran" comes from the name of the lands of the Sintsiran people in Russian, Синцира (Sincira), which comes from the word in Sintsiran, ''Sínsirā'', which in turn is comprised of three words: ''se'' (self), ''ins-'' (people, tribe), and ''íra'' (land). | The word "Sintsiran" comes from the name of the lands of the Sintsiran people in Russian, Синцира (Sincira), which comes from the word in Sintsiran, ''Sínsirā'', which in turn is comprised of three words: ''se'' (self), ''ins-'' (people, tribe), and ''íra'' (land). | ||
== History == | |||
The Sintsiran language evolved from Proto-Indo-European through the Sintsiric branch. Its sister language became extinct from the 16th to the 20th century, making Sintsiran the sole surviving language of this branch. It is a satem language, like the Slavic languages, but the resulting sibilants became palatalized and then approximated: (ǵ, ḱ > /ʒ/, /ʃ/ > /j/) and (ǵʰ > /ʒʰ/ > /hj/). For example, '''[[Contionary:hîdene|hîdat]]''' evolved from P.I.E ''ǵʰewdeti''. | |||
Sintsiran is conservative compared to most other Indo-European languages, retaining more features and having a slower evolution. | |||
==Phonology== | ==Phonology== | ||
| Line 30: | Line 35: | ||
| m | | m | ||
| n | | n | ||
| | | ŋ* | ||
|- style="text-align:center;" | |- style="text-align:center;" | ||
! rowspan="2" | Plosive | ! rowspan="2" | Plosive | ||
| Line 47: | Line 52: | ||
| f | | f | ||
| s | | s | ||
| x | | ç*, x | ||
|- style="text-align:center;" | |- style="text-align:center;" | ||
! <small>voiced</small> | ! <small>voiced</small> | ||
| Line 59: | Line 64: | ||
| j | | j | ||
|} | |} | ||
* /ŋ/ is an allophone of /n/ when followed by a velar consonant. | |||
* /ç/ is an allophone of /x/ when followed by "e" or "i". | |||
==Orthography== | ==Orthography== | ||
| Line 64: | Line 72: | ||
The sounds /j/ and /w/ are represented by "i" and "u" respectfully, making both letters semivowels. | The sounds /j/ and /w/ are represented by "i" and "u" respectfully, making both letters semivowels. | ||
Because the sound /ʃ/ is not native to Sintsiran, loanwords originally containing this sound get borrowed as as "si" or "s". For example, German ''Schärpe'' became ''[[Contionary:siérpa|<u>si</u>érpa]]'', and French ''douche'' became ''[[Contionary:dúsia|dú<u>si</u>a]]''. | |||
==Grammar== | ==Grammar== | ||
| Line 77: | Line 87: | ||
* Person: I, you (singular), he/she/it, we, you (plural), they | * Person: I, you (singular), he/she/it, we, you (plural), they | ||
This does not include auxiliary conjugations, with an auxiliary verb. The infinitve form of verbs is ''-ne''. Similarly, vowel mutations exist in almost every verb. There are 41 different vowel mutation patterns | This does not include auxiliary conjugations, with an auxiliary verb. The infinitve form of verbs is ''-ne''. Similarly, vowel mutations exist in almost every verb. There are 41 different vowel mutation patterns ''classes'', which arise from the different grades of vowels in Proto-Indo-European. | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|+ Examples of mutation classes | |+ Examples of mutation classes | ||
| Line 91: | Line 101: | ||
Furthermore, there are 6 different conjugation patterns based on the thematicity and aspect the Proto-Indo-European root verb the conjugation is based on. | Furthermore, there are 6 different conjugation patterns based on the thematicity and aspect the Proto-Indo-European root verb the conjugation is based on. | ||
Like Latin and German, verbs usually come at the end of sentences. | |||
===Prepositions=== | ===Prepositions=== | ||
| Line 108: | Line 119: | ||
|- | |- | ||
! ān | ! ān | ||
| ām- || ān- || ān- || ān- || ān-* || | | ām- || ān- || ān- || ān- || ān-* || al- || ān- || an- || ar- || ān- | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! {{term|dôpi}} | ||
| | | dō- || dō- || dōp- || dō- || dōp-* || dōp- || dō- || dō- || dōp- || dōp- | ||
|- | |- | ||
! in | ! {{term|dúka}} | ||
| du- || du- || duk- || du- || du- || du- || du- || du- || du- || du- | |||
|- | |||
! {{term|fro}} | |||
| fro- || fro- || fr- || fro- || fro- || fro- || fro- || fro- || fro- || fro- | |||
|- | |||
! {{term|his}} | |||
| his- || his- || his- || hi(s)¹- || his-* || hi- || his- || his- || hi- || hi- | |||
|- | |||
! [[Contionary:in#Sintsiran|in]] | |||
| im- || in- || in- || in- || ī- || il- || im- || in- || ir- || ī- | | im- || in- || in- || in- || ī- || il- || im- || in- || ir- || ī- | ||
|- | |- | ||
! iom | ! iom | ||
| iom- || ion- || iom- || iō- || iō- || iō- || iō- || iom- || iō- || iō- | | iom- || ion- || iom- || iō- || iō- || iō- || iō- || iom- || iō- || iō- | ||
|- | |||
! {{term|náti}} | |||
| na- || na- || nat- || na- || nat-* || nal- || na- || na- || nar- || na- | |||
|- | |||
! {{term|pári}} | |||
| pri- || pri- || par- || pri- || par-* || pri- || pri- || pri- || pri- || pri- | |||
|- | |||
! {{term|úpar}} | |||
| ū- || ū- || up- || ū- || up-* || uf- || uf- || uf- || uf- || uf- | |||
|} | |} | ||
'''*''' The initial "h" in the root is removed. | <small>'''*''' The initial "h" in the root is removed.</small> | ||
<small>'''¹''' The (s) is included if the root word does not start with a consonant cluster.<small> | |||
MORE TO COME! | MORE TO COME! | ||
Latest revision as of 22:34, 6 September 2024
| Sintsiran | |
|---|---|
| dánnta sínsireka | |
| Created by | User:RoTM94 |
Indo-European
| |
The Sintsiran language (Sintsiran: dánnta sínsireka) is a language spoken by the Sintsiran people, a nationless people living on the Baltics, Eastern and Central Scandinavia, and parts of Central Europe. It is the sole surviving language of the Sintsiric branch of the Indo-European family. The language has a vocabulary that is inherited from Proto-Indo-European, along with words borrowed from Proto-Slavic, Proto-Germanic, Latin, and Koine Greek. This language can be written using the Sintsiran script or the Latin script.
Sintsiran retains many features of Proto-Indo-European, thus there are some similarities between this language and Latin, Ancient Greek, Lithuanian, and Sanskrit.
Vocabulary linked here
Etymology
The word "Sintsiran" comes from the name of the lands of the Sintsiran people in Russian, Синцира (Sincira), which comes from the word in Sintsiran, Sínsirā, which in turn is comprised of three words: se (self), ins- (people, tribe), and íra (land).
History
The Sintsiran language evolved from Proto-Indo-European through the Sintsiric branch. Its sister language became extinct from the 16th to the 20th century, making Sintsiran the sole surviving language of this branch. It is a satem language, like the Slavic languages, but the resulting sibilants became palatalized and then approximated: (ǵ, ḱ > /ʒ/, /ʃ/ > /j/) and (ǵʰ > /ʒʰ/ > /hj/). For example, hîdat evolved from P.I.E ǵʰewdeti.
Sintsiran is conservative compared to most other Indo-European languages, retaining more features and having a slower evolution.
Phonology
Consonants
| Labial | Dental | Velar / Palatal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | ŋ* | |
| Plosive | voiceless | p | t | k |
| voiced | b | d | g | |
| Fricative | voiceless | f | s | ç*, x |
| voiced | v | z | ||
| Other | w | l, r | j | |
- /ŋ/ is an allophone of /n/ when followed by a velar consonant.
- /ç/ is an allophone of /x/ when followed by "e" or "i".
Orthography
Long vowels are marked with a macron (ā). Stressed short vowels are marked with an acute accent (á). Stressed long vowels are marked with a circumflex (â).
The sounds /j/ and /w/ are represented by "i" and "u" respectfully, making both letters semivowels.
Because the sound /ʃ/ is not native to Sintsiran, loanwords originally containing this sound get borrowed as as "si" or "s". For example, German Schärpe became siérpa, and French douche became dúsia.
Grammar
Nominals
Sintsiran nouns have four cases: nominative, accusative, genitive, and dative. It also retained all three genders from Proto-Indo-European: masculine, feminine, and neuter. Adjectives are declined by case and gender. There are six different declensions, or broad patterns to decline a noun or adjective.
Verbs
Verb conjugation has a higher degree of complexity than nominal declension. There are many things that influence the conjugation of a verb:
- Voice: active, passive
- Tense: present, perfect, pluperfect (only in passive), imperfect, future
- Mood: indicative, subjunctive, imperative
- Person: I, you (singular), he/she/it, we, you (plural), they
This does not include auxiliary conjugations, with an auxiliary verb. The infinitve form of verbs is -ne. Similarly, vowel mutations exist in almost every verb. There are 41 different vowel mutation patterns classes, which arise from the different grades of vowels in Proto-Indo-European.
| P.I.E grade | (e) | (ē), (ō) | (o) | (∅) | Example verb |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Class 8 | ā | ā | ū | i | nâine |
| Class 22 | i | ē | ō | o | díkne |
| Class 30 | o | ō | o | o | póvne |
Furthermore, there are 6 different conjugation patterns based on the thematicity and aspect the Proto-Indo-European root verb the conjugation is based on. Like Latin and German, verbs usually come at the end of sentences.
Prepositions
Prepositions are commonly attached to verbs through corresponding prefixes. Examples include:
- ā (to) + vêtene (glow, shine) → āvêtene (illuminate)
- iom (with) + pêsne (split) → iompêsne (share)
- ān (on) + kénne (precede, prevail) → ānkénne (begin, start)
The prefixes change depending on the starting letter of the root verb:
| Preposition | b, p | d, g, k, t | Vowels | f, v | h | l | m | n | r | s, z |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ā | ās- | ās- | ād- | ā- | ā- | ā- | ā- | ā- | ā- | ā- |
| ān | ām- | ān- | ān- | ān- | ān-* | al- | ān- | an- | ar- | ān- |
| dôpi | dō- | dō- | dōp- | dō- | dōp-* | dōp- | dō- | dō- | dōp- | dōp- |
| dúka | du- | du- | duk- | du- | du- | du- | du- | du- | du- | du- |
| fro | fro- | fro- | fr- | fro- | fro- | fro- | fro- | fro- | fro- | fro- |
| his | his- | his- | his- | hi(s)¹- | his-* | hi- | his- | his- | hi- | hi- |
| in | im- | in- | in- | in- | ī- | il- | im- | in- | ir- | ī- |
| iom | iom- | ion- | iom- | iō- | iō- | iō- | iō- | iom- | iō- | iō- |
| náti | na- | na- | nat- | na- | nat-* | nal- | na- | na- | nar- | na- |
| pári | pri- | pri- | par- | pri- | par-* | pri- | pri- | pri- | pri- | pri- |
| úpar | ū- | ū- | up- | ū- | up-* | uf- | uf- | uf- | uf- | uf- |
* The initial "h" in the root is removed.
¹ The (s) is included if the root word does not start with a consonant cluster.
MORE TO COME!