Endeqwo: Difference between revisions

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|imagesize= 250px
|imagesize= 250px
|name= Endeqwo  
|name= Endeqwo  
|nativename=''n̥deqʷo''/''n̥-de-qʷo''
|nativename=''ნდეჸჳო'' (''n̥deqʷo'')
|pronunciation= n̩.de.qʷo
|pronunciation= n̩.de.qʷo
|pronunciation_key = w:IPA chart
|pronunciation_key = w:IPA chart
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|-
|-
! colspan=2 |
! colspan=2 |
! colspan=2 | [[w:Labio-dental consonant|Labial]]
! colspan=2 | [[w:Labial consonant|Labial]]
! colspan=3 | [[w:Alveolar consonant|alveolar]]
! colspan=3 | [[w:Alveolar consonant|alveolar]]
! colspan=2 | [[w:post-Alveolar consonant|post<br/>-alveolar]]
! colspan=2 | [[w:postalveolar consonant|post<br/>-alveolar]]
! colspan=1 rowspan=2 | [[w:Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! colspan=1 rowspan=2 | [[w:Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! colspan=2 | [[w:Velar consonant|Velar]]
! colspan=2 | [[w:Velar consonant|Velar]]
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|-
|-
! colspan=2 | [[w:Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
! colspan=2 | [[w:Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced bilabial nasal|m]]
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced bilabial nasal|m]] მ
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced bilabial nasal|mʷ]]
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced bilabial nasal|mʷ]] მჳ
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced alveolar nasal|n]]
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced alveolar nasal|n]] ნ
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced alveolar nasal|nʷ]]
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced alveolar nasal|nʷ]] ნჳ
| colspan=1 |  
| colspan=1 |  
| colspan=1 |  
| colspan=1 |  
| colspan=1 |  
| colspan=1 |  
| colspan=1 |  
| colspan=1 |  
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced velar nasal|ŋ]]
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced velar nasal|ŋ]] ჷ
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced velar nasal|ŋʷ]]
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced velar nasal|ŋʷ]] ჷჳ
| colspan=1 |  
| colspan=1 |  
| colspan=1 |  
| colspan=1 |  
|-
|-
! rowspan=3 | [[w:stop consonant|Stop]] !! voiceless
! rowspan=3 | [[w:stop consonant|Stop]] !! voiceless
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless bilabial stop|p]]
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless bilabial stop|p]] ფ
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless bilabial stop|pʷ]]
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless bilabial stop|pʷ]] ფჳ
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless alveolar stop|t]]
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless alveolar stop|t]] თ
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless alveolar stop|tʷ]]
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless alveolar stop|tʷ]] თჳ
| colspan=1 |
| colspan=1 |
| colspan=1 |  
| colspan=1 |  
| colspan=1 |  
| colspan=1 |  
| colspan=1 |  
| colspan=1 |  
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless velar stop|k]]
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless velar stop|k]] ქ
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless velar stop|kʷ]]
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless velar stop|kʷ]] ქჳ
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless uvular stop|q]]
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless uvular stop|q]] ჸ
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless uvular stop|qʷ]]
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless uvular stop|qʷ]] ჸჳ
|-
|-
! voiced
! voiced
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced bilabial stop|b]]
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced bilabial stop|b]] ბ
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced bilabial stop|bʷ]]
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced bilabial stop|bʷ]] ბჳ
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced alveolar stop|d]]
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced alveolar stop|d]] დ
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced alveolar stop|dʷ]]
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced alveolar stop|dʷ]] დჳ
| colspan=1 |  
| colspan=1 |  
| colspan=1 |  
| colspan=1 |  
| colspan=1 |  
| colspan=1 |  
| colspan=1 |  
| colspan=1 |  
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced velar stop|g]]
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced velar stop|g]] გ
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced velar stop|gʷ]]
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced velar stop|gʷ]] გჳ
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced uvular stop|ɢ]]
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced uvular stop|ɢ]] ჹ
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced uvular stop|ɢʷ]]
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced uvular stop|ɢʷ]] ჹჳ
|-
|-
! ejective
! ejective
| colspan=1 | [[w:bilabial ejective stop|pʼ]]
| colspan=1 | [[w:bilabial ejective stop|pʼ]] პ
| colspan=1 | [[w:bilabial ejective stop|pʷʼ]]
| colspan=1 | [[w:bilabial ejective stop|pʷʼ]] პჳ
| colspan=1 | [[w:alveolar ejective stop|tʼ]]
| colspan=1 | [[w:alveolar ejective stop|tʼ]] ტ
| colspan=1 | [[w:alveolar ejective stop|tʷʼ]]
| colspan=1 | [[w:alveolar ejective stop|tʷʼ]] ტჳ
| colspan=1 |
| colspan=1 |
| colspan=1 |  
| colspan=1 |  
| colspan=1 |  
| colspan=1 |  
| colspan=1 |  
| colspan=1 |  
| colspan=1 | [[w:velar ejective stop|kʼ]]
| colspan=1 | [[w:velar ejective stop|kʼ]] კ
| colspan=1 | [[w:velar ejective stop|kʷʼ]]
| colspan=1 | [[w:velar ejective stop|kʷʼ]] კჳ
| colspan=1 | [[w:uvular ejective stop|qʼ]]
| colspan=1 | [[w:uvular ejective stop|qʼ]] ყ
| colspan=1 | [[w:uvular ejective stop|qʷʼ]]
| colspan=1 | [[w:uvular ejective stop|qʷʼ]] ყჳ
|-
|-
! rowspan=3 | [[w:affricate|affricate]] !! voiceless
! rowspan=3 | [[w:affricate|affricate]] !! voiceless
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless bilabial affricate|p͡f]]
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless bilabial affricate|p͡f]] ფჶ
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless bilabial affricate|p͡fʷ]]
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless bilabial affricate|p͡fʷ]] ფჶჳ
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless alveolar affricate|t͡s]]
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless alveolar affricate|t͡s]] ც
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless alveolar affricate|t͡sʷ]]
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless alveolar affricate|t͡sʷ]] ცჳ
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless alveolar lateral affricate|t͡ɬ]]
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless alveolar lateral affricate|t͡ɬ]] ჩ'
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless post-alveolar affricate|t͡ʃ]]
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless post-alveolar affricate|t͡ʃ]] ჩ
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless post-alveolar affricate|t͡ʃʷ]]
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless post-alveolar affricate|t͡ʃʷ]] ჩჳ
| colspan=1 |  
| colspan=1 |  
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless velar affricate|k͡x]]
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless velar affricate|k͡x]] ქხ
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless velar affricate|k͡xʷ]]
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless velar affricate|k͡xʷ]] ქხჳ
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless uvular affricate|q͡χ]]
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless uvular affricate|q͡χ]] ჸჰ
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless uvular affricate|q͡χʷ]]
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless uvular affricate|q͡χʷ]] ჸჰჳ
|-
|-
! voiced
! voiced
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced bilabial affricate|b͡v]]
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced bilabial affricate|b͡v]] ბვ
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced bilabial affricate|b͡vʷ]]
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced bilabial affricate|b͡vʷ]] ბვჳ
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced alveolar affricate|d͡z]]
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced alveolar affricate|d͡z]] ძ
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced alveolar affricate|d͡zʷ]]
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced alveolar affricate|d͡zʷ]] ძჳ
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced alveolar lateral affricate|d͡ɮ]]
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced alveolar lateral affricate|d͡ɮ]] ჯ'
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced post-alveolar affricate|d͡ʒ]]
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced post-alveolar affricate|d͡ʒ]] ჯ
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced post-alveolar affricate|d͡ʒʷ]]
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced post-alveolar affricate|d͡ʒʷ]] ჯჳ
| colspan=1 |  
| colspan=1 |  
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced velar stop|g͡ɣ]]
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced velar affricate|g͡ɣ]] გღ
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced velar stop|g͡ɣʷ]]
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced velar affricate|g͡ɣʷ]] გღჳ
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced uvular stop|ɢ͡ʁ]]
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced uvular affricate|ɢ͡ʁ]] ჹჵ
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced uvular stop|ɢ͡ʁʷ]]
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced uvular affricate|ɢ͡ʁʷ]] ჹჵჳ
|-
|-
! ejective
! ejective
| colspan=1 | [[w:bilabial ejective stop|p͡fʼ]]
| colspan=1 | [[w:bilabial ejective stop|p͡fʼ]] პჶ
| colspan=1 | [[w:bilabial ejective stop|p͡fʷʼ]]
| colspan=1 | [[w:bilabial ejective stop|p͡fʷʼ]] პჶჳ
| colspan=1 | [[w:alveolar ejective stop|t͡sʼ]]
| colspan=1 | [[w:alveolar ejective stop|t͡sʼ]] წ
| colspan=1 | [[w:alveolar ejective stop|t͡sʷʼ]]
| colspan=1 | [[w:alveolar ejective stop|t͡sʷʼ]] წჳ
| colspan=1 | [[w:alveolar lateral ejective affricate|t͡ɬʼ]]
| colspan=1 | [[w:alveolar lateral ejective affricate|t͡ɬʼ]] ჭ'
| colspan=1 | [[w:post-alveolar ejective affricate|t͡ʃʼ]]
| colspan=1 | [[w:post-alveolar ejective affricate|t͡ʃʼ]] ჭ
| colspan=1 | [[w:post-alveolar ejective affricate|t͡ʃʷʼ]]
| colspan=1 | [[w:post-alveolar ejective affricate|t͡ʃʷʼ]] ჭჳ
| colspan=1 |  
| colspan=1 |  
| colspan=1 | [[w:velar ejective stop|k͡xʼ]]
| colspan=1 | [[w:velar ejective affricate|k͡xʼ]] კხ
| colspan=1 | [[w:velar ejective stop|k͡xʷʼ]]
| colspan=1 | [[w:velar ejective affricate|k͡xʷʼ]] კხჳ
| colspan=1 | [[w:uvular ejective stop|q͡χʼ]]
| colspan=1 | [[w:uvular ejective affricate|q͡χʼ]] ყჰ
| colspan=1 | [[w:uvular ejective stop|q͡χʷʼ]]
| colspan=1 | [[w:uvular ejective affricate|q͡χʷʼ]] ყჰჳ
|-
|-
! rowspan=3 | [[w:fricative consonant|fricative]] !! voiceless
! rowspan=3 | [[w:fricative consonant|fricative]] !! voiceless
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless labio-dental fricative|f]]
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless labio-dental fricative|f]] ჶ
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless labio-dental fricative|fʷ]]
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless labio-dental fricative|fʷ]] ჶჳ
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless alveolar fricative|s]]
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless alveolar fricative|s]] ს
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless alveolar fricative|sʷ]]
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless alveolar fricative|sʷ]] სჳ
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless alveolar lateral fricative|ɬ]]
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless alveolar lateral fricative|ɬ]] შ'
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless post-alveolar fricative|ʃ]]
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless post-alveolar fricative|ʃ]] შ
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless post-alveolar fricative|ʃʷ]]
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless post-alveolar fricative|ʃʷ]] შჳ
| colspan=1 |  
| colspan=1 |  
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless velar fricative|x]]
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless velar fricative|x]] ხ
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless velar fricative|xʷ]]
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless velar fricative|xʷ]] ხჳ
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless uvular fricative|χ]]
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless uvular fricative|χ]] ჰ
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless uvular fricative|χʷ]]
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless uvular fricative|χʷ]] ჰჳ
|-
|-
! voiced
! voiced
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced labio-dental fricative|v]]
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced labio-dental fricative|v]] ვ
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced labio-dental fricative|vʷ]]
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced labio-dental fricative|vʷ]] ვჳ
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced alveolar fricative|z]]
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced alveolar fricative|z]] ზ
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced alveolar fricative|zʷ]]
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced alveolar fricative|zʷ]] ზჳ
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced alveolar lateral fricative|ɮ]]
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced alveolar lateral fricative|ɮ]] ჟ'
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced post-alveolar fricative|ʒ]]
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced post-alveolar fricative|ʒ]] ჟ
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced post-alveolar fricative|ʒʷ]]
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced post-alveolar fricative|ʒʷ]] ჟჳ
| colspan=1 |  
| colspan=1 |  
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced velar fricative|ɣ]]
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced velar fricative|ɣ]] ღ
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced velar fricative|ɣʷ]]
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced velar fricative|ɣʷ]] ღჳ
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced uvular fricative|ʁ]]
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced uvular fricative|ʁ]] ჵ
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced uvular fricative|ʁʷ]]
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced uvular fricative|ʁʷ]] ჵჳ
|-
|-
! ejective
! ejective
| colspan=1 | [[w:labio-dental ejective fricative|fʼ]]
| colspan=1 | [[w:labio-dental ejective fricative|fʼ]] ჶჼ
| colspan=1 | [[w:labio-dental ejective fricative|fʷʼ]]
| colspan=1 | [[w:labio-dental ejective fricative|fʷʼ]] ჶჳჼ
| colspan=1 | [[w:alveolar ejective fricative|sʼ]]
| colspan=1 | [[w:alveolar ejective fricative|sʼ]] სჼ
| colspan=1 | [[w:alveolar ejective fricative|sʷʼ]]
| colspan=1 | [[w:alveolar ejective fricative|sʷʼ]] სჳჼ
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless alveolar lateral fricative|ɬʼ]]
| colspan=1 | [[w:alveolar lateral ejective fricative|ɬʼ]] შ'ჼ
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless post-alveolar fricative|ʃʼ]]
| colspan=1 | [[w:post-alveolar ejective fricative|ʃʼ]] შჼ
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless post-alveolar fricative|ʃʷʼ]]
| colspan=1 | [[w:post-alveolar ejective fricative|ʃʷʼ]] შჳჼ
| colspan=1 |  
| colspan=1 |  
| colspan=1 | [[w:velar ejective fricative|xʼ]]
| colspan=1 | [[w:velar ejective fricative|xʼ]] ხჼ
| colspan=1 | [[w:velar ejective fricative|xʷʼ]]
| colspan=1 | [[w:velar ejective fricative|xʷʼ]] ხჳჼ
| colspan=1 | [[w:uvular ejective fricative|χʼ]]
| colspan=1 | [[w:uvular ejective fricative|χʼ]] ჰჼ
| colspan=1 | [[w:uvular ejective fricative|χʷʼ]]
| colspan=1 | [[w:uvular ejective fricative|χʷʼ]] ჰჳჼ
|-
|-
! colspan=2 |[[w:Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
! colspan=2 |[[w:Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
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| colspan=1 |  
| colspan=1 |  
| colspan=1 |  
| colspan=1 |  
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced alveolar lateral approximant|l]]
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced alveolar lateral approximant|l]] ლ
| colspan=1 |  
| colspan=1 |  
| colspan=1 |  
| colspan=1 |  
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced palatal approximant|j]]
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced palatal approximant|j]] ჲ
| colspan=1 |  
| colspan=1 |  
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced labio-velar approximant|w]]
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced labio-velar approximant|w]] ჳ
| colspan=1 |  
| colspan=1 |  
|-
|-
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| colspan=1 |
| colspan=1 |
| colspan=1 |  
| colspan=1 |  
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced alveolar trill|r]]
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced alveolar trill|r]] რ
| colspan=1 |
| colspan=1 |
| colspan=1 |
| colspan=1 |
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Consonants distinguish length, as can be seen in the 2nd person object marker, "-qqe" (/qːe/)
Consonants distinguish length, as can be seen in the 2nd person object marker, "-qqe" (/qːe/)
There are a few consonants that can syllabic, /n/, /nʷ/, /ŋ/, /ŋʷ/, /l/, /r/, and most ejectives.


===Vowels===
===Vowels===
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|-
|-
! [[w:Close vowel|Close]]
! [[w:Close vowel|Close]]
| colspan="1" | [[w:Close front unrounded vowel|i]]
| colspan="1" | [[w:Close front unrounded vowel|i]] ი
| colspan="1" | [[w:Close back rounded vowel|u]]
| colspan="1" | [[w:Close back rounded vowel|u]] უ
|-
|-
! [[w:Mid vowel|Mid]]
! [[w:Mid vowel|Mid]]
| colspan="1" | [[w:Close-mid front unrounded vowel|e]]
| colspan="1" | [[w:Close-mid front unrounded vowel|e]] ე
| colspan="1" | [[w:Close-mid back rounded vowel|o]]
| colspan="1" | [[w:Close-mid back rounded vowel|o]] ო
|-
|-
! [[w:Open vowel|open]]
! [[w:Open vowel|open]]
| colspan="1" | [[w:Open front unrounded vowel|a]]
| colspan="1" | [[w:Open front unrounded vowel|a]] ა
| colspan="1" |
| colspan="1" |
|-
|-
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===Syllable structure===
===Syllable structure===
The maximum is CVC, this only occurs in compound words like 'tʷʼen' (good life)
The maximum is (CC)V(CC), this only occurs in compound words like 'tʷʼen' (/tʷʼen/; good life), consonants can only cluster as 'stop-fric' or 'fric-stop' and voicedness must match, so a valid cluster would be /zd/ of /ft/, but /zt/ or /qd/ are invalid.


===Stress===
===Stress===
===Intonation===
===Intonation===
===Morphophonology===


===Orthography===
===Phonotactics===
<!-- Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that are permissible for use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. -->
===Morphophonology===
==Morphology==
==Morphology==
==Syntax==
==Syntax==
Line 259: Line 257:
==Example texts==
==Example texts==
==Other resources==
==Other resources==
[[Endeqwo/Phrases|Phrases]]


[[Category:Endeqwo]]
[[Category:Endeqwo]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

Latest revision as of 18:32, 29 October 2024


Endeqwo
ნდეჸჳო (n̥deqʷo)
Pronunciation[n̩.de.qʷo]
Created bywfosøra
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Endeqwo (endonym: n̥deqʷo; Endeqwo: [n̩.de.qʷo) is an isolate language, it's mainly inspired by Caucasian languages like Ubykh and Georgian, as well as many other Polysynthetic languages.


Phonology

Consonants

Consonant phonemes
Labial alveolar post
-alveolar 		Palatal Velar Uvular
plain lab. plain lab. lat. plain lab. plain lab. plain lab.
Nasal m მ mʷ მჳ n ნ nʷ ნჳ ŋ ჷ ŋʷ ჷჳ
Stop voiceless p ფ pʷ ფჳ t თ tʷ თჳ k ქ kʷ ქჳ q ჸ qʷ ჸჳ
voiced b ბ bʷ ბჳ d დ dʷ დჳ g გ gʷ გჳ ɢ ჹ ɢʷ ჹჳ
ejective pʼ პ pʷʼ პჳ tʼ ტ tʷʼ ტჳ kʼ კ kʷʼ კჳ qʼ ყ qʷʼ ყჳ
affricate voiceless p͡f ფჶ p͡fʷ ფჶჳ t͡s ც t͡sʷ ცჳ t͡ɬ ჩ' t͡ʃ ჩ t͡ʃʷ ჩჳ k͡x ქხ k͡xʷ ქხჳ q͡χ ჸჰ q͡χʷ ჸჰჳ
voiced b͡v ბვ b͡vʷ ბვჳ d͡z ძ d͡zʷ ძჳ d͡ɮ ჯ' d͡ʒ ჯ d͡ʒʷ ჯჳ g͡ɣ გღ g͡ɣʷ გღჳ ɢ͡ʁ ჹჵ ɢ͡ʁʷ ჹჵჳ
ejective p͡fʼ პჶ p͡fʷʼ პჶჳ t͡sʼ წ t͡sʷʼ წჳ t͡ɬʼ ჭ' t͡ʃʼ ჭ t͡ʃʷʼ ჭჳ k͡xʼ კხ k͡xʷʼ კხჳ q͡χʼ ყჰ q͡χʷʼ ყჰჳ
fricative voiceless f ჶ fʷ ჶჳ s ს sʷ სჳ ɬ შ' ʃ შ ʃʷ შჳ x ხ xʷ ხჳ χ ჰ χʷ ჰჳ
voiced v ვ vʷ ვჳ z ზ zʷ ზჳ ɮ ჟ' ʒ ჟ ʒʷ ჟჳ ɣ ღ ɣʷ ღჳ ʁ ჵ ʁʷ ჵჳ
ejective fʼ ჶჼ fʷʼ ჶჳჼ sʼ სჼ sʷʼ სჳჼ ɬʼ შ'ჼ ʃʼ შჼ ʃʷʼ შჳჼ xʼ ხჼ xʷʼ ხჳჼ χʼ ჰჼ χʷʼ ჰჳჼ
Approximant l ლ j ჲ w ჳ
Trill r რ

Labialization always acts as a /w/ like sound, even in the labial series, where /pʷ/ is not protruded.

Consonants distinguish length, as can be seen in the 2nd person object marker, "-qqe" (/qːe/)

There are a few consonants that can syllabic, /n/, /nʷ/, /ŋ/, /ŋʷ/, /l/, /r/, and most ejectives.

Vowels

Vowel phonemes
front back
Close i ი u უ
Mid e ე o ო
open a ა

Syllable structure

The maximum is (CC)V(CC), this only occurs in compound words like 'tʷʼen' (/tʷʼen/; good life), consonants can only cluster as 'stop-fric' or 'fric-stop' and voicedness must match, so a valid cluster would be /zd/ of /ft/, but /zt/ or /qd/ are invalid.

Stress

Intonation

Morphophonology

Morphology

Syntax

Constituent order

Noun phrase

Verb phrase

Sentence phrase

Dependent clauses

Example texts

Other resources

Phrases

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