Mariupol Gothic: Difference between revisions

From Linguifex
Jump to navigation Jump to search
 
(51 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
Mariupol Gothic is a Germanic language spoken by approximately 15,000 people on the northern coast of the Sea of Azov. It is an East Germanic language, closely related to Biblical Gothic, however the language is not a lineal descendant of Biblical Gothic. Nonetheless the speakers of Mariupol Gothic refer to themselves as "Goths" and their language still shares enough similarities with Gothic to be considered related. The language is critically endangered, with only a handful of native speakers remaining, with most acquiring the language as an L2.
{{Infobox language
|image            =
|imagesize        =
|imagecaption      =
|name              = Mariupol Gothic
|nativename        = Гутишка (Gutiškă)
|pronunciation    = 'ɦutɪʃkə
|states            = Ukraine
|setting          = Earth
|created          = 2019
|familycolor      = Indo-European
|fam2              = [[w:Germanic languages|Germanic]]
|fam3              = [[w:East Germanic languages|East Germanic]]
|fam4              =
|fam5              =
|creator          = User:Aelfwine
|stand1            =
|dia1              =
|dia2              =
|dia3              =
|script1          = Cyrl
|script2          = Latn
|script3          =
|script4          =
|nation            =
|minority          = Ukraine, Russia
|agency            =
|map              =
|mapsize          =
|mapcaption        =
|notice            = IPA
|ethnicity        =
|ancestor          = [[w:Proto-Indo-European language|Proto-Indo-European]]
|ancestor2        = [[w:Proto-Germanic language|Proto-Germanic]]
|ancestor3        = Old Gothic
|ancestor4        = Middle Gothic
|ancestor5        =
}}
 
'''Mariupol Gothic''' (natively '''Гутишка ''Gutiškă''''' ['ɦutɪʃkə]) or '''Gothish''' is a Germanic language spoken by approximately 45,000 people on the northern coast of the Sea of Azov. It is an East Germanic language, closely related to Biblical Gothic, however the language is not a lineal descendant of Biblical Gothic. Nonetheless the speakers of Mariupol Gothic refer to themselves as "Goths" and their language still shares enough similarities with Gothic to be considered related. The language is critically endangered, with only a handful of native speakers remaining, with most acquiring the language as an L2.


== History ==
== History ==
Line 11: Line 50:
== Orthography ==
== Orthography ==


Since the 1920s Mariupol Gothic has been written in a Cyrillic alphabet based off of the Ukrainian script. The Biblical Gothic alphabet is also used, but it has been mostly limited to the liturgy. However, the Biblical Gothic letter þiuþ <𐌸> was imported to represent the /θ/ sound, it takes a form identical to that of Cyrillic psi.
Since the 1800s Mariupol Gothic has been written in a Cyrillic alphabet based off of the Ukrainian script. The Biblical Gothic alphabet is also used, but it has been mostly limited to the liturgy. However, the Biblical Gothic letter þiuþ <𐌸> was imported to represent the /θ/ sound, it takes a form identical to that of Cyrillic psi.


{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
(This chart is to be updated later as a picture.)
|-
! Letter
! Position
! Phoneme
|-
| [[w:A (Cyrillic)|А а]] || 1 || /ɑ, ɑː/
|-
| [[w:Be (Cyrillic)|Б б]] || 2 || /b/
|-
| [[w:Ve (Cyrillic)|В в]] || 3 || /v/
|-
| [[w:Ge (Cyrillic)|Г г]] || 4 || /ɣ/
|-
| [[w:Ghe with upturn|Ґ ґ]] || 5 || /g/
|-
| [[w:De (Cyrillic)|Д д]] || 6 || /d/
|-
| [[w:Ye (Cyrillic)|Е e]] || 7 || /e, eː/
|-
| [[w:Ukrainian Ye|Є є]] || 8 || /je/
|-
| [[w:e (Cyrillic)|Э э]] || 9 || /ə/
|-
| [[w:Ze (Cyrillic)|З з]] || 10 || /z/
|-
| [[w:I (Cyrillic)|И и]] || 11 || /i, iː/
|-
| [[w:Ka (Cyrillic)|К к]] || 12 || /k/
|-
| [[w:El (Cyrillic)|Л л]] || 13 || /l/
|-
| [[w:Em (Cyrillic)|М м]] || 14 || /m/
|-
| [[w:En (Cyrillic)|Н н]] || 15 || /n/
|-
| [[w:O (Cyrillic)|О o]] || 16 || /o, oː/
|-
| [[w:Pe (Cyrillic)|П п]] || 17 || /p/
|-
| [[w:Er (Cyrillic)|Р р]] || 18 || /r/
|-
| [[w:Es (Cyrillic)|С с]] || 19 || /s/
|-
| [[w:Te (Cyrillic)|Т т]] || 20 || /t/
|-
| [[w:U (Cyrillic)|У у]] || 21 || /u, uː/
|-
| [[w:Ef (Cyrillic)|Ф ф]] || 22 || /f/
|-
| [[w:Psi (Cyrillic)|Ѱ ѱ]] || 23 || /θ/
|-
| [[w:Kha (Cyrillic)|Х х]] || 24 || /x/
|-
| [[w:Sha (Cyrillic)|Ш ш]] || 25 || /ʃ/
|-
| [[w:Shcha|Щ щ]] || 26 || /ʃt/
|-
| [[w:Yu (Cyrillic)|Ю ю]] || 27 || /ju/
|-
| [[w:Ya (Cyrillic)| Я я]] || 28 || /ja/
|}


== Phonology ==
== Phonology ==
Line 80: Line 58:
=== Vowels ===
=== Vowels ===


In comparison to most other Germanic languages, Mariupol Gothic has an incredibly small vowel inventory of just 6 vowels, 5 of which can be lengthened. Additionally there are four diphthongs: eə, iə, oə, uə.
Relative to most other Germanic languages, Mariupol Gothic has an incredibly small vowel inventory of just 10 vowels.


{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
Line 91: Line 69:
! High
! High
| i iː
| i iː
!
|
| u uː
| u uː
|-
|-
! Mid
! Mid
| e eː
| e eː
| ə
|  
| o oː
| o oː
|-
|-
! Low
! Low
!
!
| a aː
!
!
| ɑ ɑː
|-
|-
|}
|}
Additionally, there are four diphthongs: eə, iə, oə, uə.


== Nouns ==
== Nouns ==


=== Strong Masculine Stems ===
=== Masculine Stems ===
 
==== u-stems ====
 
{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|-
!
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| винтс </br>''wints''
| виндэс </br>''windes''
|-
! Accusative
| винт </br>''wint''
| виндэнс </br>''windens''
|-
! Genitive
| виндэс </br>''windes''
| виндэ </br>''winde''
|-
! Genitive
| виндэ </br>''winde''
| виндэм </br>''windem''
|-
|}


{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center
{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center
Line 117: Line 123:
|-
|-
! Nominative
! Nominative
| дахс
| фаψэр </br>''faþer'' /ˈfaðər/
| дагэс
| фаψрэс </br>''faþres'' /ˈfaðrəs/
|-
|-
! Oblique
! Accusative
| дах
| фаψэр </br>''faþer''
| дагэнс
| фаψрэнс </br>''faþrens''
|-
! Genitive
| фаψэрс </br>''faþers''
| фаψрэ </br>''faþre''
|-
! Genitive
| фаψэр </br>''faþer''
| фаψрэм </br>''faþrem''
|-
|}
 
{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|-
!
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| фаψар </br>''faþar'' [ˈfaðər]
| фаψрюс </br>''faþrjus'' [ˈfaðrʲʊs]
|-
! Accusative
| фаψар </br>''faþar'' [ˈfaðər]
| фаψрунс </br>''faþruns'' [ˈfaðrʊns]
|-
! Genitive
| фаψарс </br>''faþars'' [ˈfaðərs]
| фаψри </br>''faþri'' [ˈfaðri]
|-
! Genitive
| фаψар </br>''faþar'' [ˈfaðər]
| фаψрам </br>''faþram'' [ˈfaðrəm]
|-
|-
|}
|}


=== Weak Masculine Stems ===


Mariupol Gothic weak masculine stems are inherited exclusively from Proto-Germanic an-stem masculine nouns. Example of a weak masculine stem noun, '''миэнэ''' (moon):  
 
=== Inanimate Masculine Stems ===
 
Mariupol Gothic inanimate masculine stems are inherited exclusively from Proto-Germanic an-stem masculine nouns. Example of an inanimate masculine stem noun, '''мина''' (moon):  


{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center
{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center
Line 137: Line 177:
|-
|-
! Nominative
! Nominative
| миэнэ
| минa </br>''mīnа''
| миэнэнс
| минaнс </br> ''mīnаns''
|-
! Accusative
| минa </br> ''mīnа''
| минaнс </br>''mīnаns''
|-
|-
! Oblique
! Genitive
| миэнэ
| минaнс </br>''mīnаns''
| миэнэнс
| мини </br>''mīni''
|-
|-
|}
|}


=== Strong Feminine Stems ===
=== Animate Feminine Stems ===
 
Mariupol Gothic strong feminine stems are made up of former Proto-Germanic ō-, ī- and jō-stem feminine nouns. Example of a strong feminine stem noun, '''раздэ''' (language):


{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center
{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center
Line 166: Line 208:
|}
|}


=== Weak Feminine Stems ===
=== Inanimate Feminine Stems ===
 
Mariupol Gothic weak feminine stems are made up of former Proto-Germanic ōn- and in-stem feminine nouns. Example of a weak feminine stem noun, '''тунгэ''' (tongue):


{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center
{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center
Line 177: Line 217:
|-
|-
! Nominative
! Nominative
| тунгэ
| разда</br> ''razda''
| тунгэнс
| раздус</br> ''razdus''
|-
|-
! Oblique
! Accusative
| тунгэн
| разда</br> ''razda''
| тунгэнс
| раздус</br> ''razdus''
|-
! Genitive
| раздус</br> ''razdus''
| разду</br> ''razdu''
|-
|-
|}
|}
Line 188: Line 232:
=== Strong Neuter Stems ===
=== Strong Neuter Stems ===


Gothish strong neuter stems are made up of former Proto-Germanic a- and u-stem neuters. Example of a strong neuter stem noun, '''броэт''' (bread):  
Gothish strong neuter stems are made up of former Proto-Germanic a- and u-stem neuters. Example of a strong neuter stem noun, '''бро̄т''' (bread):  


{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center
{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center
Line 197: Line 241:
|-
|-
! Nominative
! Nominative
| броэт
| брөт</br> ''brøt''
| броэдэ
| брөдэ</br> ''brøde''
|-
|-
! Oblique
! Accusative
| броэт
| брөт</br> ''brøt''
| броэдэ
| брөдэ</br> ''brøde''
|-
! Genitive
| брөдэс</br> ''brødes''
| брөдэ</br> ''brøde''
|-
! Dative
| брөдэ</br> ''brøde''
| брөдэм</br> ''brødem''
|-
|-
|}
|}
Line 208: Line 260:
=== Weak Neuter Stems ===
=== Weak Neuter Stems ===


Mariupol Gothic weak neuter stems are inherited exclusively from Proto-Germanic an-stem neuters. Example of a weak neuter stem noun, '''оэгэ''' (eye):  
Mariupol Gothic weak neuter stems are inherited exclusively from Proto-Germanic an-stem neuters. Example of a weak neuter stem noun, '''о̄гэ''' (eye):  


{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center
{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center
Line 217: Line 269:
|-
|-
! Nominative
! Nominative
| оэгэ
| өгэ</br> ''øge''
| оэгэнэ
| өгэнэ</br> ''øgene''
|-
! Accusative
| өгэ</br> ''øge''
| өгэнэ</br> ''øgene''
|-
|-
! Oblique
! Genitive
| оэгэ
| өгэнс</br> ''øgens''
| оэгэнэ
| өгэнэ</br> ''øgene''
|-
! Dative
| өгэн</br> ''øgen''
| өгэм</br> ''øgem''
|-
|-
|}
|}
Line 228: Line 288:
== Adjectives ==
== Adjectives ==


The adjectives have been greatly simplified since Proto-Germanic. They are divided into two different forms, strong and weak, and agree with case, number and gender with the noun they modify.
The adjectives have been greatly simplified since Proto-Germanic. They are divided into two different forms, strong and weak, and agree in case, number and gender with the noun they modify.


{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center
{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center
Line 263: Line 323:


== Verbs ==
== Verbs ==
Verbs are usually cited in four parts: the infinitive, the
Typically, the preterite
All verbs regardless of class share an infinitive ending in -эн.
The passive voice is formed with the past participle and the word геэн ''geen'' "to go."
== Class II ==


{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center
{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center
Line 275: Line 344:
|-
|-
!1st
!1st
| бѥдэ || бѥдэмс || бoт || будэм
| бю̄дэ || бю̄дэмс || бōт || будэм
|-
|-
!2nd
!2nd
| бѥдэс || бѥдэт || бoст || будэт
| бю̄дэс || бю̄дэт || бōст || будэт
|-
|-
!3rd
!3rd
| бѥдэт || бѥдэн || бoт || будэн
| бю̄дэт || бю̄дэн || бōт || будэн
|-
|-
!rowspan=2|
!rowspan=2|
Line 289: Line 358:
!PART.PST
!PART.PST
|-
|-
|| бѥдэн || бѥт || бѥдэнтс || бодэнс
|| бю̄дэн || бю̄т || бю̄дэнс || бодэнс
|}
|}


== Lord's Prayer ==


== Sound Changes ==
'''атта унсар ѳу ин еминам</br>
 
вихна ѳин нама</br>
=== Loss of /h/ ===
квема ѳин рика</br>
 
верѳа ѳинс виля</br>
=== Raising of long vowels ===
шве ин емина ях ана ерѳа'''
 
=== Monophthongization of /ai/ and /au/ ===
 
=== A-mutation ===
 
=== Devoicing of final fricatives ===
 
=== Palatalization ===
 
Mariupol Gothic changes /s/ to /ʃ/ before all sonorants (/m/, /n/, /l/, /w/). Additionally it changes /sk/ to /ʃ/.
 
=== Unstressed Vowel Reduction ===
 
=== Diphthongization of Long Vowels ===
 
== UDHR ==
 
'''All fers sein geborn frije'''
 
/ɑl fers sain gəˈborn friː/
 
''All men are born free...''

Latest revision as of 17:24, 10 October 2025

Mariupol Gothic
Гутишка (Gutiškă)
Pronunciation['ɦutɪʃkə]
Created byAelfwine
Date2019
SettingEarth
Native toUkraine
Early forms
Proto-Indo-European
Official status
Recognised minority
language in
Ukraine, Russia
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Mariupol Gothic (natively Гутишка Gutiškă ['ɦutɪʃkə]) or Gothish is a Germanic language spoken by approximately 45,000 people on the northern coast of the Sea of Azov. It is an East Germanic language, closely related to Biblical Gothic, however the language is not a lineal descendant of Biblical Gothic. Nonetheless the speakers of Mariupol Gothic refer to themselves as "Goths" and their language still shares enough similarities with Gothic to be considered related. The language is critically endangered, with only a handful of native speakers remaining, with most acquiring the language as an L2.

History

The history of the Goths in Ukraine begins with the Ostrogothic settlement of the Black Sea in the 4th century. Along with the Greeks, Alans, Bulgars and others, they made up part of the population in Crimea that followed Orthodox Christianity and were incorporated into the Byzantine Empire as the Principality of Theodoro. After the secession of the principality in the 13th century, Theodoro was overrun by the Mongols and became a vassal of the Golden Horde. The principality enjoyed a period of peace until the Ottoman Empire annexed its capital city of Mangup in 1475.

The Goths managed to maintain their culture and language throughout Ottoman occupation, however a great number of them converted to Islam and assimilated into the Crimean Tatars. During her reign, Catharine the Great invited the Christian Crimean Goths to settle recently conquered lands north of the Sea of Azov. There they were given a special protective status within the Russian Empire and were exempt from the draft.

During World War II many Goths were expelled to various oblasts in Siberia to work as slave labour for the Soviet war machine. Like the Germans in the USSR, the Goths were feared to be sympathetic to the Nazis and therefore were persecuted heavily during World War II. While some Goths returned to the Black Sea after the war, many others had emigrated abroad to countries such as Brazil and Argentina.

Orthography

Since the 1800s Mariupol Gothic has been written in a Cyrillic alphabet based off of the Ukrainian script. The Biblical Gothic alphabet is also used, but it has been mostly limited to the liturgy. However, the Biblical Gothic letter þiuþ <𐌸> was imported to represent the /θ/ sound, it takes a form identical to that of Cyrillic psi.

(This chart is to be updated later as a picture.)

Phonology

Vowels

Relative to most other Germanic languages, Mariupol Gothic has an incredibly small vowel inventory of just 10 vowels.

Front Central Back
High i iː u uː
Mid e eː o oː
Low a aː

Additionally, there are four diphthongs: eə, iə, oə, uə.

Nouns

Masculine Stems

u-stems

Singular Plural
Nominative винтс
wints 		виндэс
windes
Accusative винт
wint 		виндэнс
windens
Genitive виндэс
windes 		виндэ
winde
Genitive виндэ
winde 		виндэм
windem
Singular Plural
Nominative фаψэр
faþer /ˈfaðər/ 		фаψрэс
faþres /ˈfaðrəs/
Accusative фаψэр
faþer 		фаψрэнс
faþrens
Genitive фаψэрс
faþers 		фаψрэ
faþre
Genitive фаψэр
faþer 		фаψрэм
faþrem
Singular Plural
Nominative фаψар
faþar [ˈfaðər] 		фаψрюс
faþrjus [ˈfaðrʲʊs]
Accusative фаψар
faþar [ˈfaðər] 		фаψрунс
faþruns [ˈfaðrʊns]
Genitive фаψарс
faþars [ˈfaðərs] 		фаψри
faþri [ˈfaðri]
Genitive фаψар
faþar [ˈfaðər] 		фаψрам
faþram [ˈfaðrəm]


Inanimate Masculine Stems

Mariupol Gothic inanimate masculine stems are inherited exclusively from Proto-Germanic an-stem masculine nouns. Example of an inanimate masculine stem noun, мина (moon):

Singular Plural
Nominative минa
mīnа 		минaнс
mīnаns
Accusative минa
mīnа 		минaнс
mīnаns
Genitive минaнс
mīnаns 		мини
mīni

Animate Feminine Stems

Singular Plural
Nominative раздэ раздэс
Oblique раздэ раздэс

Inanimate Feminine Stems

Singular Plural
Nominative разда
razda 		раздус
razdus
Accusative разда
razda 		раздус
razdus
Genitive раздус
razdus 		разду
razdu

Strong Neuter Stems

Gothish strong neuter stems are made up of former Proto-Germanic a- and u-stem neuters. Example of a strong neuter stem noun, бро̄т (bread):

Singular Plural
Nominative брөт
brøt 		брөдэ
brøde
Accusative брөт
brøt 		брөдэ
brøde
Genitive брөдэс
brødes 		брөдэ
brøde
Dative брөдэ
brøde 		брөдэм
brødem

Weak Neuter Stems

Mariupol Gothic weak neuter stems are inherited exclusively from Proto-Germanic an-stem neuters. Example of a weak neuter stem noun, о̄гэ (eye):

Singular Plural
Nominative өгэ
øge 		өгэнэ
øgene
Accusative өгэ
øge 		өгэнэ
øgene
Genitive өгэнс
øgens 		өгэнэ
øgene
Dative өгэн
øgen 		өгэм
øgem

Adjectives

The adjectives have been greatly simplified since Proto-Germanic. They are divided into two different forms, strong and weak, and agree in case, number and gender with the noun they modify.

Strong Weak
Masculine Feminine Neuter Masculine Feminine Neuter
SG PL SG PL SG PL SG PL SG PL SG PL
NOM -с -э -э -эс -этэ
-		 -э -э -энс -э -энс -э -энэ
OBL - -эн

Verbs

Verbs are usually cited in four parts: the infinitive, the Typically, the preterite

All verbs regardless of class share an infinitive ending in -эн.

The passive voice is formed with the past participle and the word геэн geen "to go."

Class II

Present Preterite
SG PL SG PL
1st бю̄дэ бю̄дэмс бōт будэм
2nd бю̄дэс бю̄дэт бōст будэт
3rd бю̄дэт бю̄дэн бōт будэн
INF IMP PART.PRS PART.PST
бю̄дэн бю̄т бю̄дэнс бодэнс

Lord's Prayer

атта унсар ѳу ин еминам
 вихна ѳин нама
квема ѳин рика
верѳа ѳинс виля
шве ин емина ях ана ерѳа

Retrieved from "https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Mariupol_Gothic&oldid=472875"