Makari: Difference between revisions
Jump to navigation
Jump to search
(→Nouns) |
(→Verbs) |
||
| (23 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown) | |||
| Line 107: | Line 107: | ||
! [[w:Back vowel|Back]] | ! [[w:Back vowel|Back]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
! [[w:Close vowel|Close]] | |||
| [[w:Close front unrounded vowel|i]], [[w:Near-close near-front unrounded vowel|ɪː]] | | [[w:Close front unrounded vowel|i]], [[w:Near-close near-front unrounded vowel|ɪː]] | ||
| [[w:Close back rounded vowel|u]], [[w:Near-close near-back rounded vowel|ʊː]] | | [[w:Close back rounded vowel|u]], [[w:Near-close near-back rounded vowel|ʊː]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
! [[w:Mid vowel|Mid]] | |||
| colspan="2" | [[w:Mid central vowel|ə]], [[w:Near-open central vowel|ɐː]] | | colspan="2" | [[w:Mid central vowel|ə]], [[w:Near-open central vowel|ɐː]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
! [[w:Open vowel|Open]] | |||
| [[w:Open central unrounded vowel|ä]] | | [[w:Open central unrounded vowel|ä]] | ||
| [[w:Open back rounded vowel|ɒ]] | | [[w:Open back rounded vowel|ɒ]] | ||
| Line 123: | Line 123: | ||
*/ə/ can be lengthened if it is the first component of a diphthong | */ə/ can be lengthened if it is the first component of a diphthong | ||
*/ɒ/ is raised to /ɔ/ by some speakers | */ɒ/ is raised to /ɔ/ by some speakers | ||
===Morphophonology=== | |||
====Apophony==== | |||
As we will talk about later, verbs in Makari have 2 stems, the "normal" stem and the "apophonic" stem. The apophonic stem, as its name implies, is a verbal stem where apophony occured on the two last syllables (apophony is stopped by stress). To know how to deduce that stem, here is a table of vowel alternation : | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" | |||
|+ Vowel alternation | |||
|- | |||
! Initial !! After apophony | |||
|- | |||
| a || áu | |||
|- | |||
| e || i | |||
|- | |||
| i || ío | |||
|- | |||
| o || ú | |||
|- | |||
| u || o | |||
|- | |||
| á, í, ú || a, i, u | |||
|} | |||
===Phonotactics and Stress=== | ===Phonotactics and Stress=== | ||
====Syllable Shape==== | ====Syllable Shape==== | ||
The maximum syllable shape of Makari is pretty strict, | The maximum syllable shape of Makari is pretty strict, as it is (C)V(C) | ||
====Stress==== | ====Stress==== | ||
Stress falls on the third-to-last syllable (or first syllable is the word has less than three syllables). For | Stress falls on the third-to-last syllable (or first syllable is the word has less than three syllables). For example, "tocája" is pronounced /ˈtɒcçɐjä/ | ||
==Grammar== | ==Grammar== | ||
===Nouns=== | ===Nouns=== | ||
====Cases==== | ====Cases==== | ||
Nouns in Makari are inflected using 7 cases | Nouns in Makari are inflected using 7 cases : | ||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:30em" | |||
|+ Makari case system | |||
|- | |||
! Case !! Usage | |||
|- | |||
| Nominative || Subject of a verb (+ predicate) | |||
|- | |||
| Genitive || Alienable possession, subject of verbs of experience | |||
|- | |||
| Dative || Indirect object, direct object of verbs of possession, inalienable possession (with «{{term|já}}»), lative case | |||
|- | |||
| Accusative || Direct object | |||
|- | |||
| Locative || Position in space, movement away from, derivation method | |||
|- | |||
| Vocative || Apostrophe | |||
|- | |||
| Prepositional || Objects of prepositions | |||
|} | |||
====Numbers==== | |||
In Makari, nouns are inflected using two numbers (or three depending on when the word was loaned) : | |||
* Singular | |||
* Paucal (Merged with the plural) | |||
* Plural | |||
====Paradigms==== | ====Paradigms==== | ||
{{template:Makari noun declension|class=V|red1=ár|red2=li|V1=á|1=ári|2=árí|3=áli}} | {| class="multicol" | ||
|- | |||
| {{template:Makari noun declension|class=V|red1=ár|red2=li|V1=á|1=ári|2=árí|3=áli}} | |||
| {{template:Makari noun declension|class=M|red1=to|red2=cá|V1=o|1=toká|2=toka|3=tocá}} | |||
| {{template:Makari noun declension|class=C|red1=ak|red2=an|V1=a|1=akan|2=akán|3=akat|4=aka}} | |||
|} | |||
===Verbs=== | |||
Verbs in Makari have 2 different stems : the "normal" stem and the "apophonic" stem (see [[Makari#Apophony]] for the stem rules). The apophonic stem is used for the perfect tense, and for the conditional. There are 13 main tenses and 4 compound tenses, 4 moods and 3 numbers. | |||
Certain verb forms use an augment, represented as «e» or «et» depending on the word | |||
Verbs are highly regular, expect for 4 verbs : the copula «ne», the locative copula «ita» , the possessive auxiliary «ru» and the negative auxiliary «á» | |||
{| class="multicol" | |||
|- | |||
| {{template:Makari verb conjugation|class=V|fs=C|1=kira|2=kíoráu}} | |||
| {{template:Makari verb conjugation|class=M|fs=V|1=ánicaúraí|2=ánicáuráu}} | |||
| {{template:Makari verb conjugation|class=C|fs=V|1=eteran|2=etiráun}} | |||
|} | |||
[[Category:Makari]] | [[Category:Makari]] | ||
[[Category:Languages]] | [[Category:Languages]] | ||
[[Category:Conlangs]] | [[Category:Conlangs]] | ||
Latest revision as of 22:08, 1 November 2024
| Makari | |
|---|---|
| Macári | |
 | |
| Pronunciation | [macçɐ:ri] |
| Created by | Aenil |
| Date | 2024 |
| Native to | Lincai (Lićaí) |
Language isolate
| |
Early form | Proto-Kinavel
|
Makari (autoglossonym: Macári, Makari : /macçɐ:ri/) is a language spoken in the province of Lincai (Makari : Lićaí /liçaɪ:/). After the Kinavel language was brought to Lincai, the language underwent a small number of phonological changes, like the loss of the uvular sounds, and a fricatization of the plosives, that gave a fully-fledged affricate set, replacing the old Kinavel plosive set
Etymology
The language name is derived from the Proto-Kinavel word *n¹qarí /ɳ̩qerɪː/ meaning "language, speech", which gave the Kinavel word nŭkeri /nuˑkeri/ meaning "communication"
Orthography
Alphabet
The Makari alphabet is composed of 24 letters (20 "base letters" and 4 "diacritic letters") :
| Makari alphabet (in order) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Letter | Aa | Áá | Cc | Ćć | Ee | Pp | Ff | Hh | Ii | Íí | Jj | Kk | Xx | Ll | Mm | Nn | Oo | Rr | Tt | Ss | Uu | Úú | Vv | |
| IPA | ä | ɐ | cç | ç | ə | pɸ | ɸ | h | i | ɪ | j | kx | x | l | m | n | ŋ | ɒ | r | ts | s | u | ʊ | w |
Phoneme type
During the rest of the article, and especially in grammar, the letters C, V and M will be referring to different type of phonemes. Here's a table of correspondence :
| Letter | Description |
|---|---|
| C | All consonants |
| V | Non-diacritical vowels |
| M | Diacritical vowels |
Phonology
Consonants
| Labials | Alveolars | Palatals/ Velars |
Glottals | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | ŋ | |
| Affricate | pɸ | ts | cç, kx | |
| Fricative | ɸ | s | ç, x | h |
| Approximant | (w) | l | j, w | |
| Trill | r |
Notes :
- /cç/ and /ç/ are pronounced /tʃ/ and /ʃ/ by some speakers
- /kx/ and /x/ are pronounced /qχ/ and /χ/ after back vowels
- Although the traditional pronounciation of <w> is /ʋ/, almost all speakers have shifted to /w/ or /β/
Vowels
| Front | Back | |
|---|---|---|
| Close | i, ɪː | u, ʊː |
| Mid | ə, ɐː | |
| Open | ä | ɒ |
Notes:
- /ɪː/ and /ʊː/ are often realized as /i:/ and /u:/ in stressed syllables
- /ə/ can be lengthened if it is the first component of a diphthong
- /ɒ/ is raised to /ɔ/ by some speakers
Morphophonology
Apophony
As we will talk about later, verbs in Makari have 2 stems, the "normal" stem and the "apophonic" stem. The apophonic stem, as its name implies, is a verbal stem where apophony occured on the two last syllables (apophony is stopped by stress). To know how to deduce that stem, here is a table of vowel alternation :
| Initial | After apophony |
|---|---|
| a | áu |
| e | i |
| i | ío |
| o | ú |
| u | o |
| á, í, ú | a, i, u |
Phonotactics and Stress
Syllable Shape
The maximum syllable shape of Makari is pretty strict, as it is (C)V(C)
Stress
Stress falls on the third-to-last syllable (or first syllable is the word has less than three syllables). For example, "tocája" is pronounced /ˈtɒcçɐjä/
Grammar
Nouns
Cases
Nouns in Makari are inflected using 7 cases :
| Case | Usage |
|---|---|
| Nominative | Subject of a verb (+ predicate) |
| Genitive | Alienable possession, subject of verbs of experience |
| Dative | Indirect object, direct object of verbs of possession, inalienable possession (with «já»), lative case |
| Accusative | Direct object |
| Locative | Position in space, movement away from, derivation method |
| Vocative | Apostrophe |
| Prepositional | Objects of prepositions |
Numbers
In Makari, nouns are inflected using two numbers (or three depending on when the word was loaned) :
- Singular
- Paucal (Merged with the plural)
- Plural
Paradigms
|
|
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Verbs
Verbs in Makari have 2 different stems : the "normal" stem and the "apophonic" stem (see Makari#Apophony for the stem rules). The apophonic stem is used for the perfect tense, and for the conditional. There are 13 main tenses and 4 compound tenses, 4 moods and 3 numbers.
Certain verb forms use an augment, represented as «e» or «et» depending on the word
Verbs are highly regular, expect for 4 verbs : the copula «ne», the locative copula «ita» , the possessive auxiliary «ru» and the negative auxiliary «á»
|
|
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||