Saxuma: Difference between revisions

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|-

! Plosives

| p || b || t || d || c || || k || g ||ʔ

| p || b || t || d || c || || k || g~ɣ || ʔ

|-

! Fricatives

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* When adjacent to any palatal consonant, /l/ may be realized as [ʎ] or [j]

* Many speakers — especially younger ones — sonorize plosives when followed by a long vowel or diphthong carrying a high tone (see Pitch Accent below). For example, dēka > nēka, tobyá > tomyá, pyunam > byunam.

* Sometimes, in particularly casual speech, unstressed, final /s/ and /ɕ/ are debuccalized to [h].

* Sometimes, in particularly casual speech, unstressed, final /s/ and /ɕ/ are debuccalized to [ç].

* Final /r/ is often realized as [ʃ], and in these cases lowers preceding /i/ and /u/ to [ɛ] and [o]

An alternate analysis of the consonants of Saxuma is proposed by some linguists, such as that by Varda below.

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|-

! colspan=2| Nasals

| m || n || ɲ |~~| colspan=2~~| (ŋ)

| m || n || ɲ || (ŋ)

|-

! rowspan=2| Plosives !! voiceless

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|-

! voiced

| b || d || ʥ || g || (ʥ)

| b || d || ʥ || g~ɣ || (ʥ)

|-

! rowspan=2| Fricatives !! voiceless

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|-

! t

| {{yes|[ʔp]}}|| {{yes|[ʔt]}} || {{yes|[ʔk]}}|| {{yes|[ʔb]}} || {{yes|[ʔd]}} || {{yes|[ʔg]}} || {{yes|[tm]}} || {{yes|[ʔn]}} || {{yes|[tɸ]}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes|[ʔl]}} || {{yes|[tw]}} || {{yes|[c]}}

| {{yes|[ʔp]}}|| {{yes|[ʔt]}} || {{yes|[ʔk]}}|| {{yes|[ʔb]}} || {{yes|[ʔd]}} || {{yes|[ʔg]}} || {{yes|[tm]}} || {{yes|[ʔn]}} || {{yes|[tɸ]}} || {{no}} || {{yes|[t͡s]}} || {{no}} || {{yes|[t͡ɕ]}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes|[ʔl]}} || {{yes|[tw]}} || {{yes|[c]}}

|-

! k

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|-

! d

| {{yes|[ʔp]}}|| {{yes|[ʔt]}} || {{yes|[ʔk]}}|| {{yes|[ʔb]}} || {{yes|[ʔd]}} || {{yes|[ʔg]}} || {{yes|[dm]}} || {{yes|[ʔn]}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes|[ʔl]}} || {{yes|[dw]}} || {{yes|[d͡ʑ]}}

| {{yes|[ʔp]}}|| {{yes|[ʔt]}} || {{yes|[ʔk]}}|| {{yes|[ʔb]}} || {{yes|[ʔd]}} || {{yes|[ʔg]}} || {{yes|[dm]}} || {{yes|[ʔn]}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes|[d͡z]}} || {{no}} || {{yes|[d͡ʑ]}} || {{no}} || {{yes|[ʔl]}} || {{yes|[dw]}} || {{yes|[d͡ʑ]}}

|-

! g

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====Case====

Nominals - including nouns, pronouns, and adjectives - in Saxuma take one of five cases. For nouns and adjectives, only the construct ~~case requires~~ any declension — ~~all~~ others use the base form ~~along with~~ a ~~preposition or~~ particle. Pronouns, however, have irregular declensions for all five cases.

Nominals - including nouns, pronouns, and adjectives - in Saxuma take one of five cases. For nouns and adjectives, only the construct and dative-allative cases require any declension — the others use the base form, and potentially a particle. Pronouns, however, have irregular declensions for all five cases.

* The '''direct''' case is the plain form of a nominal. It is used by default in any context where another marking is not required.

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:: chicken.{{sc|cons}} child.{{sc|cons}} farmer → chicken of child.{{sc|cons}} farmer

:: ''the farmer's child's chicken'' → ''the chicken of the farmer's child''

* The '''dative-~~superessive~~''' case is used both to mark the oblique argument of verbs, as well as to convey the motion of coming upon or landing on the motion's target, but not other forms of motion (which usually use the preposition ''eke'', meaning "towards"). Outside of pronouns, this is marked with the preposition ''ba'' ~~("upon")~~.

* The '''dative-allative''' case is used both to mark the oblique argument of verbs, as well as to convey the motion of coming upon or landing on the motion's target, but not other forms of motion (which usually use the preposition ''eke'', meaning "towards"). Outside of pronouns, this is usually marked with a prefix, determined regularly by the noun's initial phoneme, as below. Adjectives do not decline for the dative-allative. Like with ''u'', the preposition ''ba'' can also be used to mark the dative-allative when it would be applied to complementary phrases.

: Before initial i- or u-, prefix ''baz-''.

:: ''ībi'' → ''bazîbi''

:: ''umex'' → ''bazúmex''

: Before other vowels and initial w- or y-, prefix ''bad-''.

:: ''aska'' → ''badáska''

:: ''emín'' → ''bademín''

:: ''oqan'' → ''badóqan''

:: ''wak'' → ''badwák''

:: ''yūsi'' → ''badyûsi''

: Before nasal consonants, prefix ''bo-''.

:: ''may'' → ''bomáy''

:: ''nir'' → ''bonír''

: Before initial plosives, prefix ''baq-''. Some speakers also devoice voiced plosives when doing this.

:: ''tek'' → ''baqték''

:: ''gijo'' → ''baqgíjo'' or ''baqkíjo''

: Before initial h- and f-, delete the initial consonant and prefix ''bat-''.

:: ''hyō'' → ''batyô''

:: ''hap'' → ''batáp''

:: ''fenyo'' → ''batényo''

: Before initial v-, delete the v- and prefix ''bab-''.

:: ''viko'' → ''babíko''

: Before initial s- and x-, prefix ''bat-'', and before initial z- or j-, prefix ''bad-''.

:: ''zen'' → ''badzén''

:: ''xek'' → ''batxék''

: Before initial l- and r-, prefix ''ba-.''

:: ''rik'' → ''barík''

:: ''lobo'' → ''balóbo''

====Number====

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|-

! Absolutive

| mek || colspan=3| maká || zuká || terak || ~~dēka~~ || daqá || {{sx-m|lek}} || {{sx-m|eleká}} || {{sx-s|inka}} || {{sx-s|ginka}}

| mek || colspan=3| maká || zuká || terak || dēk || daqá || {{sx-m|lek}} || {{sx-m|eleká}} || {{sx-s|inka}} || {{sx-s|ginka}}

|-

! Genitive

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| myo || colspan=3| maw || zū || tero || desu || caw || {{sx-m|leyu}} || {{sx-m|lelyo}} || {{sx-s|inu}} || {{sx-s|ginu}}

|-

! Dative-~~Superessive~~

! Dative-Allative

| bome || colspan=3| bemá || bay || batér || bade || bacá || {{sx-m|bose}} || {{sx-m|baselé}} || {{sx-s|bagín}} || {{sx-s|baynin}}

|}

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* The '''-S conjugation''' includes all verbs ending in -s, -x, or -r.

* The '''-T conjugation''' includes all verbs ending in -k, -t, or -p, and some ending in long -ē.

* The '''-H conjugation''' includes ~~most, but not~~ all, verbs ending in a long vowel.

* The '''-H conjugation''' includes all other verbs ending in a long vowel.

* The '''-W conjugation''' includes all verbs ending in -aw.

* The '''-Y conjugation''' includes all of verbs ending in -ay and -oy.

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*: ōná → tamōná

*: exí → tamwexí

* '''Intuitive''' information is that which the speaker believes or feels confidently, but based primarily on instinctual leanings rather than any clear evidence or reasoning. It is indicated with the prefix ''eny-'' before vowel-initial verbs, ''nye-'' before initial labial consonants or /r/, and ''en-'' before initial palatal consonants. Before other consonants, the prefix ''en-'' is used, and also a palatalizing mutation occurs on the initial ~~vowel~~.

* '''Intuitive''' information is that which the speaker believes or feels confidently, but based primarily on instinctual leanings rather than any clear evidence or reasoning. It is indicated with the prefix ''eny-'' before vowel-initial verbs, ''nye-'' before initial labial consonants or /r/, and ''en-'' before initial palatal consonants. Before other consonants, the prefix ''en-'' is used, and also a palatalizing mutation occurs on the initial consonant.

*: bulíx → nyebulíx

*: ryu → nyeryú

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==See Also==

* [[:Category:Saxuma words]]

* [https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/11JLg5e7buMcLStyzS1hMONiVVdzuHEtbVSuS8SmvndU/edit?usp=sharing Saxuma Dictionary]

[[Category:Saxuma]]

[[Category:Languages]]

[[Category:Conlangs]]

@@ Line 34: / Line 34: @@
 |-
 ! Plosives
-| p || b || t || d || c || || k || g ||ʔ
+| p || b || t || d || c || || k || g~ɣ || ʔ
 |-
 ! Fricatives
@@ Line 55: / Line 55: @@
 * When adjacent to any palatal consonant, /l/ may be realized as [ʎ] or [j]
 * Many speakers — especially younger ones — sonorize plosives when followed by a long vowel or diphthong carrying a high tone (see Pitch Accent below). For example, dēka > nēka, tobyá > tomyá, pyunam > byunam.
-* Sometimes, in particularly casual speech, unstressed, final /s/ and /ɕ/ are debuccalized to [h].
+* Sometimes, in particularly casual speech, unstressed, final /s/ and /ɕ/ are debuccalized to [ç].
+* Final /r/ is often realized as [ʃ], and in these cases lowers preceding /i/ and /u/ to [ɛ] and [o]
 An alternate analysis of the consonants of Saxuma is proposed by some linguists, such as that by Varda below.
@@ Line 67: / Line 68: @@
 |-
 ! colspan=2| Nasals
-| m || n ||  ɲ ||  colspan=2| (ŋ)
+| m || n ||  ɲ || (ŋ)
 |-
 ! rowspan=2| Plosives !! voiceless
@@ Line 73: / Line 74: @@
 |-
 ! voiced
-| b || d || ʥ || g || (ʥ)
+| b || d || ʥ || g~ɣ || (ʥ)
 |-
 ! rowspan=2| Fricatives !! voiceless
@@ Line 139: / Line 140: @@
 |-
 ! t
-| {{yes|[ʔp]}}|| {{yes|[ʔt]}} || {{yes|[ʔk]}}||  {{yes|[ʔb]}} || {{yes|[ʔd]}} || {{yes|[ʔg]}} || {{yes|[tm]}} || {{yes|[ʔn]}} || {{yes|[tɸ]}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} ||  {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes|[ʔl]}} || {{yes|[tw]}} || {{yes|[c]}}
+| {{yes|[ʔp]}}|| {{yes|[ʔt]}} || {{yes|[ʔk]}}||  {{yes|[ʔb]}} || {{yes|[ʔd]}} || {{yes|[ʔg]}} || {{yes|[tm]}} || {{yes|[ʔn]}} || {{yes|[tɸ]}} || {{no}} || {{yes|[t͡s]}} || {{no}} || {{yes|[t͡ɕ]}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes|[ʔl]}} || {{yes|[tw]}} || {{yes|[c]}}
 |-
 ! k
@@ Line 148: / Line 149: @@
 |-
 ! d
-| {{yes|[ʔp]}}|| {{yes|[ʔt]}} || {{yes|[ʔk]}}||  {{yes|[ʔb]}} || {{yes|[ʔd]}} || {{yes|[ʔg]}} || {{yes|[dm]}} || {{yes|[ʔn]}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} ||  {{no}} || {{yes|[ʔl]}} || {{yes|[dw]}} || {{yes|[d͡ʑ]}}
+| {{yes|[ʔp]}}|| {{yes|[ʔt]}} || {{yes|[ʔk]}}||  {{yes|[ʔb]}} || {{yes|[ʔd]}} || {{yes|[ʔg]}} || {{yes|[dm]}} || {{yes|[ʔn]}} ||  {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes|[d͡z]}} || {{no}} || {{yes|[d͡ʑ]}}  ||  {{no}} || {{yes|[ʔl]}} || {{yes|[dw]}} || {{yes|[d͡ʑ]}}
 |-
 ! g
@@ Line 230: / Line 231: @@
 ====Case====
-Nominals - including nouns, pronouns, and adjectives - in Saxuma take one of five cases. For nouns and adjectives, only the construct case requires any declension — all others use the base form along with a preposition or particle. Pronouns, however, have irregular declensions for all five cases.
+Nominals - including nouns, pronouns, and adjectives - in Saxuma take one of five cases. For nouns and adjectives, only the construct and dative-allative cases require any declension — the others use the base form, and potentially a particle. Pronouns, however, have irregular declensions for all five cases.
 * The '''direct''' case is the plain form of a nominal. It is used by default in any context where another marking is not required.
@@ Line 250: / Line 251: @@
 :: chicken.{{sc|cons}} child.{{sc|cons}} farmer → chicken of child.{{sc|cons}} farmer
 :: ''the farmer's child's chicken'' → ''the chicken of the farmer's child''
-* The '''dative-superessive''' case is used both to mark the oblique argument of verbs, as well as to convey the motion of coming upon or landing on the motion's target, but not other forms of motion (which usually use the preposition ''eke'', meaning "towards"). Outside of pronouns, this is marked with the preposition ''ba'' ("upon").
+* The '''dative-allative''' case is used both to mark the oblique argument of verbs, as well as to convey the motion of coming upon or landing on the motion's target, but not other forms of motion (which usually use the preposition ''eke'', meaning "towards"). Outside of pronouns, this is usually marked with a prefix, determined regularly by the noun's initial phoneme, as below. Adjectives do not decline for the dative-allative. Like with ''u'', the preposition ''ba'' can also be used to mark the dative-allative when it would be applied to complementary phrases.
+: Before initial i- or u-, prefix ''baz-''.
+:: ''ībi'' → ''bazîbi''
+:: ''umex'' → ''bazúmex''
+: Before other vowels and initial w- or y-, prefix ''bad-''.
+:: ''aska'' → ''badáska''
+:: ''emín'' → ''bademín''
+:: ''oqan'' → ''badóqan''
+:: ''wak'' → ''badwák''
+:: ''yūsi'' → ''badyûsi''
+: Before nasal consonants, prefix ''bo-''.
+:: ''may'' → ''bomáy''
+:: ''nir'' → ''bonír''
+: Before initial plosives, prefix ''baq-''. Some speakers also devoice voiced plosives when doing this.
+:: ''tek'' → ''baqték''
+:: ''gijo'' → ''baqgíjo'' or ''baqkíjo''
+: Before initial h- and f-, delete the initial consonant and prefix ''bat-''.
+:: ''hyō'' → ''batyô''
+:: ''hap'' → ''batáp''
+:: ''fenyo'' → ''batényo''
+: Before initial v-, delete the v- and prefix ''bab-''.
+:: ''viko'' → ''babíko''
+: Before initial s- and x-, prefix ''bat-'', and before initial z- or j-, prefix ''bad-''.
+:: ''zen'' → ''badzén''
+:: ''xek'' → ''batxék''
+: Before initial l- and r-, prefix ''ba-.''
+:: ''rik'' → ''barík''
+:: ''lobo'' → ''balóbo''
 ====Number====
@@ Line 273: / Line 301: @@
 |-
 ! Absolutive
-| mek || colspan=3| maká || zuká || terak || dēka || daqá || {{sx-m|lek}} || {{sx-m|eleká}} || {{sx-s|inka}} || {{sx-s|ginka}}
+| mek || colspan=3| maká || zuká || terak || dēk || daqá || {{sx-m|lek}} || {{sx-m|eleká}} || {{sx-s|inka}} || {{sx-s|ginka}}
 |-
 ! Genitive
@@ Line 281: / Line 309: @@
 | myo || colspan=3| maw || zū || tero || desu || caw || {{sx-m|leyu}} || {{sx-m|lelyo}} || {{sx-s|inu}}  || {{sx-s|ginu}}
 |-
-! Dative-Superessive
+! Dative-Allative
 | bome || colspan=3| bemá || bay || batér || bade || bacá || {{sx-m|bose}} || {{sx-m|baselé}} || {{sx-s|bagín}} || {{sx-s|baynin}}
 |}
@@ Line 310: / Line 338: @@
 * The '''-S conjugation''' includes all verbs ending in -s, -x, or -r.
 * The '''-T conjugation''' includes all verbs ending in -k, -t, or -p, and some ending in long -ē.
-* The '''-H conjugation''' includes most, but not all, verbs ending in a long vowel.
+* The '''-H conjugation''' includes all other verbs ending in a long vowel.
 * The '''-W conjugation''' includes all verbs ending in -aw.
 * The '''-Y conjugation''' includes all of verbs ending in -ay and -oy.
@@ Line 376: / Line 404: @@
 *: ōná → tamōná
 *: exí → tamwexí
-* '''Intuitive''' information is that which the speaker believes or feels confidently, but based primarily on instinctual leanings rather than any clear evidence or reasoning. It is indicated with the prefix ''eny-'' before vowel-initial verbs, ''nye-'' before initial labial consonants or /r/, and ''en-'' before initial palatal consonants. Before other consonants, the prefix ''en-'' is used, and also a palatalizing mutation occurs on the initial vowel.
+* '''Intuitive''' information is that which the speaker believes or feels confidently, but based primarily on instinctual leanings rather than any clear evidence or reasoning. It is indicated with the prefix ''eny-'' before vowel-initial verbs, ''nye-'' before initial labial consonants or /r/, and ''en-'' before initial palatal consonants. Before other consonants, the prefix ''en-'' is used, and also a palatalizing mutation occurs on the initial consonant.
 *: bulíx → nyebulíx
 *: ryu → nyeryú
@@ Line 465: / Line 493: @@
 ==See Also==
 * [[:Category:Saxuma words]]
+* [https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/11JLg5e7buMcLStyzS1hMONiVVdzuHEtbVSuS8SmvndU/edit?usp=sharing Saxuma Dictionary]
 [[Category:Saxuma]]
 [[Category:Languages]]
 [[Category:Conlangs]]