Verse:Mwail/Irenesian languages: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 10:09, 29 June 2025

In this versespace:

Verse:

Mwail/Irenesian languages/Lexicon

Verse talk:

The Irenesian languages are a large language family mainly spoken in Mwail Asia. It includes some of the largest languages,such as Ernish.

The Irenesian urheimat is thought to have been Taiwan. The family is inspired by Austronesian and Semitic.

Todo

Family tree

Irenesian
- Erno-Kawenic
- Dhasrawitic
  - Lhabhdweni
  - Dhasrawita
- Hirbic
  - Len!ir
- Irenic
  - Dosubian
- West Sadhcevan
- East Sadhcevan
- Antipodean

Phonology

Consonants

		Labial	Coronal	Palatal	Velar
Nasal		m /m/	n /n/		ŋ /ŋ/
Stop	plain	p /p/	t /t/		k /k/
	voiced	b /b/	d /d/		g /g/
	ejective	pʼ /pʼ/	tʼ /tʼ/		kʼ /kʼ/
Fricative			s /s̠/
Resonant			r /r/, l /l/	y /j/	w /w/

Vowels

ă a e i o u

No diphthongs; hiatus is permitted

Aim for Semito-Tagalog aesthetic words

Grammar

Typological overview

Syntactically "Arabic but Austronesian"

Proto-Irenesian had a system of symmetrical voice ("Austronesian alignment") with three cases:

direct case: the syntactic subject. The verb's voice may promote the direct object to the syntactic subject, or it may promote the indirect object.
indirect case: the most significant argument that is not the subject (the non-subject agent or the non-subject patient).
genitive case: possessors and prepositional complements.

Proto-Irenesian syntax is VSO and head-initial, but with some tendency to be topic-prominent (unlike Goidelic). Here S is the syntactic subject marked with the direct case.

(Many daughter languages are SVO and head-initial-ish. Kawenic which has a Finnic-like grammar is an exception.)

Nouns and adjectives

Nouns inflect for case and number, and adjectives agree with nouns in case and number.

Declension

direct: -0
indirect: -ăl
genitive: -ăm

Possessive suffixes

Verbs

Triggers

Classifiers

Classifiers are morphologically nouns, but a few have suppletive plural forms.

There could be some dialectal variation in classifiers

nawil, pl. ike: generic things
soŋi, pl. oru: people
p'asur: big animals
wipi: small animals
mosat: flat sheets
keron: trees and bushes
yuŋos: herbaceous plants
bawăd: flowers, bunches of fruit
tiŋa: long thin rigid objects, paths, ways things are done (e.g. languages)
wasik: long thin flexible objects
ut’uop: fruits, roughly spherical things
tul: circles, rings
ŋes: buildings
p'odal: vehicles
lăep: marks, like written characters, wounds, …
rukir: places
uta: events; verbal nouns tend to take this classifier

Ideophones

ŋubeŋube ‘sluggish’

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-In [[Verse:Angai]], '''{{PAGENAME}}''' (''bry lleɂang Dylethyzz'' /prə 'ɬɛʔaŋ tə'lɛθəz/ CLF language Dylath-ADJ) is a highly conservative [[Trans-Sarnathian languages|Trans-Sarnathian]] language with a Welsh-like grammar and a loosely Welsh-like aesthetic. Dylathian and its closest relatives are spoken in the Dylathian plateau and the Sarnathian mountain range in the borderlands of Aem-Zmaə, which contains Mt. ___, the highest mountain in Angai. Dylathian and its neighboring relatives are vital for reconstructing the early history of the Trans-Sarnathian branch.
+{{List subpages}}
+The '''Irenesian languages''' are a large language family mainly spoken in Mwail Asia. It includes some of the largest languages,such as [[Verse:Mwail/Ernish|Ernish]].
-Standard Dylathian is the liturgical language of ___ (a version of Tibetan Buddhism).
+The Irenesian urheimat is thought to have been Taiwan. The family is inspired by Austronesian and Semitic.
-== Lexicon ==
+== Todo ==
-''chy'' '1SG'
+== Family tree ==
+* Irenesian
-''newlywed'' '200'
+** [[Verse:Mwail/Erno-Kawenic languages|Erno-Kawenic]]
+** Dhasrawitic
-PTS tilakt -> ''Dylath''
+*** Lhabhdweni
+*** [[Verse:Mwail/Dhasrawita|Dhasrawita]]
-''ɂalar'' 'to breathe'
+** Hirbic
+*** Len!ir
-PTS ʔlars 'life' -> ''ɂalarch'' "oneself"
+** Irenic
+*** Dosubian
-PTS sleʔans -> (pry/yni) ''lleɂang'' (no sgv) "speech"
+** West Sadhcevan
+** East Sadhcevan
-PTS tsʼajbʰ 'water' -> Dyl. (lly) ''tzɂaf'' (no sgv)
+** Antipodean
-PTS kʷʼē -> (wy/wng) ''cwɂe'' (sgv ''cwɂelch'') 'egg'
-''mam'' (no sgv) '(specific person's) mother'
-''tad'' (no sgv) '(specific person's) father'
-''tzɂan'' '0'
-''new'' '2'
-''llywed'' '100'
-''mancwɂynyll'' (sgv. ''mancwɂynyllu'') 'mother(s) in general'
-''tacwɂynyll'' (sgv. ''tacwɂynyllu'') 'father(s) in general'
-''2ankaj'' -> ''ɂanggae'' 'world'
-llwyn 'to learn'
-belwyng 'to teach'
-llwyng (lēns) 'learning' -> 'law'?
-c2arch 'mountain'
 == Phonology ==
 === Consonants ===
-* '''m n ng l r ll rh''' /m n ŋ l r ɬ r̥/
+{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
-* '''b d dz ds g gw''' /p t ts ts{{ret}} k kʷ/
+|-
-* '''p t tz ts c cw''' /pʰ tʰ tsʰ ts{{ret}}ʰ kʰ kʷʰ/
+! colspan="2" |
-* '''pɂ tɂ tzɂ tsɂ cɂ cwɂ ''' /pʼ tʼ tsʼ ts{{ret}}ʼ kʼ kʷʼ/
+! | Labial
-* '''ff th z s ch chw h ɂ'''  /f θ s s{{ret}} x xʷ h ʔ/
+! | Coronal
-* '''f dd zz w''' /v ð z w/
+! | Palatal
+! | Velar
-;Notes
+|-
-* All consonants are longer and use more airflow than in English. In fact, so much airflow is used that final stops are released unlike in the language's monosyllabic tonal relatives.
+! colspan="2" | Nasal
+| '''m''' /m/
+| '''n''' /n/
+|
+| '''ŋ''' /ŋ/
+|-
+! rowspan="3" | Stop
+! | plain
+| '''p''' /p/
+| '''t''' /t/
+|
+| '''k''' /k/
+|-
+! | voiced
+| '''b''' /b/
+| '''d''' /d/
+|
+| '''g''' /g/
+|-
+! | ejective
+| '''pʼ''' /pʼ/
+| '''tʼ''' /tʼ/
+|
+| '''kʼ''' /kʼ/
+|-
+! colspan="2" | Fricative
+|
+| '''s''' /s{{ret}}/
+|
+|
+|-
+! colspan="2" | Resonant
+|
+| '''r''' /r/, '''l''' /l/
+| '''y''' /j/
+| '''w''' /w/
+|}
 === Vowels ===
-Same as in Welsh, get from Proto-Celtic vowel inventory /i e a o u iː eː aː uː ai au oi ou/
+ă a e i o u
-=== Stress ===
+No diphthongs; hiatus is permitted
-Stress is consistently penultimate.
-== Grammar ==
-"Colloquial Welsh with classifiers"
-=== Nouns ===
-As in reconstructed Proto-Trans-Sarnathian, most nouns have an unmarked form and a marked form (called the ''singulative'' for sake of convenience) that is only used for indefinite singular nouns. Like Welsh plurals, the singulative is unpredictable and is marked with a suffix (such as ''-u'', ''-ob'', ''-ol'', ''-(y)lch''), vowel changes, or both.
-For the definite article, the appropriate classifier is used, except for inalienably possessed nouns; the number is marked on the classifier.
+Aim for Semito-Tagalog aesthetic words
-Mass nouns and certain nouns for blood relatives have no singulative form, e.g. ''tz{{2}}af'' 'water', ''mam'' '(specific person's) mother' and ''tad'' '(specific person's) father'.
+== Grammar ==
-==== List of classifiers ====
+=== Typological overview ===
-* sg. ''dyn'', pl. ''bôl'': people
+Syntactically "Arabic but Austronesian"
-* sg. ''wy'', pl. ''wng'': round objects
-* ''lly'': mass nouns
-* sg. ''rhwng'', pl. ''rhyngi'': non-blood social relationships
-* sg. ''pry'', pl. ''yni'': abstractions
-* sg. ''un'', pl. ''au'': generic classifier
-* sg. ''gang'', pl. ''goed'': plants, sticks or tree-like objects
-==== Personal inflection of classifiers ====
-==== Alienable possession ====
+Proto-Irenesian had a system of symmetrical voice ("Austronesian alignment") with three cases:
-Alienable possession uses possessed classifiers:
+# direct case: the syntactic subject. The verb's voice may promote the direct object to the syntactic subject, or it may promote the indirect object.
+# indirect case: the most significant argument that is not the subject (the non-subject agent or the non-subject patient).
+# genitive case: possessors and prepositional complements.
-''rhwng ɂotɂalab rhyngoch'' (CLF AGT-love CLF-1SG) or ''rhyngoch ɂotɂalab'' (CLF-1SG AGT-love) 'my lover'
+Proto-Irenesian syntax is VSO and head-initial, but with some tendency to be topic-prominent (unlike Goidelic). Here S is the syntactic subject marked with the direct case.
-==== Inalienable possession ====
+(Many daughter languages are SVO and head-initial-ish. Kawenic which has a Finnic-like grammar is an exception.)
-mam-och (or just mam) 'my mother', tad-och (or just tad) 'my father', ...
+=== Nouns and adjectives ===
+Nouns inflect for case and number, and adjectives agree with nouns in case and number.
+==== Declension ====
+* direct: -0
+* indirect: -ăl
+* genitive: -ăm
-(No classifier is used for blood relations)
+==== Possessive suffixes ====
-<!-- Avoid tsarn- -->
-=== Numerals ===
-There is no isolated word for "one". Counting uses a word ''cwyz'' that was formerly "once/an occurrence" (cf. Slavic '''raz''' dva tri...). Otherwise, the singulative form of the noun in question is used, when necessary emphasized with ''ɂazz'' 'only'.
-=== TAM auxiliaries ===
-Inflected for person and number (inherited from Proto-Trans-Sarnathian)
-* Present tense: 1sg tsoi, 2sg tsw, 3sg tso, 1pl tsol, 2pl tson, 3pl tsor
-* Present emphatic / relative?:
-** Lai chi ...
-** Law mi ...
-** La bo ...
-** Lal lli ...
-** Lawn no...
-** Lar rhi...
 === Verbs ===
-The word order is "T1 S T2 V O":
+==== Triggers ====
+=== Classifiers ===
-* ''Tso tadoch llos tzɂaf'' (is_located father-1SG drink.VN water) = My father is drinking water
+Classifiers are morphologically nouns, but a few have suppletive plural forms.
-Tso Mam belwyng rhaw2 'Mom is teaching children'
-Tso Mam ew 2odbelwyng (is_at Mom among AGT-teach) 'Mom is a teacher'
-=== Is-a ===
-Tsoi chi'w tacwɂynyll (AUX 1SG among father_in_general) 'I am a father'
-=== Is-the ===
+There could be some dialectal variation in classifiers
-Chi lym tadal (1SG who_is father-2SG) / Tadal lai chi 'I am your father'
+* nawil, pl. ike: generic things
+* soŋi, pl. oru: people
+* p'asur: big animals
+* wipi: small animals
+* mosat: flat sheets
+* keron: trees and bushes
+* yuŋos: herbaceous plants
+* bawăd: flowers, bunches of fruit
+* tiŋa: long thin rigid objects, paths, ways things are done (e.g. languages)
+* wasik: long thin flexible objects
+* ut’uop: fruits, roughly spherical things
+* tul: circles, rings
+* ŋes: buildings
+* p'odal: vehicles
+* lăep: marks, like written characters, wounds, …
+* rukir: places
+* uta: events; verbal nouns tend to take this classifier
-=== Clausal syntax ===
+=== Ideophones ===
+* ŋubeŋube ‘sluggish’
+=== Derivation ===