Verse:Mwail/Quququqquq: Difference between revisions
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{{Infobox language | |||
|image = | |||
|imagesize = | |||
|creator = | |||
|name = Quququqquq | |||
|nativename = quququqquq qaqqaäa | |||
|pronunciation=kʰùvūvūkūɰˀ kʰàkǣǽǣ | |||
|setting = [[Verse:Mwail]] | |||
|region = | |||
|speakers=1.5 billion | |||
|date=2025 | |||
|familycolor=austronesian | |||
|fam1=[[Verse:Mwail/Irenesian languages|Irenesian]] | |||
|fam2=[[Verse:Mwail/Erno-Kawenic languages|Erno-Kawenic]] | |||
|fam3=[[Verse:Mwail/Kawenic languages|Kawenic]] | |||
|fam4=Quququqquqqic | |||
|fam5=Old Quququqquq | |||
|iso3= | |||
|official= | |||
|notice=IPA | |||
}} | |||
'''Quququqquq''' (/ku:ku:'kʊkkʊk/, natively ''quququqquq qaqqaäa'' /kùkùkùkːùk kàkːàáà/ [kʰùvūvūkūɰˀ kʰàkǣǽǣ]) is the most phonologically minimalistic [[Kawenic languages|Kawenic]] language, with just one consonant /k/, two vowels /u a/, and two tones (high, Romanized ''ä ü'' and low, Romanized ''a u''). | |||
Quququqquq grammar is mainly inspired by Finnic languages. Like Estonian, Quququqquq is a partially fusionalized agglutinative language with a large noun case system. | |||
Todo | == Todo == | ||
auääuauüuauüq - a word like õueaiaäär | |||
== History == | |||
Old Quququqquq had two consonants /t k/. After an epidemic hit, speakers could only communicate in a whistled form of the language, which didn't distinguish between the two consonants. When they later developed a written language based on this, the distinction was thus lost. Words that became homophonous were distinguished by compounding and derivation. | |||
== Phonology == | |||
=== Allophony === | |||
=== Phonotactics === | |||
Initial q must be followed by a vowel | |||
Geminate q may occur after a vowel, including word-finally | |||
Any sequence of vowels/tones are allowed, except äää/aaa/üüü/uuu | |||
== Morphology == | |||
=== Nouns and adjectives === | |||
Quququqquq nouns and adjectives have 17 cases: | |||
# '''nominative''': the syntactic subject of any verb, intransitive or transitive | |||
# '''genitive''': the possessor of a noun, or the semantic patient of a verb (the noun that undergoes change as a result of a transitive verb) | |||
# '''partitive''': an object of a transitive verb that is not semantically a patient | |||
# '''illative''': 'into' | |||
# '''inessive''': 'in, inside' | |||
# '''elative''': 'out of' | |||
# '''allative''': 'towards; recipient of an act of giving' | |||
# '''adessive''': 'at, by, next to' | |||
#* ''X-ADE qau Y-NOM'' is used for 'X has Y': ''Qauaqqüqua qau qüqququqau'' 'Qauaqquq has a cuckoo' | |||
# '''ablative''': 'from; a person who something is taken, stolen, etc. from' | |||
# '''translative''': 'becoming X' | |||
# '''terminative''': 'as far as a location, until/by a certain point in time' (Korean -까지) | |||
# '''durative''': 'at (temporal), during' | |||
# '''essive''': 'being X' | |||
# '''exessive''': 'becoming something else than X' | |||
# '''comitative''': 'together with X' | |||
# '''abessive''': 'without X' | |||
# '''instructive''': 'using X' | |||
( | ==== Inflection ==== | ||
Nouns and adjectives have four principal parts: | |||
* I: nominative singular (never ends in -qq) | |||
* II: genitive singular (never ends in -q) | |||
* III: genitive plural (often but not always ends in ''-qa''; never ends in -q) | |||
* IV: partitive plural (often III+q but not always) | |||
Some partitive plurals have vowel alternations: | |||
-a -> -ü | |||
-ä -> -u | |||
-u -> -ä | |||
-ü -> -a | |||
Given principal parts nouns are declined as follows: | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | |||
|+ | |||
|- | |||
!| !! singular !! plural | |||
|- | |||
!|nominative | |||
| I || II-q | |||
|- | |||
!|genitive | |||
| II || III | |||
|- | |||
!|partitive | |||
| I-q || IV | |||
|- | |||
!|illative | |||
| II-ü || III-ü | |||
|- | |||
!|inessive | |||
| II-qqu || III-qqu | |||
|- | |||
!|elative | |||
| II-qqüq || III-qqüq | |||
|- | |||
!|allative | |||
| II-qua || III-qua | |||
|- | |||
!|adessive | |||
| II-qqa || III-qqa | |||
|- | |||
!|ablative | |||
| II-qqäq || III-qqäq | |||
|- | |||
!|translative | |||
| II-ququ || III-ququ | |||
|- | |||
!|terminative | |||
| II-quaä || III-quaä | |||
|- | |||
!|durative | |||
| II-quqqü || III-quqqü | |||
|- | |||
!|essive | |||
| II-qaua || III-qaua | |||
|- | |||
!|exessive | |||
| II-qauäq || III-qauäq | |||
|- | |||
!|comitative | |||
| II-qqäqu || III-qqäqu | |||
|- | |||
!|abessive | |||
| II-uqqau || III-uqqau | |||
|- | |||
!|instructive | |||
| II-qqaqqu || III-qqaqqu | |||
|} | |||
Examples: | |||
{{col-begin}} | |||
{{col-break}} | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | |||
|+ ''aqua, aqü, aquaqa, aquauq'' 'water' | |||
|- | |||
!| !! singular !! plural | |||
|- | |||
!|nominative | |||
|'''aqua'''||aqüq | |||
|- | |||
!|genitive | |||
|'''aqü''' ||'''aquaqa''' | |||
|- | |||
!|partitive | |||
|aquaq||'''aquauq''' | |||
|- | |||
!|illative | |||
| aqüü || aquaqaü | |||
|- | |||
!|inessive | |||
| aqüqqu || aquaqaqqu | |||
|- | |||
!|elative | |||
| aqüqqüq|| aquaqaqqüq | |||
|- | |||
!|allative | |||
| aqüqua || aquaqaqua | |||
|- | |||
!|adessive | |||
| aqüqqa || aquaqaqqa | |||
|- | |||
!|ablative | |||
| aqüqqäq || aquaqaqqäq | |||
|- | |||
!|translative | |||
| aqüququ || aquaqaququ | |||
|- | |||
!|terminative | |||
| aqüquaä || aquaqaquaä | |||
|- | |||
!|durative | |||
| aqüquqqü || aquaqaquqqü | |||
|- | |||
!|essive | |||
| aqüqaua || aquaqaqaua | |||
|- | |||
!|exessive | |||
| aqüqauäq || aquaqaqauäq | |||
|- | |||
!|comitative | |||
| aqüqqäqu || aquaqaqqäqu | |||
|- | |||
!|abessive | |||
| aqüuqqau || aquaqauqqau | |||
|- | |||
!|instructive | |||
| aqüqqaqqu || aquaqaqqaqqu | |||
|} | |||
{{col-break}} | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | |||
|+ ''quququqquq, quququqququ, quququqquqa, quququqquqq'' 'Quququqquq (adjective)' | |||
|- | |||
!| !! singular !! plural | |||
|- | |||
!|nominative | |||
|'''quququqquq'''|| quququqququq | |||
|- | |||
!|genitive | |||
|'''quququqququ''' ||'''quququqquqa''' | |||
|- | |||
!|partitive | |||
|quququqquqq ||'''quququqquqq''' | |||
|- | |||
!|illative | |||
| quququqququü || quququqquqaü | |||
|- | |||
!|inessive | |||
| quququqququqqu || quququqquqaqqu | |||
|- | |||
!|elative | |||
| quququqququqqüq || quququqquqaqqüq | |||
|- | |||
!|allative | |||
| quququqquququa || quququqquqaqua | |||
|- | |||
!|adessive | |||
| quququqququqqa || quququqquqaqqa | |||
|- | |||
!|ablative | |||
| quququqququqqäq || quququqquqaqqäq | |||
|- | |||
!|translative | |||
| quququqququququ || quququqquqaququ | |||
|- | |||
!|terminative | |||
| quququqquququaä || quququqquqaquaä | |||
|- | |||
!|durative | |||
| quququqquququqqü || quququqquqaquqqü | |||
|- | |||
!|essive | |||
| quququqququqaua || quququqquqaqaua | |||
|- | |||
!|exessive | |||
| quququqququqauäq || quququqquqaqauäq | |||
|- | |||
!|comitative | |||
| quququqququqqäqu || quququqquqaqqäqu | |||
|- | |||
!|abessive | |||
| quququqququuqqau || quququqquqauqqau | |||
|- | |||
!|instructive | |||
| quququqququqqaqqu || quququqquqaqqaqqu | |||
|} | |||
{{col-break}} | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | |||
|+ ''qaqqaäa, qaqqaäa, qaqqaäqa, qaqqaäaq'' 'tongue, language' | |||
|- | |||
!| !! singular !! plural | |||
|- | |||
!|nominative | |||
|'''qaqqaäa'''|| qaqqaäaq | |||
|- | |||
!|genitive | |||
|'''qaqqaäa''' ||'''qaqqaäqa''' | |||
|- | |||
!|partitive | |||
|qaqqaäaq ||'''qaqqaäaq''' | |||
|- | |||
!|illative | |||
| qaqqaäaü || qaqqaäqaü | |||
|- | |||
!|inessive | |||
| qaqqaäaqqu || qaqqaäqaqqu | |||
|- | |||
!|elative | |||
| qaqqaäaqqüq || qaqqaäqaqqüq | |||
|- | |||
!|allative | |||
| qaqqaäaqua || qaqqaäqaqua | |||
|- | |||
!|adessive | |||
| qaqqaäaqqa || qaqqaäqaqqa | |||
|- | |||
!|ablative | |||
| qaqqaäaqqäq || qaqqaäqaqqäq | |||
|- | |||
!|translative | |||
| qaqqaäaququ || qaqqaäqaququ | |||
|- | |||
!|terminative | |||
| qaqqaäaquaä || qaqqaäqaquaä | |||
|- | |||
!|durative | |||
| qaqqaäaquqqü || qaqqaäqaquqqü | |||
|- | |||
!|essive | |||
| qaqqaäaqaua || qaqqaäqaqaua | |||
|- | |||
!|exessive | |||
| qaqqaäaqauäq || qaqqaäqaqauäq | |||
|- | |||
!|comitative | |||
| qaqqaäaqqäqu || qaqqaäqaqqäqu | |||
|- | |||
!|abessive | |||
| qaqqaäauqqau || qaqqaäqauqqau | |||
|- | |||
!|instructive | |||
| qaqqaäaqqaqqu || qaqqaäqaqqaqqu | |||
|} | |||
{{col-end}} | |||
=== Verbs === | |||
Unlike nouns and adjectives, most verbs have an unchanging stem. There are only two irregular verbs in the language: ''qaüqa'' 'to be' and ''quüqquqa'' 'to go'. | |||
Quququqquq verbs have several differences from those of Standard Average European: | |||
* verbs are negated using a negative verb that marks TAM | |||
* emphatic forms are used to emphasize the subject, instead of subject pronouns (cf. Old Irish) | |||
* impersonal forms are used instead of the passive voice | |||
Infinitives end in ''-uqa'' or ''-üqa'' depending on the verb. The connegative form (the form used after the negative verb) is always identical to the 2sg imperative except in irregular verbs. | |||
The suffix ''-uqqaqq'' can optionally be added to plural verb forms. The pragmatics of ''-uqqaqq'' varies by dialect. | |||
==== Regular ''-uqa'' verbs ==== | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto;" | |||
|+ | |||
''quqüäq-uqa'' 'to write' | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="10" | indicative mood | |||
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | imperative mood | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="2"| | |||
! colspan="2" | nonpast | |||
! colspan="2" | past | |||
! colspan="2" | nonpast emphatic | |||
! colspan="2" | past emphatic | |||
|- | |||
! per. || no. | |||
! affirmative || negative || affirmative || negative || affirmative || negative || affirmative || negative || affirmative || negative | |||
|- | |||
! 1st || rowspan="3" | sg. | |||
| quqüäq'''au''' || '''äau''' quqüäq'''a''' || quqüäq'''ää''' || '''äqqau''' quqüäq'''a''' || quqüäq'''auqqa''' || '''äqauqqa''' quqüäq'''a''' || quqüäq'''ääuqqa''' || '''äqqauqqa''' quqüäq'''a''' || - || - | |||
|- | |||
! 2nd | |||
| quqüäq'''u''' || '''äu''' quqüäq'''a''' || quqüäq'''äqu''' || '''äqqu''' quqüäq'''a''' || quqüäq'''qä''' || '''äqäqqä''' quqüäq'''a''' || quqüäq'''äqqä''' || '''äqqäqqä''' quqüäq'''a''' || quqüäq'''a''' || '''äua''' quqüäq'''a''' | |||
|- | |||
! 3rd | |||
| quqüäq'''uq''' || '''äa''' quqüäq'''a''' || quqüäq'''ä''' || '''äqq''' quqüäq'''a''' || quqüäq'''uqqa''' || '''äqaquqqa''' quqüäq'''a''' || quqüäq'''äqqa''' || '''äqqaqqa''' quqüäq'''a''' || quqüäq'''qaq''' || '''äuqaq''' quqüäq'''a''' | |||
|- | |||
! 1st || rowspan="3" | pl. | |||
| quqüäq'''aüq''' || '''äqaüq''' quqüäq'''a''' || quqüäq'''äaüq''' || '''äqqauq''' quqüäq'''a''' || quqüäq'''aüquqq''' || '''äqaüquqq''' quqüäq'''a''' || quqüäq'''äaüquqq''' || '''äqqaüquqq''' quqüäq'''a''' || quqüäq'''qaüq''' || '''äuqaüq''' quqüäq'''a''' | |||
|- | |||
! 2nd | |||
| quqüäq'''uquq''' || '''äququq''' quqüäq'''a''' || quqüäq'''äuquq''' || '''äqququq''' quqüäq'''a''' || quqüäq'''uququqq''' || '''äquququqq''' quqüäq'''a''' || quqüäq'''äuququqq''' || '''äqquququqq''' quqüäq'''a''' || quqüäq'''qü''' || '''äuqü''' quqüäq'''a''' | |||
|- | |||
! 3rd | |||
| quqüäq'''üüq''' || '''äqüüq''' quqüäq'''a''' || quqüäq'''äüüq''' || '''äqqüüq''' quqüäq'''a''' || quqüäq'''üüquqq''' || '''äqauqq''' quqüäq'''a''' || quqüäq'''äüüquqq''' || '''äqqauqq''' quqüäq'''a''' || quqüäq'''qaq''' || '''äuqaq''' quqüäq'''a''' | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="2" | impersonal | |||
| quqüäq'''ua''' || '''äqua''' quqüäq'''a''' || quqüäq'''äua''' || '''äqqua''' quqüäq'''a''' || - || - || - || - || quqüäq'''qua''' || '''äuqua''' quqüäq'''a''' | |||
|} | |||
==== Regular ''-üqa'' verbs ==== | |||
''-üqa'' results from assimilation of a stem ending in ''-u-'' + ''-uqa''. The rule ''u-u'' -> ''ü'' is applied whenever a suffix begins with ''u''. | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto;" | |||
|+ | |||
''auäqq-üqa'' 'to dig' | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="10" | indicative mood | |||
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | imperative mood | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="2"| | |||
! colspan="2" | nonpast | |||
! colspan="2" | past | |||
! colspan="2" | nonpast emphatic | |||
! colspan="2" | past emphatic | |||
|- | |||
! per. || no. | |||
! affirmative || negative || affirmative || negative || affirmative || negative || affirmative || negative || affirmative || negative | |||
|- | |||
! 1st || rowspan="3" | sg. | |||
| auäqq'''uau''' || '''äau''' auäqq'''ua''' || auäqqu'''ää''' || '''äqqau''' auäqq'''ua''' || auäqq'''uauqqa''' || '''äqauqqa''' auäqq'''ua''' || auäqqu'''ääuqqa''' || '''äqqauqqa''' auäqq'''ua''' || - || - | |||
|- | |||
! 2nd | |||
| auäqq'''ü''' || '''äu''' auäqq'''ua''' || auäqqu'''äqu''' || '''äqqu''' auäqq'''ua''' || auäqq'''uqä''' || '''äqäqqä''' auäqq'''ua''' || auäqq'''uäqqä''' || '''äqqäqqä''' auäqq'''ua''' || auäqq'''ua''' || '''äua''' auäqq'''ua''' | |||
|- | |||
! 3rd | |||
| auäqq'''üq''' || '''äa''' auäqq'''ua''' || auäqq'''uä''' || '''äqq''' auäqq'''ua''' || auäqq'''üqqa''' || '''äqaquqqa''' auäqq'''ua''' || auäqq'''uäqqa''' || '''äqqaqqa''' auäqq'''ua''' || auäqq'''uqaq''' || '''äuqaq''' auäqq'''ua''' | |||
|- | |||
! 1st || rowspan="3" | pl. | |||
| auäqq'''uaüq''' || '''äqaüq''' auäqq'''ua''' || auäqq'''uäaüq''' || '''äqqauq''' auäqq'''ua''' || auäqq'''uaüquqq''' || '''äqaüquqq''' auäqq'''ua''' || auäqq'''uäaüquqq''' || '''äqqaüquqq''' auäqq'''ua''' || auäqq'''uqaüq''' || '''äuqaüq''' auäqq'''ua''' | |||
|- | |||
! 2nd | |||
| auäqq'''üquq''' || '''äququq''' auäqq'''ua''' || auäqq'''uäuquq''' || '''äqququq''' auäqq'''ua''' || auäqq'''üququqq''' || '''äquququqq''' auäqq'''ua''' || auäqq'''uäuququqq''' || '''äqquququqq''' auäqq'''ua''' || auäqq'''uü''' || '''äuqü''' auäqq'''ua''' | |||
|- | |||
! 3rd | |||
| auäqq'''uüüq''' || '''äqüüq''' auäqq'''ua''' || auäqq'''uäüüq''' || '''äqqüüq''' auäqq'''ua''' || auäqq'''uüüquqq''' || '''äqauqq''' auäqq'''ua''' || auäqq'''uäüüquqq''' || '''äqqauqq''' auäqq'''ua''' || auäqq'''uqaq''' || '''äuqaq''' auäqq'''ua''' | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="2" | impersonal | |||
| auäqq'''üa''' || '''äqua''' auäqq'''ua''' || auäqq'''uäua''' || '''äqqua''' auäqq'''ua''' || - || - || - || - || auäqq'''uqua''' || '''äuqaua''' auäqq'''ua''' | |||
|} | |||
==== ''qaüqa'' 'to be' ==== | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto;" | |||
|+ | |||
''qaüqa'' 'to be' | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="10" | indicative mood | |||
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | imperative mood | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="2"| | |||
! colspan="2" | nonpast | |||
! colspan="2" | past | |||
! colspan="2" | nonpast emphatic | |||
! colspan="2" | past emphatic | |||
|- | |||
! per. || no. | |||
! affirmative || negative || affirmative || negative || affirmative || negative || affirmative || negative || affirmative || negative | |||
|- | |||
! 1st || rowspan="3" | sg. | |||
| qauau || äau qaua || qauää || äqqau qaua || qauauqqa || äqauqqa qaua || qauääuqqa || äqqauqqa qaua || - || - | |||
|- | |||
! 2nd | |||
| qaü || äu qaua || qauäqu || äqqu qaua || qauqä || äqäqqä qaua || qauäqqä || äqqäqqä qaua || qüu || äua qüu | |||
|- | |||
! 3rd | |||
| qau || äa qaua || qauä || äqq qaua || qaüqqa || äqaquqqa qaua || qauäqqa || äqqaqqa qaua || qüuqaq || äuqaq qüu | |||
|- | |||
! 1st || rowspan="3" | pl. | |||
| qauaüq || äqaüq qaua || qauäaüq || äqqauq qaua || qauaüquqq || äqaüquqq qaua || qauäaüquqq || äqqaüquqq qaua || qüuqaüq || äuqaüq qüu | |||
|- | |||
! 2nd | |||
| qaüquq || äququq qaua || qauäuquq || äqququq qaua || qaüququqq || äquququqq qaua || qauäuququqq || äqquququqq qaua || qüuqü || äuqü qüu | |||
|- | |||
! 3rd | |||
| qaüüq || äqüüq qaua || qauäüüq || äqqüüq qaua || qaüüquqq || äqauqq qaua || qauäüüquqq || äqqauqq qaua || qüuqaq || äuqaq qüu | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="2" | impersonal | |||
| qaüa || äqua qaua || qauäua || äqqua qaua || - || - || - || - || qüuqua || äuqua qüu | |||
|} | |||
==== ''quüqquqa'' 'to go' ==== | |||
This verb uses the stem ''aqäaq-'' in the indicative mood and the stem ''quüqq-'' in the imperative mood. | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto;" | |||
|+ | |||
''quüqquqa'' 'to go' | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="10" | indicative mood | |||
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | imperative mood | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="2"| | |||
! colspan="2" | nonpast | |||
! colspan="2" | past | |||
! colspan="2" | nonpast emphatic | |||
! colspan="2" | past emphatic | |||
|- | |||
! per. || no. | |||
! affirmative || negative || affirmative || negative || affirmative || negative || affirmative || negative || affirmative || negative | |||
|- | |||
! 1st || rowspan="3" | sg. | |||
| aqäaq'''au''' || '''äau''' aqäaq'''a''' || aqäaq'''ää''' || '''äqqau''' aqäaq'''a''' || aqäaq'''auqqa''' || '''äqauqqa''' aqäaq'''a''' || aqäaq'''ääuqqa''' || '''äqqauqqa''' aqäaq'''a''' || - || - | |||
|- | |||
! 2nd | |||
| aqäaq'''u''' || '''äu''' aqäaq'''a''' || aqäaq'''äqu''' || '''äqqu''' aqäaq'''a''' || aqäaq'''qä''' || '''äqäqqä''' aqäaq'''a''' || aqäaq'''äqqä''' || '''äqqäqqä''' aqäaq'''a''' || quüqq'''a''' || '''äua''' quüqq'''a''' | |||
|- | |||
! 3rd | |||
| aqäaq'''uq''' || '''äa''' aqäaq'''a''' || aqäaq'''ä''' || '''äqq''' aqäaq'''a''' || aqäaq'''uqqa''' || '''äqaquqqa''' aqäaq'''a''' || aqäaq'''äqqa''' || '''äqqaqqa''' aqäaq'''a''' || quüqq'''aq''' || '''äuqaq''' quüqq'''a''' | |||
|- | |||
! 1st || rowspan="3" | pl. | |||
| aqäaq'''aüq''' || '''äqaüq''' aqäaq'''a''' || aqäaq'''äaüq''' || '''äqqauq''' aqäaq'''a''' || aqäaq'''aüquqq''' || '''äqaüquqq''' aqäaq'''a''' || aqäaq'''äaüquqq''' || '''äqqaüquqq''' aqäaq'''a''' || quüqq'''aüq''' || '''äuqaüq''' quüqq'''a''' | |||
|- | |||
! 2nd | |||
| aqäaq'''uquq''' || '''äququq''' aqäaq'''a''' || aqäaq'''äuquq''' || '''äqququq''' aqäaq'''a''' || aqäaq'''uququqq''' || '''äquququqq''' aqäaq'''a''' || aqäaq'''äuququqq''' || '''äqquququqq''' aqäaq'''a''' || quüqq'''ü''' || '''äuqü''' quüqq'''a''' | |||
|- | |||
! 3rd | |||
| aqäaq'''üüq''' || '''äqüüq''' aqäaq'''a''' || aqäaq'''äüüq''' || '''äqqüüq''' aqäaq'''a''' || aqäaq'''üüquqq''' || '''äqauqq''' aqäaq'''a''' || aqäaq'''äüüquqq''' || '''äqqauqq''' aqäaq'''a''' || quüqq'''aq''' || '''äuqaq''' quüqq'''a''' | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="2" | impersonal | |||
| aqäaq'''ua''' || '''äqua''' aqäaq'''a''' || aqäaq'''äua''' || '''äqqua''' aqäaq'''a''' || - || - || - || - || quüqq'''ua''' || '''äuqua''' quüqq'''a''' | |||
|} | |||
=== Pronouns === | |||
Personal pronouns have no nominative forms; emphatic forms of verbs are used instead to emphasize a pronominal subject. | |||
Pronouns have emphatic forms too. | |||
* ''quqüü'' 'who, what' | |||
=== Derivation === | |||
== Phrasebook == | |||
* ''Uu.'' 'Yes.' | |||
* ''Aäa.'' 'No.' | |||
[[Category:Angai]] | [[Category:Angai]] | ||