Endeqwo: Difference between revisions

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|imagesize= 250px
|imagesize= 250px
|name= Endeqwo  
|name= Endeqwo  
|nativename=''n̥deqʷo''/''n̥-de-qʷo''
|nativename=''ნდეჸჿო'' (''n̥deqʷo'')
|pronunciation= n̩.de.qʷo
|pronunciation= n̩.de.qʷo
|pronunciation_key = w:IPA chart
|pronunciation_key = w:IPA chart
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|notice=IPA
|notice=IPA
}}
}}
'''Endeqwo''' ([[w:endonym|endonym]]: ''n̥deqʷo''; <small>Endeqwo:</small> [[w:IPA chart|[n̩.de.qʷo]]) is an isolate language, it's mainly inspired by Caucasian languages like Ubykh and Georgian, as well as many other Polysynthetic languages.


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
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|-
|-
! colspan=2 | [[w:Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
! colspan=2 | [[w:Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced bilabial nasal|m]]
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced bilabial nasal|m]] მ
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced bilabial nasal|mʷ]]
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced bilabial nasal|mʷ]] მჿ
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced alveolar nasal|n]]
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced alveolar nasal|n]] ნ
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced alveolar nasal|nʷ]]
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced alveolar nasal|nʷ]] ნჿ
| colspan=1 |  
| colspan=1 |  
| colspan=1 |  
| colspan=1 |  
| colspan=1 |  
| colspan=1 |  
| colspan=1 |  
| colspan=1 |  
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced velar nasal|ŋ]]
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced velar nasal|ŋ]] ნგ
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced velar nasal|ŋʷ]]
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced velar nasal|ŋʷ]] ნგჿ
| colspan=1 |  
| colspan=1 |  
| colspan=1 |  
| colspan=1 |  
|-
|-
! rowspan=3 | [[w:stop consonant|Stop]] !! voiceless
! rowspan=3 | [[w:stop consonant|Stop]] !! voiceless
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless bilabial stop|p]]
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless bilabial stop|p]] ფ
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless bilabial stop|pʷ]]
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless bilabial stop|pʷ]] ფჿ
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless alveolar stop|t]]
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless alveolar stop|t]] თ
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless alveolar stop|tʷ]]
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless alveolar stop|tʷ]] თჿ
| colspan=1 |
| colspan=1 |
| colspan=1 |  
| colspan=1 |  
| colspan=1 |  
| colspan=1 |  
| colspan=1 |  
| colspan=1 |  
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless velar stop|k]]
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless velar stop|k]] ქ
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless velar stop|kʷ]]
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless velar stop|kʷ]] ქჿ
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless uvular stop|q]]
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless uvular stop|q]] ჸ
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless uvular stop|qʷ]]
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless uvular stop|qʷ]] ჸჿ
|-
|-
! voiced
! voiced
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced bilabial stop|b]]
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced bilabial stop|b]] ბ
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced bilabial stop|bʷ]]
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced bilabial stop|bʷ]] ბჿ
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced alveolar stop|d]]
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced alveolar stop|d]] დ
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced alveolar stop|dʷ]]
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced alveolar stop|dʷ]] დჿ
| colspan=1 |  
| colspan=1 |  
| colspan=1 |  
| colspan=1 |  
| colspan=1 |  
| colspan=1 |  
| colspan=1 |  
| colspan=1 |  
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced velar stop|g]]
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced velar stop|g]] გ
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced velar stop|gʷ]]
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced velar stop|gʷ]] გჿ
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced uvular stop|ɢ]]
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced uvular stop|ɢ]] ჹ
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced uvular stop|ɢʷ]]
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced uvular stop|ɢʷ]] ჹჿ
|-
|-
! ejective
! ejective
| colspan=1 | [[w:bilabial ejective stop|pʼ]]
| colspan=1 | [[w:bilabial ejective stop|pʼ]] პ
| colspan=1 | [[w:bilabial ejective stop|pʷʼ]]
| colspan=1 | [[w:bilabial ejective stop|pʷʼ]] პჿ
| colspan=1 | [[w:alveolar ejective stop|tʼ]]
| colspan=1 | [[w:alveolar ejective stop|tʼ]] ტ
| colspan=1 | [[w:alveolar ejective stop|tʷʼ]]
| colspan=1 | [[w:alveolar ejective stop|tʷʼ]] ტჿ
| colspan=1 |
| colspan=1 |
| colspan=1 |  
| colspan=1 |  
| colspan=1 |  
| colspan=1 |  
| colspan=1 |  
| colspan=1 |  
| colspan=1 | [[w:velar ejective stop|kʼ]]
| colspan=1 | [[w:velar ejective stop|kʼ]] კ
| colspan=1 | [[w:velar ejective stop|kʷʼ]]
| colspan=1 | [[w:velar ejective stop|kʷʼ]] კჿ
| colspan=1 | [[w:uvular ejective stop|qʼ]]
| colspan=1 | [[w:uvular ejective stop|qʼ]] ყ
| colspan=1 | [[w:uvular ejective stop|qʷʼ]]
| colspan=1 | [[w:uvular ejective stop|qʷʼ]] ყჿ
|-
|-
! rowspan=3 | [[w:affricate|affricate]] !! voiceless
! rowspan=3 | [[w:affricate|affricate]] !! voiceless
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless bilabial affricate|p͡f]]
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless bilabial affricate|p͡f]] ფჶ
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless bilabial affricate|p͡fʷ]]
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless bilabial affricate|p͡fʷ]] ფჶჿ
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless alveolar affricate|t͡s]]
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless alveolar affricate|t͡s]] ც
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless alveolar affricate|t͡sʷ]]
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless alveolar affricate|t͡sʷ]] ცჿ
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless alveolar lateral affricate|t͡ɬ]]
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless alveolar lateral affricate|t͡ɬ]] ჩ'
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless post-alveolar affricate|t͡ʃ]]
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless post-alveolar affricate|t͡ʃ]] ჩ
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless post-alveolar affricate|t͡ʃʷ]]
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless post-alveolar affricate|t͡ʃʷ]] ჩჿ
| colspan=1 |  
| colspan=1 |  
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless velar affricate|k͡x]]
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless velar affricate|k͡x]] ქხ
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless velar affricate|k͡xʷ]]
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless velar affricate|k͡xʷ]] ქხჿ
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless uvular affricate|q͡χ]]
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless uvular affricate|q͡χ]] ჸჰ
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless uvular affricate|q͡χʷ]]
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless uvular affricate|q͡χʷ]] ჸჰჿ
|-
|-
! voiced
! voiced
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced bilabial affricate|b͡v]]
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced bilabial affricate|b͡v]] ბვ
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced bilabial affricate|b͡vʷ]]
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced bilabial affricate|b͡vʷ]] ბვჿ
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced alveolar affricate|d͡z]]
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced alveolar affricate|d͡z]] ძ
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced alveolar affricate|d͡zʷ]]
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced alveolar affricate|d͡zʷ]] ძჿ
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced alveolar lateral affricate|d͡ɮ]]
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced alveolar lateral affricate|d͡ɮ]] ჯ'
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced post-alveolar affricate|d͡ʒ]]
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced post-alveolar affricate|d͡ʒ]] ჯ
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced post-alveolar affricate|d͡ʒʷ]]
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced post-alveolar affricate|d͡ʒʷ]] ჯჿ
| colspan=1 |  
| colspan=1 |  
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced velar stop|g͡ɣ]]
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced velar stop|g͡ɣ]] გღ
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced velar stop|g͡ɣʷ]]
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced velar stop|g͡ɣʷ]] გღჿ
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced uvular stop|ɢ͡ʁ]]
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced uvular stop|ɢ͡ʁ]] ჹჵ
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced uvular stop|ɢ͡ʁʷ]]
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced uvular stop|ɢ͡ʁʷ]] ჹჵჿ
|-
|-
! ejective
! ejective
| colspan=1 | [[w:bilabial ejective stop|pʼ]]
| colspan=1 | [[w:bilabial ejective stop|p͡fʼ]] პჶ
| colspan=1 | [[w:bilabial ejective stop|pʷʼ]]
| colspan=1 | [[w:bilabial ejective stop|p͡fʷʼ]] პჶჿ
| colspan=1 | [[w:alveolar ejective stop|tʼ]]
| colspan=1 | [[w:alveolar ejective stop|t͡sʼ]] წ
| colspan=1 | [[w:alveolar ejective stop|tʷʼ]]
| colspan=1 | [[w:alveolar ejective stop|t͡sʷʼ]] წჿ
| colspan=1 | [[w:alveolar lateral ejective affricate|t͡ɬʼ]]
| colspan=1 | [[w:alveolar lateral ejective affricate|t͡ɬʼ]] ჭ'
| colspan=1 | [[w:post-alveolar ejective affricate|t͡ʃʼ]]
| colspan=1 | [[w:post-alveolar ejective affricate|t͡ʃʼ]] ჭ
| colspan=1 | [[w:post-alveolar ejective affricate|t͡ʃʷʼ]]
| colspan=1 | [[w:post-alveolar ejective affricate|t͡ʃʷʼ]] ჭჿ
| colspan=1 |  
| colspan=1 |  
| colspan=1 | [[w:velar ejective stop|k͡xʼ]]
| colspan=1 | [[w:velar ejective stop|k͡xʼ]] კხ
| colspan=1 | [[w:velar ejective stop|k͡xʷʼ]]
| colspan=1 | [[w:velar ejective stop|k͡xʷʼ]] კხჿ
| colspan=1 | [[w:uvular ejective stop|q͡χʼ]]
| colspan=1 | [[w:uvular ejective stop|q͡χʼ]] ყჰ
| colspan=1 | [[w:uvular ejective stop|q͡χʷʼ]]
| colspan=1 | [[w:uvular ejective stop|q͡χʷʼ]] ყჰჿ
|-
|-
! rowspan=3 | [[w:fricative consonant|fricative]] !! voiceless
! rowspan=3 | [[w:fricative consonant|fricative]] !! voiceless
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless labio-dental fricative|f]]
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless labio-dental fricative|f]] ჶ
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless labio-dental fricative|fʷ]]
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless labio-dental fricative|fʷ]] ჶჿ
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless alveolar fricative|s]]
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless alveolar fricative|s]] ს
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless alveolar fricative|sʷ]]
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless alveolar fricative|sʷ]] სჿ
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless alveolar lateral fricative|ɬ]]
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless alveolar lateral fricative|ɬ]] შ'
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless post-alveolar fricative|ʃ]]
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless post-alveolar fricative|ʃ]] შ
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless post-alveolar fricative|ʃʷ]]
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless post-alveolar fricative|ʃʷ]] შჿ
| colspan=1 |  
| colspan=1 |  
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless velar fricative|x]]
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless velar fricative|x]] ხ
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless velar fricative|xʷ]]
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless velar fricative|xʷ]] ხჿ
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless uvular fricative|χ]]
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless uvular fricative|χ]] ჰ
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless uvular fricative|χʷ]]
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless uvular fricative|χʷ]] ჰჿ
|-
|-
! voiced
! voiced
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced labio-dental fricative|v]]
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced labio-dental fricative|v]] ვ
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced labio-dental fricative|vʷ]]
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced labio-dental fricative|vʷ]] ვჿ
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced alveolar fricative|z]]
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced alveolar fricative|z]] ზ
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced alveolar fricative|zʷ]]
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced alveolar fricative|zʷ]] ზჿ
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced alveolar lateral fricative|ɮ]]
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced alveolar lateral fricative|ɮ]] ჟ'
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced post-alveolar fricative|ʒ]]
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced post-alveolar fricative|ʒ]] ჟ
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced post-alveolar fricative|ʒʷ]]
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced post-alveolar fricative|ʒʷ]] ჟჿ
| colspan=1 |  
| colspan=1 |  
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced velar fricative|ɣ]]
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced velar fricative|ɣ]] ღ
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced velar fricative|ɣʷ]]
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced velar fricative|ɣʷ]] ღჿ
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced uvular fricative|ʁ]]
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced uvular fricative|ʁ]] ჵ
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced uvular fricative|ʁʷ]]
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced uvular fricative|ʁʷ]] ჵჿ
|-
|-
! ejective
! ejective
| colspan=1 | [[w:labio-dental ejective fricative|fʼ]]
| colspan=1 | [[w:labio-dental ejective fricative|fʼ]] ჶჼ
| colspan=1 | [[w:labio-dental ejective fricative|fʷʼ]]
| colspan=1 | [[w:labio-dental ejective fricative|fʷʼ]] ჶჿჼ
| colspan=1 | [[w:alveolar ejective fricative|sʼ]]
| colspan=1 | [[w:alveolar ejective fricative|sʼ]] სჼ
| colspan=1 | [[w:alveolar ejective fricative|sʷʼ]]
| colspan=1 | [[w:alveolar ejective fricative|sʷʼ]] სჿჼ
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless alveolar lateral fricative|ɬʼ]]
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless alveolar lateral fricative|ɬʼ]] შ'ჼ
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless post-alveolar fricative|ʃʼ]]
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless post-alveolar fricative|ʃʼ]] შჼ
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless post-alveolar fricative|ʃʷʼ]]
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless post-alveolar fricative|ʃʷʼ]] შჿჼ
| colspan=1 |  
| colspan=1 |  
| colspan=1 | [[w:velar ejective fricative|xʼ]]
| colspan=1 | [[w:velar ejective fricative|xʼ]] ხჼ
| colspan=1 | [[w:velar ejective fricative|xʷʼ]]
| colspan=1 | [[w:velar ejective fricative|xʷʼ]] ხჿჼ
| colspan=1 | [[w:uvular ejective fricative|χʼ]]
| colspan=1 | [[w:uvular ejective fricative|χʼ]] ჰჼ
| colspan=1 | [[w:uvular ejective fricative|χʷʼ]]
| colspan=1 | [[w:uvular ejective fricative|χʷʼ]] ჰჿჼ
|-
|-
! colspan=2 |[[w:Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
! colspan=2 |[[w:Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
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| colspan=1 |  
| colspan=1 |  
| colspan=1 |  
| colspan=1 |  
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced alveolar lateral approximant|l]]
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced alveolar lateral approximant|l]] ლ
| colspan=1 |  
| colspan=1 |  
| colspan=1 |  
| colspan=1 |  
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced palatal approximant|j]]
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced palatal approximant|j]] ჲ
| colspan=1 |  
| colspan=1 |  
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced labio-velar approximant|w]]
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced labio-velar approximant|w]] ჳ
| colspan=1 |  
| colspan=1 |  
|-
|-
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| colspan=1 |
| colspan=1 |
| colspan=1 |  
| colspan=1 |  
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced alveolar trill|r]]
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced alveolar trill|r]] რ
| colspan=1 |
| colspan=1 |
| colspan=1 |
| colspan=1 |
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|}
|}


This is not the proper chart, I will update later (23:20 at time of writing)
Labialization always acts as a /w/ like sound, even in the labial series, where /pʷ/ is not protruded.


Labialization always acts as a /w/ like sound, even in the labial series, where /pʷ/ is not protruded.
Consonants distinguish length, as can be seen in the 2nd person object marker, "-qqe" (/qːe/)


===Vowels===
===Vowels===
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|-
|-
! [[w:Close vowel|Close]]
! [[w:Close vowel|Close]]
| colspan="1" | [[w:Close front unrounded vowel|i]]
| colspan="1" | [[w:Close front unrounded vowel|i]] ი
| colspan="1" | [[w:Close back rounded vowel|u]]
| colspan="1" | [[w:Close back rounded vowel|u]] უ
|-
|-
! [[w:Mid vowel|Mid]]
! [[w:Mid vowel|Mid]]
| colspan="1" | [[w:Close-mid front unrounded vowel|e]]
| colspan="1" | [[w:Close-mid front unrounded vowel|e]] ე
| colspan="1" | [[w:Close-mid back rounded vowel|o]]
| colspan="1" | [[w:Close-mid back rounded vowel|o]] ო
|-
|-
! [[w:Open vowel|open]]
! [[w:Open vowel|open]]
| colspan="1" | [[w:Open front unrounded vowel|a]]
| colspan="1" | [[w:Open front unrounded vowel|a]] ა
| colspan="1" |
| colspan="1" |
|-
|-
Line 236: Line 239:


===Syllable structure===
===Syllable structure===
The maximum is CVC, this only occurs in compound words like 'tʷʼen' (/tʷʼen/; good life)
===Stress===
===Stress===
===Intonation===
===Intonation===
Line 254: Line 259:
==Example texts==
==Example texts==
==Other resources==
==Other resources==
[[Endeqwo/Phrases|Phrases]]


[[Category:Endeqwo]]
[[Category:Endeqwo]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

Latest revision as of 20:13, 28 October 2024


Endeqwo
ნდეჸჿო (n̥deqʷo)
Pronunciation[n̩.de.qʷo]
Created bywfosøra
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Endeqwo (endonym: n̥deqʷo; Endeqwo: [n̩.de.qʷo) is an isolate language, it's mainly inspired by Caucasian languages like Ubykh and Georgian, as well as many other Polysynthetic languages.


Phonology

Consonants

Consonant phonemes
Labial alveolar post
-alveolar 		Palatal Velar Uvular
plain lab. plain lab. lat. plain lab. plain lab. plain lab.
Nasal m მ mʷ მჿ n ნ nʷ ნჿ ŋ ნგ ŋʷ ნგჿ
Stop voiceless p ფ pʷ ფჿ t თ tʷ თჿ k ქ kʷ ქჿ q ჸ qʷ ჸჿ
voiced b ბ bʷ ბჿ d დ dʷ დჿ g გ gʷ გჿ ɢ ჹ ɢʷ ჹჿ
ejective pʼ პ pʷʼ პჿ tʼ ტ tʷʼ ტჿ kʼ კ kʷʼ კჿ qʼ ყ qʷʼ ყჿ
affricate voiceless p͡f ფჶ p͡fʷ ფჶჿ t͡s ც t͡sʷ ცჿ t͡ɬ ჩ' t͡ʃ ჩ t͡ʃʷ ჩჿ k͡x ქხ k͡xʷ ქხჿ q͡χ ჸჰ q͡χʷ ჸჰჿ
voiced b͡v ბვ b͡vʷ ბვჿ d͡z ძ d͡zʷ ძჿ d͡ɮ ჯ' d͡ʒ ჯ d͡ʒʷ ჯჿ g͡ɣ გღ g͡ɣʷ გღჿ ɢ͡ʁ ჹჵ ɢ͡ʁʷ ჹჵჿ
ejective p͡fʼ პჶ p͡fʷʼ პჶჿ t͡sʼ წ t͡sʷʼ წჿ t͡ɬʼ ჭ' t͡ʃʼ ჭ t͡ʃʷʼ ჭჿ k͡xʼ კხ k͡xʷʼ კხჿ q͡χʼ ყჰ q͡χʷʼ ყჰჿ
fricative voiceless f ჶ fʷ ჶჿ s ს sʷ სჿ ɬ შ' ʃ შ ʃʷ შჿ x ხ xʷ ხჿ χ ჰ χʷ ჰჿ
voiced v ვ vʷ ვჿ z ზ zʷ ზჿ ɮ ჟ' ʒ ჟ ʒʷ ჟჿ ɣ ღ ɣʷ ღჿ ʁ ჵ ʁʷ ჵჿ
ejective fʼ ჶჼ fʷʼ ჶჿჼ sʼ სჼ sʷʼ სჿჼ ɬʼ შ'ჼ ʃʼ შჼ ʃʷʼ შჿჼ xʼ ხჼ xʷʼ ხჿჼ χʼ ჰჼ χʷʼ ჰჿჼ
Approximant l ლ j ჲ w ჳ
Trill r რ

Labialization always acts as a /w/ like sound, even in the labial series, where /pʷ/ is not protruded.

Consonants distinguish length, as can be seen in the 2nd person object marker, "-qqe" (/qːe/)

Vowels

Vowel phonemes
front back
Close i ი u უ
Mid e ე o ო
open a ა

Syllable structure

The maximum is CVC, this only occurs in compound words like 'tʷʼen' (/tʷʼen/; good life)

Stress

Intonation

Orthography

Phonotactics

Morphophonology

Morphology

Syntax

Constituent order

Noun phrase

Verb phrase

Sentence phrase

Dependent clauses

Example texts

Other resources

Phrases

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