User:Nicolasstraccia/afghanisketch: Difference between revisions

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Syllables may be structured as (C)(C)V(S)(C(C)), consisting of an optional syllable onset, one consonant; an obligatory syllable nucleus, consisting of a vowel optionally followed by a semivowel; and an optional syllable coda, one or two consonants.
Syllables may be structured as (C)(C)V(S)(C(C)), consisting of an optional syllable onset, one consonant; an obligatory syllable nucleus, consisting of a vowel optionally followed by a semivowel; and an optional syllable coda, one or two consonants.
* Onset
* Onset
** Consonant (C): can be any consonant. Composed of either one consonant or a C+continuant cluster (other clusters, which are only found in loanwords, are broke with an epenthetic /ə/ between the consonants.)
** Consonant (C): can be any consonant or semivowel. Composed of either one consonant or a C+continuant cluster (other clusters, which are only found in loanwords, are broke with an epenthetic /ə/ between the consonants.)
* Nucleus
* Nucleus
** Vowel or diphthong V
** Vowel or diphthong V
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{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
|-
| style="background:LightSteelBlue" colspan="2"|Marker || style="background:LightSteelBlue; text-align:center"|‹ › || style="background:LightSteelBlue; text-align:center"|// || style="background:LightSteelBlue; text-align:center"|[]
| style="background:LightSteelBlue" colspan="2"|Marker || style="background:LightSteelBlue; text-align:center"|⟨ ⟩ || style="background:LightSteelBlue; text-align:center"|// || style="background:LightSteelBlue; text-align:center"|[]
|-
|-
| style="background:LightBlue" colspan="2"| unmarked for evidentiality || colspan="3" style="text-align:center"| ∅
| style="background:LightBlue" colspan="2"| unmarked for evidentiality || colspan="3" style="text-align:center"| ∅
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| style="background:LightBlue" rowspan="2"| {{sc|hearsay}} || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|dialect 1 || -ëpdir || -əp.dir || -əp.ɖiʐ
| style="background:LightBlue" rowspan="2"| {{sc|hearsay}} || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|dialect 1 || -ëpdir || -əp.dir || -əp.ɖiʐ
|-
|-
| style="background:LightSteelBlue"|dialect 2 || -etfir || -əf.tir || -ef.ʈiʒ
| style="background:LightSteelBlue"|dialect 2 || -eftir || -ef.tir || -ef.ʈiʒ
|-
|-
| style="background:LightBlue" rowspan="2"| {{sc|indirect.evidence}} || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|dialect 1 || -dirmënäm || -dir.mə.næm || -diɾ.mə.næm
| style="background:LightBlue" rowspan="2"| {{sc|indirect.evidence}} || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|dialect 1 || -dirmënäm || -dir.mə.næm || -diɾ.mə.næm
|-
|-
| style="background:LightSteelBlue"|dialect 2 || -diṛënäm || -di..næm || -di..næm
| style="background:LightSteelBlue"|dialect 2 || -diṛenäm || -di.re.næm || -di.re.næm
|-
|-
| style="background:LightBlue" rowspan="2"| {{sc|rumour}} || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|dialect 1 || -mëṣ || -məʃ || -məʧ
| style="background:LightBlue" rowspan="2"| {{sc|rumour}} || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|dialect 1 || -mëṣ || -məʃ || -məç
|-
|-
| style="background:LightSteelBlue"|dialect 2 || -mëṣ || -məʃ || -məʧ
| style="background:LightSteelBlue"|dialect 2 || -meṣ || -meʃ || -meʂ
|-
|-
|}
|}
(the phonology of dialect 2 still needs revision)


====Negation====
====Negation====


Negative verb:  ‹ϑīwṣ› /ˈθiːwʃ/ [ˈθiːwç]. It doesn’t inflect for person or number.
Negative verb:  ⟨ϑīwṣ⟩ /ˈθiːwʃ/ [ˈθiːwç]. It doesn’t inflect for person or number.


Negative suffix: -yūṣ› /jūʃ/ [juːç]. It comes after the stem and before the tense suffix. In addition to -yūṣ there is another suffix -kyem› /kjem/ or -kuom› /ku.om/ [kʷom]. It appears -kyem› is used when dealing with one event, -yūṣ› for more habitual or lasting states.
Negative suffix: -yūṣ⟩ /jūʃ/ [juːç]. It comes after the stem and before the tense suffix. In addition to -yūṣ there is another suffix -kyem⟩ /kjem/ or -kuom⟩ /ku.om/ [kʷom]. It appears -kyem⟩ is used when dealing with one event, -yūṣ⟩ for more habitual or lasting states.


===Syntax===
===Syntax===


N/A
N/A
V/Adv
V/Adv
Posessed/Posessor
Posessed/Posessor


The normal word order is subject–object–verb.
The normal word order is subject–object–verb.

Latest revision as of 22:56, 26 November 2015


This language started as a prospective sketch for commission N°271 in the LCS's Jobs Board. After not having been submitted as a proposal, it freely departed from the original premise and stands now on its own particular terms without any pretence of affiliation to the aforementioned project whatsoever.


Phonology and orthography


Phonology

Vowels

Front Near-front Central Near-back Back
Close
Blank vowel trapezoid.svg
i(ː)
u(ː)
e(ː)
o(ː)
ə
æ
äː
ɒ
Near‑close
Close‑mid
Mid
Open‑mid
Near‑open
Open

Consonants

Labial Coronal Dorsal Labiovelar Laryngeal
Bilabial Labiodental Dental Alveolar Palatoalveolar Retroflex Palatal Velar Uvular Glottal
Plosive p b t d [ʈ] [ɖ] k g [q] [ɢ] ʔ
Nasal m n [ɳ] ɲ ŋ ŋʷ
Trill r
Tap/flap [ɾ]
Fricative ɸ β [f] [v] θ [ð] s z ʃ ʒ [ʂ] [ʐ] [ç] [ʝ] x [ɣ] h
Africate ʦ ʣ ʧ ʤ
Approximant ɹ j w
Lateral Appr. l

Phonotaxis

Syllable structure

Syllables may be structured as (C)(C)V(S)(C(C)), consisting of an optional syllable onset, one consonant; an obligatory syllable nucleus, consisting of a vowel optionally followed by a semivowel; and an optional syllable coda, one or two consonants.

  • Onset
    • Consonant (C): can be any consonant or semivowel. Composed of either one consonant or a C+continuant cluster (other clusters, which are only found in loanwords, are broke with an epenthetic /ə/ between the consonants.)
  • Nucleus
    • Vowel or diphthong V
    • Semivowel (S)
  • Coda
    • First consonant (C): can be any consonant.
    • Second consonant (C): can also be any consonant (mostly /d/, /k/, /s/, /t/, & /z/).

Allophony and coarticulation


Orthography

Latin transcription
Vowels
IPA i e o u ɒ äː æ ə
Romanization i ī e ē o ō u ū a ā ä ë
Alternative romanization i î e ê o ô u û a â á é
Consonants
IPA p b t d k g ʔ m n ɲ ŋ ŋʷ r ɹ l j w
Romanization p b t d k g ' m n ń ṇw ŕ r l y w
Alternative romanization p b t d k g ' m n ny ng ngw r rh l y w
ɸ β θ s z ʃ ʒ x ɣ h ʦ ʣ ʧ ʤ
f v ϑ s z x ǵ xw h ts dz ĉ ĵ
f v th s z sh zh x gh xw h ts dz ch dj

Morphology and syntax

Morphology

Split ergativity. In the present tense or future tense, the subject is marked as nominative, and the object is marked as accusative. In the past tense, however, the subject of a transitive verb is marked as oblique, and the verb agrees with the object.

Nouns

Case Marker
Nominative nom
Accusative acc -NA dialect 1 -në, -ϑë, -të, -xwe, -ϑe, -te
dialect 2 -na, -ϑa, -da, -ṇwe, -ṣe, -se
Genitive gen -NEK dialect 1 -nëk, -ϑëk, -tëk, -nek, -ϑek, -tek
dialect 2 -niǵ, -ϑik, -diǵ -neǵ, -ϑeǵ, -teǵ
Dative dat -KA dialect 1 -ka, -ge, -ko, -kä
dialect 2 -xwa, -xwe, -xo, -xwä
Locative loc -TA dialect 1 -ta, -da, -to, -do
dialect 2 -te, -de, -tä, -dä
Ablative abl -TAn dialect 1 -tan, -dan, -ϑon, -tun
dialect 2 -ton, -don, -ϑän, -ϑun
Oblique obl -SuN dialect 1 -sū, -ṣun, -son
dialect 2 -zum, -ẓō, -zon

Verbs

Verbs are conjugated for singular and plural number and first, second, and third persons.

There are two types of verbs distinguished by their infinitive forms: those ending in the suffix -lam /lɒm/ and those ending in -rom /ɹom/.

Evidentiality

The direct.evidence marker -dir and the rumour marker -mëṣ appear to coalesce as part of the indirect.evidence marker -dirmë[ṣ]näm, but the etymological evidence is not yet conclusive.

Marker ⟨ ⟩ // []
unmarked for evidentiality
direct.evidence dialect 1 -dir -dir -diʐ
dialect 2 -dir -dir -ɖiʒ
hearsay dialect 1 -ëpdir -əp.dir -əp.ɖiʐ
dialect 2 -eftir -ef.tir -ef.ʈiʒ
indirect.evidence dialect 1 -dirmënäm -dir.mə.næm -diɾ.mə.næm
dialect 2 -diṛenäm -di.re.næm -di.re.næm
rumour dialect 1 -mëṣ -məʃ -məç
dialect 2 -meṣ -meʃ -meʂ

Negation

Negative verb: ⟨ϑīwṣ⟩ /ˈθiːwʃ/ [ˈθiːwç]. It doesn’t inflect for person or number.

Negative suffix: ⟨-yūṣ⟩ /jūʃ/ [juːç]. It comes after the stem and before the tense suffix. In addition to -yūṣ there is another suffix ⟨-kyem⟩ /kjem/ or ⟨-kuom⟩ /ku.om/ [kʷom]. It appears ⟨-kyem⟩ is used when dealing with one event, ⟨-yūṣ⟩ for more habitual or lasting states.

Syntax

N/A

V/Adv

Posessed/Posessor

The normal word order is subject–object–verb.