Dlav: Difference between revisions

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Typically, a root plus an interfix forms a stem, and adding an suffix forms a word. Interfixes are not mandatory.
Typically, a root plus an interfix forms a stem, and adding an suffix forms a word. Interfixes are not mandatory.
* Dlàv- ‘Dlav (language)’, nouns like that, lacking an interfix, are often called root nouns.
* Dlàv- ‘Dlav (language)’, nouns like that, lacking an interfix, are often called root nouns.
* Dlàv-ey- ‘a Dlav speaker’, with an interfix, nouns with an interfix are called stem nouns.
* Dlv-ey- ‘a Dlav speaker’, with an interfix, nouns with an interfix are called stem nouns.
* Dlàv-ey-ra ‘a Dlav speaker’, with a suffix.
* Dlv-i-ra ‘a fluent Dlav speaker’, with a suffix.
 
Interfixes and suffixes always zero grade the preceding element. Zero grade nouns don't change.


==Grammar==
==Grammar==
Line 188: Line 190:
===Noun inflection===
===Noun inflection===
Dlav nouns inflect by case and number:
Dlav nouns inflect by case and number:
* Eleven cases: nominative, accusative, dative, genitive, instrumental, abessive, comitative, inessive, adessive, allative, ablative.
* Twelve cases: nominative, accusative, dative, genitive, instrumental, abessive, comitative, inessive, adessive, allative, ablative and elative.
** Of which, five cases are strong, i.e. they need the original grade form of a root, those are: nominative, accusative, dative, inessive and ablative.
** Of which, five are strong (i.e. keep the original grade of the word): nominative, accusative, instrumental, inessive and ablative
** Five are weak, counterparting the strong cases: genitive, dative, abessive, allative and elative
** Two are neuter, lacking counterparts and having reduplicative nature: adessive and comitative.
* Two genders: animate and inanimate.
* Two numbers: singular and plural.
* Two numbers: singular and plural.


The animate declension has the following paradigma:
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
|-
! Number
! Number
! Case
! Case
! strong (originally full grade) declension
! strong (originally full grade)ᵃ declension
! weak (originally zero grade) declension
! weak (originally zero grade) declension
|-
|-
!rowspan=11| Singular
!rowspan=12| Singular
! {{small|nom.}}
! {{small|nom.}}
| Dlàv (-∅)
| Dlàv (-∅)
Line 205: Line 211:
|-
|-
! {{small|acc.}}¹
! {{small|acc.}}¹
| Dlàv-m  
| Dlàv-m
| Ney-ñ
| Ney-ñ
|-
|-
! {{small|dat.}}²
! {{small|dat.}}¹
| Dlàv-e-ski
| Dlv-mà
| Ney-ski
| Niey-ñ
|-
|-
! {{small|gen.}}³
! {{small|gen.}}
| Dlv (-∅)
| Dlv (-∅)
| Niey (-∅)
| Niey (-∅)
|-
|-
! {{small|ins.}}
! {{small|ins.}}²
| Dlv-o
| Dlàv-ź
| Niey-o
| Ney-ź
|-
! {{small|abe.}}²
| Dlv-źà
| Niey-ź
|-
! {{small|com.}}³
| Dlàv-à
| Ney-n
|-
! {{small|ine.}}
| Dlàv-eꜣ
| Ney-eꜣ
|-
! {{small|ade.}}⁴
| Dlàv-dlv
| Ney-ni
|-
! {{small|all.}}
| Dlv-àꜣ
| Niey-eꜣ
|-
! {{small|abl.}}⁵
| Dlàv-b
| Ney-ḏ
|-
! {{small|ela.}}⁵
| Dlv-bà
| Niey-ḏ
|}
|}


¹ The nasal mora sandhi according to the preceding consonant. If there is no consonant, /n/ is the default. <br>
ᵃ With mobile vowel. <br>
² An -e- interfix is added if two obstruents collide. <br>
¹ The nasal mora always suffers sandhi after a consonant. If there is no consonant, /n/ is applied. <br>
³ The grade is reversed, as explained.
² The palatal sibilant mora always suffer voice sandhi after a consonant. If there is no consonant, /ɕ/ is applied. <br>
³ The root vowel is reduplicated. <br>
⁴ The reverse grade is reduplicated. <br>
⁵ The plosive mora always suffers sandhi after a consonant, both in voice and articulation. If there is no consonant, /t/ is applied.

Latest revision as of 14:12, 2 November 2024


Dlav (/dlʌv/, also Dilav /dɪlʌv/; endonym: Dlàv [dlav]) is an a priori language created by Lëtzelúcia.

Phonology

Consonant phonemes of Dlav
Labial Dental/
Alveolar 		Postalveolar Palatal Velar Uvular Glottal
Nasal /m/ /n/ ñ /ɲ/ ṅ /ŋ/
Plosive voiceless /p/ /t/ ṯ /c/ /k/ ꜣ /q/
voiced /b/ /d/ ḏ /ɟ/ g /ɡ/ q /ɢ/
ejective ṗ /pʼ/ ṭ /tʼ/ ḳ /kʼ/
Fricative voiceless /f/ /s/ š /ʃ/ ś /ɕ/ ḫ /χ/ h /h/
voiced /v/ /z/ ž /ʒ/ ź /ʑ/
Affricate voiceless c /t͡ʃ/
voiceless j /d͡ʒ/
Approximant semivowel y /j/ [j̃] /w/ [w̃]
lateral /l/ ĺ /ʎ/
Trill /r/
  • Nasalised approximants only happen before a nasal consonant.
  • /m n ɲ ŋ w j l ʎ r/ have syllabic allophones: [m̩ n̩ ɲ̍ ŋ̍ u i l̩ ʎ̩ r̩].
Vowel phonemes of Dlav
Front Central Back
oral nasal oral nasal oral nasal
Close /i/ [ĩ] /u/ [ũ]
Close-mid /e/ [ẽ] /o/ [õ]
Open-mid è /ɛ/ è [ɛ̃] a /ɐ/ a [ɐ̃] ò /ɔ/ ò [ɔ̃]
Open à /a/ à [ã]
  • Nasalised vowels only happen before a nasal consonant.

Phonotactics

Dlav roots distinguish three main classes of consonants, arranged from high to low sonority:

  1. Non-palatal sonorants: /m n ŋ w l r/, denoted as N
  2. Palatal sonorants: /ɲ j ʎ/, denoted as J
  3. Obstruents, denoted as C. These include five subgroups:
    • Plosives, except ejectives, denoted as P.
    • Ejectives, denoted as E.
    • The affricates /t͡ʃ d͡ʒ/, denoted as Z.
    • The sibilants /s z ʃ ʒ ɕ ʑ/, denoted as S.
    • The non-sibilants /f v χ h/, denoted as H.

The follow rules are applied:

  1. Onset and coda always have a consonant, ranging from C to CCCC.
    • A main onset or a coda are mandatory for a syllable to become a root.
    • The only mandatory element of a root is N or J in its onset or coda.
  2. The consonant closer to the main howel always have the higher sonority.
  3. Only one member of each sonority group appear in the onset or coda.
    • However, P is allowed to exist together with S or H.

A good example is the name of the language itself, Dlàv, which is organised as CCVC, namely PNVH, spro- ‘to die’ is also a possible root, but **sṗro- is not.

There are two grades for a syllable:

  1. The full grade, which has a vowel, such as na- ‘to sleep’.
  2. The zero grade, which only has a syllabic sonorant, such as n- [n̩-] ‘to (have a) nap’, the zero grade form of na-.

The declension of the word is highly linked to its grade:

  1. The genitive form of a full grade root asks for its zero grade form: Dlàv [dlav] nom.sg. > Dlv [dl̩v] gen.sg.
  2. Likewise, the genitive form of a zero grade word asks for a full grade with an -i-: ney [n̩.ej] ‘napper’ nom.sg. > niey [ni.ej] gen.sg.

Word formation

Typically, a root plus an interfix forms a stem, and adding an suffix forms a word. Interfixes are not mandatory.

  • Dlàv- ‘Dlav (language)’, nouns like that, lacking an interfix, are often called root nouns.
  • Dlv-ey- ‘a Dlav speaker’, with an interfix, nouns with an interfix are called stem nouns.
  • Dlv-i-ra ‘a fluent Dlav speaker’, with a suffix.

Interfixes and suffixes always zero grade the preceding element. Zero grade nouns don't change.

Grammar

Dlav is a fusional language with high degree of inflection, as such, there can be a large number of words deried from the same root.

Noun inflection

Dlav nouns inflect by case and number:

  • Twelve cases: nominative, accusative, dative, genitive, instrumental, abessive, comitative, inessive, adessive, allative, ablative and elative.
    • Of which, five are strong (i.e. keep the original grade of the word): nominative, accusative, instrumental, inessive and ablative
    • Five are weak, counterparting the strong cases: genitive, dative, abessive, allative and elative
    • Two are neuter, lacking counterparts and having reduplicative nature: adessive and comitative.
  • Two genders: animate and inanimate.
  • Two numbers: singular and plural.

The animate declension has the following paradigma:

Number Case strong (originally full grade)ᵃ declension weak (originally zero grade) declension
Singular nom. Dlàv (-∅) Ney (-∅)
acc.¹ Dlàv-m Ney-ñ
dat.¹ Dlv-mà Niey-ñ
gen. Dlv (-∅) Niey (-∅)
ins.² Dlàv-ź Ney-ź
abe.² Dlv-źà Niey-ź
com.³ Dlàv-à Ney-n
ine. Dlàv-eꜣ Ney-eꜣ
ade.⁴ Dlàv-dlv Ney-ni
all. Dlv-àꜣ Niey-eꜣ
abl.⁵ Dlàv-b Ney-ḏ
ela.⁵ Dlv-bà Niey-ḏ

ᵃ With mobile vowel.
¹ The nasal mora always suffers sandhi after a consonant. If there is no consonant, /n/ is applied.
² The palatal sibilant mora always suffer voice sandhi after a consonant. If there is no consonant, /ɕ/ is applied.
³ The root vowel is reduplicated.
⁴ The reverse grade is reduplicated.
⁵ The plosive mora always suffers sandhi after a consonant, both in voice and articulation. If there is no consonant, /t/ is applied.

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