|
Tags: Mobile edit Mobile web edit |
| (11 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown) |
| Line 1: |
Line 1: |
| {{Construction}} | | {{Construction}} |
|
| |
|
| Bright languages are constructed languages intended to be aesthetically pleasing, predictable, and stable in utterance. | | Bright languages are constructed languages often intended to be aesthetically pleasing, predictable, and phonologically stable. Examples are the elvish languages from J R. R. Tolkien's [[w:Middle-earth|Middle-earth]]. |
| | |
|
| |
|
| ==Introduction== | | ==Introduction== |
| Line 11: |
Line 10: |
|
| |
|
| ==Phonology== | | ==Phonology== |
| The bright version of Adamic has 3 vowels (4 with the diphthong) and 8 consonants, with the reason being that as a bright language strives to contain the most stable and distinct phonetic features, many possibilities are consciously deleted (mostly dorsal ones). For example, velar stops such as /k/ are problematic, as forms akin to /ku/ and /ki/ have the tendence to inevitably change to /kʷ/~/b/ or /kʲ/~/t͡ʃ/. Likewise, back vowels are totally erased, not only to contrast with dark tongues (which do not accept front vowels), but to avoid the sound change /du/ > /dʷ/~/b/.
| |
|
| |
|
| {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 396px; text-align:center;"
| |
| ! style="width: 66px; " |
| |
| ! style="width: 66px; " |Coronal
| |
| ! style="width: 66px; " |Labial
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Sonorant
| |
| | l r
| |
| | n m
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Non-Sonorant
| |
| | ʃ ʒ
| |
| | f v
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
|
| The
| |
|
| |
| {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 198px; text-align:center;"
| |
| ! style="width: 66px; " |
| |
| ! style="width: 66px; " |Front
| |
| ! style="width: 66px; " |Center
| |
| |-
| |
| !
| |
| | i ɛ
| |
| | a ae̯
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
|
| ===Sound Laws=== | | ===Sound Laws=== |
|
| |
|
| |
|
| |
| *Voicing [C̥VC̬VC̥]: due the influence of vocalic weight, consonants between vowels are voiced while initial and final consonants are voiceless
| |
| *Lenition/Dissimilation: due the displeasure of mimesis, if two bordering syllables/syllable portions possess the same consonant, the consonant of the weakest syllable (portion) disappears.<br>
| |
| EX: Adamic ''vāl'' "person" and ''vār'' "people" become ''al'' and ''elvi'' respectively in the Bright Tongue [''alf'' instead of ''*falf''].<br>
| |
| *Assimilation:
| |
| *Harmony: [a > e > i] or [i > e > a]<br>
| |
| *Mutation: consonants extend grade until there is only one.<br>
| |
| m/n + p -mb [extension of p]<br>
| |
| m/n + t -nd [extension of t]<br>
| |
| r/l + f -lb [extension of l]<br>
| |
| r/l + c -rd [extension of r]<br>
| |
| r/l + m = -lm [extension of m]<br>
| |
| r/l + n = -rn [extension of n]<br>
| |
| */s/ and /d/ can only happen before /a/, and if the opposite were to happen, the nucleus would be dropped.
| |
| EX: The hypothetical ''iridin'' becomes ''eren''
| |
| *Due the tendence of final consonants to be easily lost, only consonant clusters and sonorants are allowed as final codas. Also, final /m/ and /n/ disappear as the precedent vowel is nasalized.
| |
|
| |
|
| |
| /s/ > /h/ > /∅/
| |
| /d/ > /dʲ/ > /ʒ/
| |
| ni ere, ni irija
| |
|
| |
|
| |
| alba "people" [alf, elbi]
| |
| arda "things" [arc, irida]
| |
| alma "high faculties" [a, elmi]
| |
| arna "emotions, sensations" [an, erni]
| |
| amba "time" [amf, embi]
| |
| anda "space" [anc, inida]
| |
| -
| |
| endar "land", arni "lands"
| |
| embal "celestial body", ambeli...
| |
|
| |
| o
| |
|
| |
| NA > ni [0], nae [1]
| |
| alba enir
| |
| ni, pe, ae
| |
| MA
| |
| NA
| |
| PA
| |
| TA
| |
| LA
| |
| RA
| |
| -
| |
| ALBA
| |
| ARDA
| |
| AMBA
| |
| ANDA
| |
| ALMA
| |
| ARNA
| |
|
| |
|
| |
| aia aio
| |
|
| |
| nao aocar i
| |
|
| |
| nua valár
| |
|
| |
| ni erec alber
| |
|
| |
| fla
| |
| alf
| |
|
| |
| *analytic
| |
| *one article
| |
| *no declension
| |
| *context and syntax play important role
| |
|
| |
| ni arc alber
| |
| ni erec alber =/= ni erec er alf
| |
| ni irida alber
| |
|
| |
| mi irida elbi
| |
|
| |
| er alf, alber
| |
|
| |
| er enc, endar
| |
|
| |
| er ec, edar
| |
|
| |
| mer endar
| |
|
| |
|
| |
|
| |
| ird
| |
| iru er
| |
|
| |
| ni, mi
| |
| ec, fe
| |
| al, ar
| |
|
| |
|
| |
|
| |
| mi irida ilmini ec
| |
|
| |
| iridin
| |
|
| |
| elbi
| |
|
| |
| ci
| |
|
| |
|
| |
| alber
| |
|
| |
| Adamic verb
| |
| rā > ar
| |
| arú > erec
| |
| ārú > irida
| |
|
| |
| ar ereC iriCV
| |
|
| |
|
| |
|
| |
| nua sit, askút
| |
| ni eren
| |
| -
| |
| ísit ārú
| |
| ni irida ederen
| |
|
| |
| sikt > ren
| |
| hil > ...
| |
|
| |
|
| |
| L
| |
|
| |
|
| |
| ciren
| |
|
| |
|
| |
| nicae
| |
| ec
| |
| icae
| |
|
| |
| anu/nua > ni
| |
| ani/nia > nae
| |
| ana/nā > na
| |
|
| |
| ''Elbi irida ni indili'' = ''Ara avâla ana ahalâ''
| |
|
| |
|
| |
| Ni irida ereden, ec cilma
| |
| Tua hícal, rī askút
| |
|
| |
| hil > ciren?
| |
| -h-c-l- > indili
| |
| hácal > andal
| |
|
| |
|
| |
|
| |
|
| |
| ni irida andal
| |
|
| |
| erec & irida > -c-
| |
|
| |
| ni, idae
| |
| fe, ec
| |
| ae, cae
| |
|
| |
| fe erec > ec
| |
| ae erec > icae
| |
|
| |
| indili (v), andal (p)
| |
|
| |
|
| |
|
| |
| ciren (n), ederen (v)
| |
| cilba (n), indili (v)
| |
|
| |
| -s-k-t- > ciren, cirendë
| |
| h/q > n
| |
| s/z > c
| |
| k/g > r
| |
| -
| |
| t/d > nd
| |
| h/q>
| |
| z >
| |
| g > l
| |
| d > mb
| |
|
| |
| ===Consonants===
| |
|
| |
|
| |
| ===Vowels===
| |
| ===Prosody===
| |
| ====Stress====
| |
| ====Intonation====
| |
|
| |
| ===Phonotactics===
| |
| <!-- Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that are permissible for use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. -->
| |
| ===Morphophonology===
| |
|
| |
| ==Morphology==
| |
| The Bright Tongue is mostly composed of stems, which modify roots.
| |
|
| |
| ni irida eren...
| |
|
| |
| From one root, many stems are forged
| |
|
| |
| ncl > ner (*nendir), cilba, arnic, nalbi (*nadelbi)...
| |
|
| |
| ALMA > ELEME
| |
| eldar (alba-endar)
| |
| erbal (arda-elbar)
| |
| arbelë
| |
| ilben, ilbini
| |
| eleben, af
| |
| lef, felin
| |
| ilmen, ilmini
| |
| elemen, am
| |
| lem, melin
| |
|
| |
| irdem, irdimi
| |
| eredem, erc
| |
| rec, cerin
| |
|
| |
|
| ==Syntax== | | ==Syntax== |
