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{{Infobox language
|image =
|imagesize =
|creator = [[User:Praimhín|Praimhín]]
|name = {{PAGENAME}}
|nativename = ''dhünanæ Rængcadnær''
|pronunciation=  /ðʉnanɛ ɹ̱ɛŋkadnɛɹ̱/
|setting = Zul
|region = A parallel California coast
|familycolor=pulchric
|fam1= Pulchric
|fam2= Forest Pulchric
|fam3= P-Forest Pulchric
|script={{PAGENAME}} script (a.k.a. IPA gibberish)
|iso3=qgh
|notice=IPA
}}
<!--
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I. Write a short piece stating your intents and purposes when creating the language (Design goal, inspiration, ideas, and so on).
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III. Once done, try making sure everything is properly spelt so as to avoid unnecessary reader fatigue.
-->
==Introduction==
<!-- Design goals, inspiration, ideas, who speaks it?, when was it created?, where does it come from?, any peculiarities? -->
<!-- Example categories/headings:
Goals
Setting
Inspiration
-->
<!-- ***Phonology*** -->
<!-- What sounds does your language use? -->
<!-- Here are some example sub-/other categories:
Vowel inventory
Consonant inventory
Syllable structure
Stress
Intonation
-->
==Phonology==
===Orthography===
{{PAGENAME}} uses its own native alphabet.
The phonetic value of any consonant letter is the first consonant in its name - so that <χ> for example sounds like 'ts' (i.e. /ts/) and <ɧ> sounds like 'λ' (i.e. /ɮ/)
The letters themselves are derived from pictograms.
* pæsj = bear = ɤ
* tænwef = mushroom = ɷ
* tsordh = hourglass = χ
* sæn = head = ɵ
* tσæba = goblet = ʋ
* σværa = clock = ɸ
* tjiweσ = cloud = ɯ
* sjwæt = rose = ɘ
* cmath = jaw = ɜ
* banr = hill = ʌ
* driλ = river = ʭ
* dzitra = fence = ʜ
* zaweth = ant = ɶ
* dλersja = plough = ʄ
* λa = human being = ɧ
* djarva = seesaw = ʎ
* zji = hair = ɪ
* gænø = foot = ɺ
* minth = arm = ʏ
* nuret = star = ʞ
* ŋølær = boat = ʁ
* reλæth = tree = ʡ
* rhoadzet = pineapple = ð
* lif = moon = ɔ
* wuthma = whale = ɚ
* yachta = navel = ʘ
* lenition sign = ː
The phonetic value of a vowel letter is the first vowel in its name.
* a: ʱ (called ''λa ære'', 'small human being')
* æ: ˠ (''pæsj ære'' 'small bear')
* e: ˀ (''reλæth ære'' 'small tree')
* i: ʷ (''tjiweσ ære'' 'small cloud')
* o: ˣ (''tsordh ære'' 'small hourglass')
* ø: ʶ (''ŋølær ære'' 'small boat')
* u: ˧˥ (''nuret ære'' 'small star')
The symbol ǃ is sometimes used as an alternative to ʞ (''nuret'') after a vowel and before a consonant. So for example, denr (three) is written <ʭˠǃʡ>. It's called ''nuret tharsj'' 'narrow star'.
Punctuation is as follows:
* [ ] = quotation marks
* . = space/word boundary marker
* ɭ = period
* ɭɭ = comma
* ʕ̰ = semicolon
* ʕ = colon
* The punctuation mark ˈ is placed before sentences and clauses, and ˌ before proper names.
ˈɤˠ.ɵˣǃɚˠ.ʏˀʞɤːʱʡʞʱɷːˀɭɭ.[ˈɜˣ.ˀɤːɵʱ.ʭːˀ.ɘɚˠɷ.ʏˀʋːˠʌʱʞˠʡɭ]
Pæ sonwæ menfarnathe, "Co efsa dhe sjwæt meσæbanær."
The person said, "There's water and a rose in the goblet."
===Consonants===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!  !! Labial !! Dental !! Alveolar !! Lateral !! Postalveolar !! Palatal !! Velar !! Glottal
|-
| Voiceless Stop/Affricate || p /pʰ/ || t /tʰ/ || ts /ts/ || tσ /tɬ/ || tj /tʃ/ ||  || c /kʰ/ || 
|-
| Voiced Stop/Affricate || b /p~b/ || d /t~d/ || dz /dz/ || dλ /dɮ/ || dj /dʒ/|| || g /k~g/||
|-
| Voiceless Fricative || f /f/ || th /θ/|| s /s/ || σ /ɬ/|| sj /ʃ/ || || ch /x/ || h /h/
|-
| Voiced Fricative || v /v/ || dh /ð/|| z /z/|| λ /ɮ/ || zj /ʒ/|| || gh /ɣ/||
|-
| Nasal || m /m/|| n /n/|| || || || || ng /ŋ/ ||
|-
| Approximant ||  || || || l /ɫ/|| r /ɹ̱/|| y /j/|| w /w/||
|}
===Vowels===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Vowel !! IPA
|-
| a|| /a/
|-
| æ|| /ɛ/
|-
| e|| /ɘ/ or /ə/ depending on dialect
|-
| i|| /ɪ/
|-
| o|| /ɔ/
|-
| ø|| /ɵ/
|-
| u|| /ʉ/
|}
===Lenition===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| '''Normal''' || p || t || ts || s || tσ || σ || tj || sj || c || b || d || dz || z || dλ || λ || dj || zj || g
|-
| '''Lenited''' || f || th || s || h || σ || h || sj || h || ch || v || dh || z || 0 || λ || 0 || zj || 0 || gh
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| '''Normal''' || m || n || ng || w || l || r || y
|-
| '''Lenited''' || w || n || w || w || w || r || y
|}
===Prosody===
====Stress====
Stress is on the first syllable, not counting prefixes.
====Intonation====
===Phonotactics===
<!-- Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that are permissible for use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. -->
===Morphophonology===
==Morphology==
===Nouns===
Nouns have 2 genders (masculine and feminine) and 11 cases (nominative, genitive, accusative, dative, locative, exlocative, instrumental, abessive, equative, anti-equative, and vocative).
Noun stems often get lenited. Lenition works as follows:
* When the noun begins with a lenitable consonant (any consonant besides f, v, th, dh, ch and gh), the first consonant gets lenited. If the first consonant is z, λ or zj and there's a prefix before the lenited stem, an epenthetic -n- is inserted between the prefix and the stem.
* When the noun begins with a vowel, an n- is inserted before the stem.
* When the noun begins with a nonlenitable consonant (f, v, th, dh, ch or gh), an n- is inserted before the stem if there's a prefix before the stem that ends in a vowel. Otherwise, ne- is inserted before the stem.
For example:
# bær 'leaf' → vær
# rasj 'spouse' → rasj
# zaweth 'ant' → aweth
# zawesj 'ant' (genitive) → awesj, '''ʙᴜᴛ''':
# λø + lenited form of zawesj 'like an ant' → λønawesj
# ensæ 'fruit' → nensæ
# farnathe 'speech' (genitive) → nefarnathe, '''ʙᴜᴛ''':
# me + lenited form of farnathe 'speaking' → menfarnathe
# ow + lenited form of farnathe 'not speaking' → ownefarnathe
====Feminine nouns====
Most nouns are feminine and decline as follows:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Case !! Indefinite Singular !! Indefinite Plural !! Definite Singular !! Definite Plural
|-
| Nominative || [nom stem] || [nom stem]+me || [nom stem]+næ || [nom stem]+nø
|-
| Genitive || [gen stem] || [nom stem]+men || [nom stem]+nær || [nom stem]+nør
|-
| Accusative || [acc stem] || [nom stem]+meth || [nom stem]+næth || [nom stem]+nøth
|-
| Dative || æn+[gen stem] || æn+[nom stem]+men || æn+[nom stem]+nær || æn+[nom stem]+nør
|-
| Locative || me+[lenited gen stem] || me+[lenited nom stem]+men || me+[lenited nom stem]+nær || me+[lenited nom stem]+nør
|-
| Exlocative || ow+[lenited gen stem] || ow+[lenited nom stem]+men || ow+[lenited nom stem]+nær || ow+[lenited nom stem]+nør
|-
| Instrumental || rø+[lenited gen stem] || rø+[lenited nom stem]+men || rø+[lenited nom stem]+nær || rø+[lenited nom stem]+nør
|-
| Abessive || tsø+[lenited gen stem] || tsø+[lenited nom stem]+men || tsø+[lenited nom stem]+nær || tsø+[lenited nom stem]+nør
|-
| Equative || λø+[lenited gen stem] || λø+[lenited nom stem]+men || λø+[lenited nom stem]+nær || λø+[lenited nom stem]+nør
|-
| Anti-equative || ød+[lenited gen stem] || ød+[lenited nom stem]+men || ød+[lenited nom stem]+nær || ød+[lenited nom stem]+nør
|-
| Vocative || [lenited nom stem] || [lenited nom stem]+me || [lenited nom stem]+næ || [lenited nom stem]+nø
|}
* [nom stem] is the dictionary form of a noun.
* [gen stem] is the genitive stem, formed by adding -e if the noun ends in a consonant and -n if the noun ends in a vowel.
* [acc stem] is the accusative stem, formed by adding -eth if the noun ends in a consonant and -th if the noun ends in a vowel.
Here are two examples:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! ''erim'' 'tail' !! Indefinite Singular !! Indefinite Plural !! Definite Singular !! Definite Plural
|-
| Nominative || erim || erimme || erimnæ || erimnø
|-
| Genitive || erime || erimmen || erimnær || erimnør
|-
| Accusative || erimeth || erimmeth || erimnæth || erimnøth
|-
| Dative || ænerime || ænerimmen || ænerimnær || ænerimnør
|-
| Locative || menerime || menerimmen || menerimnær || menerimnør
|-
| Exlocative || ownerime || ownerimmen || ownerimnær || ownerimnør
|-
| Instrumental || rønerime || rønerimmen || rønerimnær || rønerimnør
|-
| Abessive || tsønerime || tsønerimmen || tsønerimnær || tsønerimnør
|-
| Equative || λønerime || λønerimmen || λønerimnær || λønerimnør
|-
| Anti-equative || ødnerime || ødnerimmen || ødnerimnær || ødnerimnør
|-
| Vocative || nerim || nerimme || nerimnæ || nerimnø
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! ''neσa'' 'rope' !! Indefinite Singular !! Indefinite Plural !! Definite Singular !! Definite Plural
|-
| Nominative || neσa || neσame || neσanæ || neσanø
|-
| Genitive || neσan || neσamen || neσanær || neσanør
|-
| Accusative || neσath || neσameth || neσanæth || neσanøth
|-
| Dative || ænneσan || ænneσamen || ænneσanær || ænneσanør
|-
| Locative || meneσan || meneσamen || meneσanær || meneσanør
|-
| Exlocative || owneσan || owneσamen || owneσanær || owneσanør
|-
| Instrumental || røneσan || røneσamen || røneσanær || røneσanør
|-
| Abessive || tsøneσan || tsøneσamen || tsøneσanær || tsøneσanør
|-
| Equative || λøneσan || λøneσamen || λøneσanær || λøneσanør
|-
| Anti-equative || ødneσan || ødneσamen || ødneσanær || ødneσanør
|-
| Vocative || neσa || neσame || neσanæ || neσanø
|}
====Masculine nouns====
=====First declension=====
First declension masculine nouns end in consonants and the genitive stem is identical to the nominative stem, unless the final consonant is th, dh, s or z, in which case this final consonant is replaced with sj, zj, sj or zj respectively. The accusative stem is formed from the nominative stem as follows:
* If the final consonant is th or dh, it's replaced with t or d respectively.
* If the final consonant is a voiced fricative that is not dh, -dh is suffixed.
* Otherwise, -th is suffixed.
The paradigm is:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Case  !! Indefinite Singular !! Indefinite Plural !! Definite Singular !! Definite Plural
|-
| Nominative || [nom stem] || [nom stem]+me || [nom stem]+æ || [nom stem]+ø
|-
| Genitive || [gen stem] || [nom stem]+men || [nom stem]+ær || [nom stem]+ør
|-
| Accusative || [acc stem] || [nom stem]+meth || [nom stem]+æth || [nom stem]+øth
|-
| Dative || æn+[gen stem] || æn+[nom stem]+men || æn+[nom stem]+ær || æn+[nom stem]+ør
|-
| Locative || me+[lenited gen stem] || me+[lenited nom stem]+men || me+[lenited nom stem]+ær || me+[lenited nom stem]+ør
|-
| Exlocative || ow+[lenited gen stem] || ow+[lenited nom stem]+men || ow+[lenited nom stem]+ær || ow+[lenited nom stem]+ør
|-
| Instrumental || rø+[lenited gen stem] || rø+[lenited nom stem]+men || rø+[lenited nom stem]+ær || rø+[lenited nom stem]+ør
|-
| Abessive || tsø+[lenited gen stem] || tsø+[lenited nom stem]+men || tsø+[lenited nom stem]+ær || tsø+[lenited nom stem]+ør
|-
| Equative || λø+[lenited gen stem] || λø+[lenited nom stem]+men || λø+[lenited nom stem]+ær || λø+[lenited nom stem]+ør
|-
| Anti-equative || ød+[lenited gen stem] || ød+[lenited nom stem]+men || ød+[lenited nom stem]+ær || ød+[lenited nom stem]+ør
|-
| Vocative || [lenited nom stem] || [lenited nom stem]+me || [lenited nom stem]+æ || [lenited nom stem]+ø
|}
Here's an example:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! ''newæth'' 'root' !! Indefinite Singular !! Indefinite Plural !! Definite Singular !! Definite Plural
|-
| Nominative || newæth || newæthme || newæthæ || newæthø
|-
| Genitive || newæsj || newæthmen || newæthær || newæthør
|-
| Accusative || newæt || newæthmeth || newæthæth || newæthøth
|-
| Dative || ænnewæsj || ænnewæthmen || ænnewæthær || ænnewæthør
|-
| Locative || menewæsj || menewæthmen || menewæthær || menewæthør
|-
| Exlocative || ownewæsj || ownewæthmen || ownewæthær || ownewæthør
|-
| Instrumental || rønewæsj || rønewæthmen || rønewæthær || rønewæthør
|-
| Abessive || tsønewæsj || tsønewæthmen || tsønewæthær || tsønewæthør
|-
| Equative || λønewæsj || λønewæthmen || λønewæthær || λønewæthør
|-
| Anti-equative || ødnewæsj || ødnewæthmen || ødnewæthær || ødnewæthør
|-
| Vocative || newæth || newæthme || newæthæ || newæthø
|}
=====Second declension=====
Second declension masculine nouns end in vowels. The genitive stem is formed by:
* suffixing -r if the last vowel is preceded immediately by a consonant cluster ending in a consonant that's not p, t, c, b, d, g, f, th, ch, v, dh or gh;
* otherwise, replacing the last vowel with -r.
The paradigm is as follows:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Case !! Indefinite Singular !! Indefinite Plural !! Definite Singular !! Definite Plural
|-
| Nominative || [nom stem] || [gen stem]+em || [gen stem]+æ || [gen stem]+ø
|-
| Genitive || [gen stem]+e || [gen stem]+emen || [gen stem]+ær || [gen stem]+ør
|-
| Accusative || [gen stem]+th || [gen stem]+emeth || [gen stem]+æth || [gen stem]+øth
|-
| Dative || æn+[gen stem]+e || æn+[gen stem]+emen || æn+[gen stem]+ær || æn+[gen stem]+ør
|-
| Locative || me+[lenited gen stem]+e || me+[lenited gen stem]+emen || me+[lenited gen stem]+ær || me+[lenited gen stem]+ør
|-
| Exlocative || ow+[lenited gen stem]+e || ow+[lenited gen stem]+emen || ow+[lenited gen stem]+ær || ow+[lenited gen stem]+ør
|-
| Instrumental || rø+[lenited gen stem]+e || rø+[lenited gen stem]+emen || rø+[lenited gen stem]+ær || rø+[lenited gen stem]+ør
|-
| Abessive || tsø+[lenited gen stem]+e || tsø+[lenited gen stem]+emen || tsø+[lenited gen stem]+ær || tsø+[lenited gen stem]+ør
|-
| Equative || λø+[lenited gen stem]+e || λø+[lenited gen stem]+emen || λø+[lenited gen stem]+ær || λø+[lenited gen stem]+ør
|-
| Anti-equative || ød+[lenited gen stem]+e || ød+[lenited gen stem]+emen || ød+[lenited gen stem]+ær || ød+[lenited gen stem]+ør
|-
| Vocative || [lenited nom stem] || [lenited gen stem]+em || [lenited gen stem]+æ || [lenited gen stem]+ø
|}
An example:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! ''mæλnø'' 'love' !! Indefinite Singular !! Indefinite Plural !! Definite Singular !! Definite Plural
|-
| Nominative || mæλnø || mæλnørem || mæλnøræ || mæλnørø
|-
| Genitive || mæλnøre || mæλnøremen || mæλnørær || mæλnørør
|-
| Accusative || mæλnørth || mæλnøremeth || mæλnøræth || mæλnørøth
|-
| Dative || ænmæλnøre || ænmæλnøremen || ænmæλnørær || ænmæλnørør
|-
| Locative || mewæλnøre || mewæλnøremen || mewæλnørær || mewæλnørør
|-
| Exlocative || owwæλnøre || owwæλnøremen || owwæλnørær || owwæλnørør
|-
| Instrumental || røwæλnøre || røwæλnøremen || røwæλnørær || røwæλnørør
|-
| Abessive || tsøwæλnøre || tsøwæλnøremen || tsøwæλnørær || tsøwæλnørør
|-
| Equative || λøwæλnøre || λøwæλnøremen || λøwæλnørær || λøwæλnørør
|-
| Anti-equative || ødwæλnøre || ødwæλnøremen || ødwæλnørær || ødwæλnørør
|-
| Vocative || wæλnø || wæλnørem || wæλnøræ || wæλnørø
|}
Verbal nouns ending in -ø are always second declension masculine.
* deλø 'to rest', genitive stem deλr-
* ithø 'to eat', genitive stem ithr-
* mærthø 'to sit', genitive stem mærthr-
<!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. -->
<!-- Here are some example subcategories:
Nouns
Adjectives
Verbs
Adverbs
Particles
Derivational morphology
-->
==Syntax==
===Constituent order===
The Rencadian word order is TSVO (tense-subject-verb-object) or TSOV (tense-subject-object-verb). The tense is indicated by a particle:
co = present progressive
pæ = past
sjin = future
cøvo = simple present
pænwæ = past habitual (the equivalent of "used to" in English)
Tense particles, like prepositions, may fuse with pronouns.
(yet to create tables)
===Noun phrase===
Noun phrases are consistently head-initial.
There are no adjectives per se in Rencadian, only abstract nouns whose genitives can function as adjectives:
zjær = 'smallness' (genitive zjære)
doasc ære = small number
zaweth zjære = small ant
Adjectives lenite after feminine nouns but not after masculine nouns.
Relative clauses are marked with the words 're' or 'tje' (both meaning 'of', but 're' is used when the complement is definite). Rencadian uses resumptive pronouns a lot -- so "the man who the wolf ate" literally translates as "the man of the wolf eating him"
the man who the wolf ate: λanæ tje porew menithre cæwth (insert gloss)
the man from Frichorsj (a place) = λanæ re nFrichorsjnæ
the man in Frichorsj = λanæ tje menFrichorsjnær (there's polyagglutination)
===Verb phrase===
===Sentence phrase===
===Dependent clauses===
<!-- etc. etc. -->
==Numerals==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Number !! {{PAGENAME}} symbol !! Word
|-
| 0 || Ψ || dira
|-
| 1|| I || æth
|-
| 2|| V || slonw
|-
| 3|| N || dænr
|-
| 4|| M || stjiw
|-
| 5|| E || dhasjtur
|-
| 6|| IΨ || mæch
|-
| 7|| II || æthach
|-
| 8|| IV || slonwach
|-
| 9|| IN || dænrach
|-
| 10|| IM || stjiwach
|-
| 11|| IE || dhasjturach
|-
| 12|| VΨ|| slonwæσ
|-
| 13|| VI|| slonwæσ a næth
|-
| 14|| VV|| slonwæσ a hlonw
|-
| 15|| VN|| slonwæσ a dhænr
|-
| 16|| VM|| slonwæσ a htjiw
|-
| 17|| VE|| slonwæσ a ndhasjtur
|-
| 18|| NΨ|| dænræσ
|-
| 35|| EE|| dhasjturæσ a ndhasjtur
|-
| 36|| IΨΨ|| rægh
|-
| 1295|| EEEE|| dhasjturæσ a ndhasjtur rægh a dhasjturæσ a ndhasjtur
|-
| 1296|| IʼΨΨΨΨ|| dmozj
|-
| 2592|| VʼΨΨΨΨ|| slonw dmozj
|-
| 3888|| NʼΨΨΨΨ|| dænr dmozj
|-
| 5184|| MʼΨΨΨΨ|| stjiw dmozj
|-
| 6480|| EʼΨΨΨΨ|| dhasjtur dmozj
|-
| 7776|| IΨʼΨΨΨΨ|| mæch dhmozj
|-
| 9072|| IIʼΨΨΨΨ|| æthach dhmozj
|-
| 1679616|| IʼΨΨΨΨʼΨΨΨΨ|| dmozjir
|-
| 2176782336|| IʼΨΨΨΨʼΨΨΨΨʼΨΨΨΨ|| tsifed
|-
| 2821109907456|| IʼΨΨΨΨʼΨΨΨΨʼΨΨΨΨʼΨΨΨΨ || tsifedir
|-
| 3656158440062976|| IʼΨΨΨΨʼΨΨΨΨʼΨΨΨΨʼΨΨΨΨʼΨΨΨΨ|| verσiw
|-
| 4738381338321616896|| IʼΨΨΨΨʼΨΨΨΨʼΨΨΨΨʼΨΨΨΨʼΨΨΨΨʼΨΨΨΨ|| verσiwir
|}
==Example texts==
==Other resources==
[[{{PAGENAME}}/Lexicon]]
<!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. -->
<!-- Template area -->
[[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Category:Pulchric languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]
[[Category:Zul]]

Latest revision as of 06:41, 30 November 2024

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