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|imagesize= 250px | |imagesize= 250px | ||
|name= Endeqwo | |name= Endeqwo | ||
|nativename='' | |nativename=''ნდეჸჳო'' (''n̥deqʷo'') | ||
|pronunciation= n̩.de.qʷo | |pronunciation= n̩.de.qʷo | ||
|pronunciation_key = w:IPA chart | |pronunciation_key = w:IPA chart | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! colspan=2 | | ! colspan=2 | | ||
! colspan=2 | [[w: | ! colspan=2 | [[w:Labial consonant|Labial]] | ||
! colspan=3 | [[w:Alveolar consonant|alveolar]] | ! colspan=3 | [[w:Alveolar consonant|alveolar]] | ||
! colspan=2 | [[w: | ! colspan=2 | [[w:postalveolar consonant|post<br/>-alveolar]] | ||
! colspan=1 rowspan=2 | [[w:Palatal consonant|Palatal]] | ! colspan=1 rowspan=2 | [[w:Palatal consonant|Palatal]] | ||
! colspan=2 | [[w:Velar consonant|Velar]] | ! colspan=2 | [[w:Velar consonant|Velar]] | ||
Line 45: | Line 45: | ||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan=2 | [[w:Nasal consonant|Nasal]] | ! colspan=2 | [[w:Nasal consonant|Nasal]] | ||
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced bilabial nasal|m]] | | colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced bilabial nasal|m]] მ | ||
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced bilabial nasal|mʷ]] | | colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced bilabial nasal|mʷ]] მჳ | ||
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced alveolar nasal|n]] | | colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced alveolar nasal|n]] ნ | ||
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced alveolar nasal|nʷ]] | | colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced alveolar nasal|nʷ]] ნჳ | ||
| colspan=1 | | | colspan=1 | | ||
| colspan=1 | | | colspan=1 | | ||
| colspan=1 | | | colspan=1 | | ||
| colspan=1 | | | colspan=1 | | ||
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced velar nasal|ŋ]] | | colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced velar nasal|ŋ]] ჷ | ||
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced velar nasal|ŋʷ]] | | colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced velar nasal|ŋʷ]] ჷჳ | ||
| colspan=1 | | | colspan=1 | | ||
| colspan=1 | | | colspan=1 | | ||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan=3 | [[w:stop consonant|Stop]] !! voiceless | ! rowspan=3 | [[w:stop consonant|Stop]] !! voiceless | ||
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless bilabial stop|p]] | | colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless bilabial stop|p]] ფ | ||
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless bilabial stop|pʷ]] | | colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless bilabial stop|pʷ]] ფჳ | ||
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless alveolar stop|t]] | | colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless alveolar stop|t]] თ | ||
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless alveolar stop|tʷ]] | | colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless alveolar stop|tʷ]] თჳ | ||
| colspan=1 | | | colspan=1 | | ||
| colspan=1 | | | colspan=1 | | ||
| colspan=1 | | | colspan=1 | | ||
| colspan=1 | | | colspan=1 | | ||
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless velar stop|k]] | | colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless velar stop|k]] ქ | ||
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless velar stop|kʷ]] | | colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless velar stop|kʷ]] ქჳ | ||
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless uvular stop|q]] | | colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless uvular stop|q]] ჸ | ||
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless uvular stop|qʷ]] | | colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless uvular stop|qʷ]] ჸჳ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! voiced | ! voiced | ||
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced bilabial stop|b]] | | colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced bilabial stop|b]] ბ | ||
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced bilabial stop|bʷ]] | | colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced bilabial stop|bʷ]] ბჳ | ||
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced alveolar stop|d]] | | colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced alveolar stop|d]] დ | ||
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced alveolar stop|dʷ]] | | colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced alveolar stop|dʷ]] დჳ | ||
| colspan=1 | | | colspan=1 | | ||
| colspan=1 | | | colspan=1 | | ||
| colspan=1 | | | colspan=1 | | ||
| colspan=1 | | | colspan=1 | | ||
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced velar stop|g]] | | colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced velar stop|g]] გ | ||
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced velar stop|gʷ]] | | colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced velar stop|gʷ]] გჳ | ||
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced uvular stop|ɢ]] | | colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced uvular stop|ɢ]] ჹ | ||
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced uvular stop|ɢʷ]] | | colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced uvular stop|ɢʷ]] ჹჳ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! ejective | ! ejective | ||
| colspan=1 | [[w:bilabial ejective stop|pʼ]] | | colspan=1 | [[w:bilabial ejective stop|pʼ]] პ | ||
| colspan=1 | [[w:bilabial ejective stop|pʷʼ]] | | colspan=1 | [[w:bilabial ejective stop|pʷʼ]] პჳ | ||
| colspan=1 | [[w:alveolar ejective stop|tʼ]] | | colspan=1 | [[w:alveolar ejective stop|tʼ]] ტ | ||
| colspan=1 | [[w:alveolar ejective stop|tʷʼ]] | | colspan=1 | [[w:alveolar ejective stop|tʷʼ]] ტჳ | ||
| colspan=1 | | | colspan=1 | | ||
| colspan=1 | | | colspan=1 | | ||
| colspan=1 | | | colspan=1 | | ||
| colspan=1 | | | colspan=1 | | ||
| colspan=1 | [[w:velar ejective stop|kʼ]] | | colspan=1 | [[w:velar ejective stop|kʼ]] კ | ||
| colspan=1 | [[w:velar ejective stop|kʷʼ]] | | colspan=1 | [[w:velar ejective stop|kʷʼ]] კჳ | ||
| colspan=1 | [[w:uvular ejective stop|qʼ]] | | colspan=1 | [[w:uvular ejective stop|qʼ]] ყ | ||
| colspan=1 | [[w:uvular ejective stop|qʷʼ]] | | colspan=1 | [[w:uvular ejective stop|qʷʼ]] ყჳ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan=3 | [[w:affricate|affricate]] !! voiceless | ! rowspan=3 | [[w:affricate|affricate]] !! voiceless | ||
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless bilabial affricate|p͡f]] | | colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless bilabial affricate|p͡f]] ფჶ | ||
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless bilabial affricate|p͡fʷ]] | | colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless bilabial affricate|p͡fʷ]] ფჶჳ | ||
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless alveolar affricate|t͡s]] | | colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless alveolar affricate|t͡s]] ც | ||
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless alveolar affricate|t͡sʷ]] | | colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless alveolar affricate|t͡sʷ]] ცჳ | ||
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless alveolar lateral affricate|t͡ɬ]] | | colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless alveolar lateral affricate|t͡ɬ]] ჩ' | ||
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless post-alveolar affricate|t͡ʃ]] | | colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless post-alveolar affricate|t͡ʃ]] ჩ | ||
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless post-alveolar affricate|t͡ʃʷ]] | | colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless post-alveolar affricate|t͡ʃʷ]] ჩჳ | ||
| colspan=1 | | | colspan=1 | | ||
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless velar affricate|k͡x]] | | colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless velar affricate|k͡x]] ქხ | ||
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless velar affricate|k͡xʷ]] | | colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless velar affricate|k͡xʷ]] ქხჳ | ||
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless uvular affricate|q͡χ]] | | colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless uvular affricate|q͡χ]] ჸჰ | ||
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless uvular affricate|q͡χʷ]] | | colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless uvular affricate|q͡χʷ]] ჸჰჳ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! voiced | ! voiced | ||
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced bilabial affricate|b͡v]] | | colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced bilabial affricate|b͡v]] ბვ | ||
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced bilabial affricate|b͡vʷ]] | | colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced bilabial affricate|b͡vʷ]] ბვჳ | ||
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced alveolar affricate|d͡z]] | | colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced alveolar affricate|d͡z]] ძ | ||
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced alveolar affricate|d͡zʷ]] | | colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced alveolar affricate|d͡zʷ]] ძჳ | ||
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced alveolar lateral affricate|d͡ɮ]] | | colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced alveolar lateral affricate|d͡ɮ]] ჯ' | ||
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced post-alveolar affricate|d͡ʒ]] | | colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced post-alveolar affricate|d͡ʒ]] ჯ | ||
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced post-alveolar affricate|d͡ʒʷ]] | | colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced post-alveolar affricate|d͡ʒʷ]] ჯჳ | ||
| colspan=1 | | | colspan=1 | | ||
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced velar | | colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced velar affricate|g͡ɣ]] გღ | ||
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced velar | | colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced velar affricate|g͡ɣʷ]] გღჳ | ||
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced uvular | | colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced uvular affricate|ɢ͡ʁ]] ჹჵ | ||
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced uvular | | colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced uvular affricate|ɢ͡ʁʷ]] ჹჵჳ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! ejective | ! ejective | ||
| colspan=1 | [[w:bilabial ejective stop|p͡fʼ]] | | colspan=1 | [[w:bilabial ejective stop|p͡fʼ]] პჶ | ||
| colspan=1 | [[w:bilabial ejective stop|p͡fʷʼ]] | | colspan=1 | [[w:bilabial ejective stop|p͡fʷʼ]] პჶჳ | ||
| colspan=1 | [[w:alveolar ejective stop|t͡sʼ]] | | colspan=1 | [[w:alveolar ejective stop|t͡sʼ]] წ | ||
| colspan=1 | [[w:alveolar ejective stop|t͡sʷʼ]] | | colspan=1 | [[w:alveolar ejective stop|t͡sʷʼ]] წჳ | ||
| colspan=1 | [[w:alveolar lateral ejective affricate|t͡ɬʼ]] | | colspan=1 | [[w:alveolar lateral ejective affricate|t͡ɬʼ]] ჭ' | ||
| colspan=1 | [[w:post-alveolar ejective affricate|t͡ʃʼ]] | | colspan=1 | [[w:post-alveolar ejective affricate|t͡ʃʼ]] ჭ | ||
| colspan=1 | [[w:post-alveolar ejective affricate|t͡ʃʷʼ]] | | colspan=1 | [[w:post-alveolar ejective affricate|t͡ʃʷʼ]] ჭჳ | ||
| colspan=1 | | | colspan=1 | | ||
| colspan=1 | [[w:velar ejective | | colspan=1 | [[w:velar ejective affricate|k͡xʼ]] კხ | ||
| colspan=1 | [[w:velar ejective | | colspan=1 | [[w:velar ejective affricate|k͡xʷʼ]] კხჳ | ||
| colspan=1 | [[w:uvular ejective | | colspan=1 | [[w:uvular ejective affricate|q͡χʼ]] ყჰ | ||
| colspan=1 | [[w:uvular ejective | | colspan=1 | [[w:uvular ejective affricate|q͡χʷʼ]] ყჰჳ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan=3 | [[w:fricative consonant|fricative]] !! voiceless | ! rowspan=3 | [[w:fricative consonant|fricative]] !! voiceless | ||
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless labio-dental fricative|f]] | | colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless labio-dental fricative|f]] ჶ | ||
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless labio-dental fricative|fʷ]] | | colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless labio-dental fricative|fʷ]] ჶჳ | ||
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless alveolar fricative|s]] | | colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless alveolar fricative|s]] ს | ||
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless alveolar fricative|sʷ]] | | colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless alveolar fricative|sʷ]] სჳ | ||
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless alveolar lateral fricative|ɬ]] | | colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless alveolar lateral fricative|ɬ]] შ' | ||
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless post-alveolar fricative|ʃ]] | | colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless post-alveolar fricative|ʃ]] შ | ||
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless post-alveolar fricative|ʃʷ]] | | colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless post-alveolar fricative|ʃʷ]] შჳ | ||
| colspan=1 | | | colspan=1 | | ||
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless velar fricative|x]] | | colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless velar fricative|x]] ხ | ||
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless velar fricative|xʷ]] | | colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless velar fricative|xʷ]] ხჳ | ||
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless uvular fricative|χ]] | | colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless uvular fricative|χ]] ჰ | ||
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless uvular fricative|χʷ]] | | colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless uvular fricative|χʷ]] ჰჳ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! voiced | ! voiced | ||
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced labio-dental fricative|v]] | | colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced labio-dental fricative|v]] ვ | ||
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced labio-dental fricative|vʷ]] | | colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced labio-dental fricative|vʷ]] ვჳ | ||
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced alveolar fricative|z]] | | colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced alveolar fricative|z]] ზ | ||
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced alveolar fricative|zʷ]] | | colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced alveolar fricative|zʷ]] ზჳ | ||
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced alveolar lateral fricative|ɮ]] | | colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced alveolar lateral fricative|ɮ]] ჟ' | ||
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced post-alveolar fricative|ʒ]] | | colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced post-alveolar fricative|ʒ]] ჟ | ||
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced post-alveolar fricative|ʒʷ]] | | colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced post-alveolar fricative|ʒʷ]] ჟჳ | ||
| colspan=1 | | | colspan=1 | | ||
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced velar fricative|ɣ]] | | colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced velar fricative|ɣ]] ღ | ||
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced velar fricative|ɣʷ]] | | colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced velar fricative|ɣʷ]] ღჳ | ||
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced uvular fricative|ʁ]] | | colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced uvular fricative|ʁ]] ჵ | ||
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced uvular fricative|ʁʷ]] | | colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced uvular fricative|ʁʷ]] ჵჳ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! ejective | ! ejective | ||
| colspan=1 | [[w:labio-dental ejective fricative|fʼ]] | | colspan=1 | [[w:labio-dental ejective fricative|fʼ]] ჶჼ | ||
| colspan=1 | [[w:labio-dental ejective fricative|fʷʼ]] | | colspan=1 | [[w:labio-dental ejective fricative|fʷʼ]] ჶჳჼ | ||
| colspan=1 | [[w:alveolar ejective fricative|sʼ]] | | colspan=1 | [[w:alveolar ejective fricative|sʼ]] სჼ | ||
| colspan=1 | [[w:alveolar ejective fricative|sʷʼ]] | | colspan=1 | [[w:alveolar ejective fricative|sʷʼ]] სჳჼ | ||
| colspan=1 | [[w: | | colspan=1 | [[w:alveolar lateral ejective fricative|ɬʼ]] შ'ჼ | ||
| colspan=1 | [[w: | | colspan=1 | [[w:post-alveolar ejective fricative|ʃʼ]] შჼ | ||
| colspan=1 | [[w: | | colspan=1 | [[w:post-alveolar ejective fricative|ʃʷʼ]] შჳჼ | ||
| colspan=1 | | | colspan=1 | | ||
| colspan=1 | [[w:velar ejective fricative|xʼ]] | | colspan=1 | [[w:velar ejective fricative|xʼ]] ხჼ | ||
| colspan=1 | [[w:velar ejective fricative|xʷʼ]] | | colspan=1 | [[w:velar ejective fricative|xʷʼ]] ხჳჼ | ||
| colspan=1 | [[w:uvular ejective fricative|χʼ]] | | colspan=1 | [[w:uvular ejective fricative|χʼ]] ჰჼ | ||
| colspan=1 | [[w:uvular ejective fricative|χʷʼ]] | | colspan=1 | [[w:uvular ejective fricative|χʷʼ]] ჰჳჼ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan=2 |[[w:Approximant consonant|Approximant]] | ! colspan=2 |[[w:Approximant consonant|Approximant]] | ||
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| colspan=1 | | | colspan=1 | | ||
| colspan=1 | | | colspan=1 | | ||
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced alveolar lateral approximant|l]] | | colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced alveolar lateral approximant|l]] ლ | ||
| colspan=1 | | | colspan=1 | | ||
| colspan=1 | | | colspan=1 | | ||
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced palatal approximant|j]] | | colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced palatal approximant|j]] ჲ | ||
| colspan=1 | | | colspan=1 | | ||
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced labio-velar approximant|w]] | | colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced labio-velar approximant|w]] ჳ | ||
| colspan=1 | | | colspan=1 | | ||
|- | |- | ||
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| colspan=1 | | | colspan=1 | | ||
| colspan=1 | | | colspan=1 | | ||
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced alveolar trill|r]] | | colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced alveolar trill|r]] რ | ||
| colspan=1 | | | colspan=1 | | ||
| colspan=1 | | | colspan=1 | | ||
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Consonants distinguish length, as can be seen in the 2nd person object marker, "-qqe" (/qːe/) | Consonants distinguish length, as can be seen in the 2nd person object marker, "-qqe" (/qːe/) | ||
There are a few consonants that can syllabic, /n/, /nʷ/, /ŋ/, /ŋʷ/, /l/, /r/, and most ejectives. | |||
===Vowels=== | ===Vowels=== | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! [[w:Close vowel|Close]] | ! [[w:Close vowel|Close]] | ||
| colspan="1" | [[w:Close front unrounded vowel|i]] | | colspan="1" | [[w:Close front unrounded vowel|i]] ი | ||
| colspan="1" | [[w:Close back rounded vowel|u]] | | colspan="1" | [[w:Close back rounded vowel|u]] უ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! [[w:Mid vowel|Mid]] | ! [[w:Mid vowel|Mid]] | ||
| colspan="1" | [[w:Close-mid front unrounded vowel|e]] | | colspan="1" | [[w:Close-mid front unrounded vowel|e]] ე | ||
| colspan="1" | [[w:Close-mid back rounded vowel|o]] | | colspan="1" | [[w:Close-mid back rounded vowel|o]] ო | ||
|- | |- | ||
! [[w:Open vowel|open]] | ! [[w:Open vowel|open]] | ||
| colspan="1" | [[w:Open front unrounded vowel|a]] | | colspan="1" | [[w:Open front unrounded vowel|a]] ა | ||
| colspan="1" | | | colspan="1" | | ||
|- | |- | ||
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===Syllable structure=== | ===Syllable structure=== | ||
The maximum is | The maximum is (CC)V(CC), this only occurs in compound words like 'tʷʼen' (/tʷʼen/; good life), consonants can only cluster as 'stop-fric' or 'fric-stop' and voicedness must match, so a valid cluster would be /zd/ of /ft/, but /zt/ or /qd/ are invalid. | ||
===Stress=== | ===Stress=== | ||
===Intonation=== | ===Intonation=== | ||
===Morphophonology=== | |||
==Morphology== | ==Morphology== | ||
==Syntax== | ==Syntax== | ||
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==Example texts== | ==Example texts== | ||
==Other resources== | ==Other resources== | ||
[[Endeqwo/Phrases|Phrases]] | |||
[[Category:Endeqwo]] | [[Category:Endeqwo]] | ||
[[Category:Languages]] | [[Category:Languages]] | ||
[[Category:Conlangs]] | [[Category:Conlangs]] |
Latest revision as of 18:32, 29 October 2024
This article is private. The author requests that you do not make changes to this project without approval. By all means, please help fix spelling, grammar and organisation problems, thank you. |
Endeqwo | |
---|---|
ნდეჸჳო (n̥deqʷo) | |
Pronunciation | [n̩.de.qʷo] |
Created by | wfosøra |
Endeqwo (endonym: n̥deqʷo; Endeqwo: [n̩.de.qʷo) is an isolate language, it's mainly inspired by Caucasian languages like Ubykh and Georgian, as well as many other Polysynthetic languages.
Phonology
Consonants
Labial | alveolar | post -alveolar |
Palatal | Velar | Uvular | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
plain | lab. | plain | lab. | lat. | plain | lab. | plain | lab. | plain | lab. | |||
Nasal | m მ | mʷ მჳ | n ნ | nʷ ნჳ | ŋ ჷ | ŋʷ ჷჳ | |||||||
Stop | voiceless | p ფ | pʷ ფჳ | t თ | tʷ თჳ | k ქ | kʷ ქჳ | q ჸ | qʷ ჸჳ | ||||
voiced | b ბ | bʷ ბჳ | d დ | dʷ დჳ | g გ | gʷ გჳ | ɢ ჹ | ɢʷ ჹჳ | |||||
ejective | pʼ პ | pʷʼ პჳ | tʼ ტ | tʷʼ ტჳ | kʼ კ | kʷʼ კჳ | qʼ ყ | qʷʼ ყჳ | |||||
affricate | voiceless | p͡f ფჶ | p͡fʷ ფჶჳ | t͡s ც | t͡sʷ ცჳ | t͡ɬ ჩ' | t͡ʃ ჩ | t͡ʃʷ ჩჳ | k͡x ქხ | k͡xʷ ქხჳ | q͡χ ჸჰ | q͡χʷ ჸჰჳ | |
voiced | b͡v ბვ | b͡vʷ ბვჳ | d͡z ძ | d͡zʷ ძჳ | d͡ɮ ჯ' | d͡ʒ ჯ | d͡ʒʷ ჯჳ | g͡ɣ გღ | g͡ɣʷ გღჳ | ɢ͡ʁ ჹჵ | ɢ͡ʁʷ ჹჵჳ | ||
ejective | p͡fʼ პჶ | p͡fʷʼ პჶჳ | t͡sʼ წ | t͡sʷʼ წჳ | t͡ɬʼ ჭ' | t͡ʃʼ ჭ | t͡ʃʷʼ ჭჳ | k͡xʼ კხ | k͡xʷʼ კხჳ | q͡χʼ ყჰ | q͡χʷʼ ყჰჳ | ||
fricative | voiceless | f ჶ | fʷ ჶჳ | s ს | sʷ სჳ | ɬ შ' | ʃ შ | ʃʷ შჳ | x ხ | xʷ ხჳ | χ ჰ | χʷ ჰჳ | |
voiced | v ვ | vʷ ვჳ | z ზ | zʷ ზჳ | ɮ ჟ' | ʒ ჟ | ʒʷ ჟჳ | ɣ ღ | ɣʷ ღჳ | ʁ ჵ | ʁʷ ჵჳ | ||
ejective | fʼ ჶჼ | fʷʼ ჶჳჼ | sʼ სჼ | sʷʼ სჳჼ | ɬʼ შ'ჼ | ʃʼ შჼ | ʃʷʼ შჳჼ | xʼ ხჼ | xʷʼ ხჳჼ | χʼ ჰჼ | χʷʼ ჰჳჼ | ||
Approximant | l ლ | j ჲ | w ჳ | ||||||||||
Trill | r რ |
Labialization always acts as a /w/ like sound, even in the labial series, where /pʷ/ is not protruded.
Consonants distinguish length, as can be seen in the 2nd person object marker, "-qqe" (/qːe/)
There are a few consonants that can syllabic, /n/, /nʷ/, /ŋ/, /ŋʷ/, /l/, /r/, and most ejectives.
Vowels
front | back | |
---|---|---|
Close | i ი | u უ |
Mid | e ე | o ო |
open | a ა |
Syllable structure
The maximum is (CC)V(CC), this only occurs in compound words like 'tʷʼen' (/tʷʼen/; good life), consonants can only cluster as 'stop-fric' or 'fric-stop' and voicedness must match, so a valid cluster would be /zd/ of /ft/, but /zt/ or /qd/ are invalid.