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| '''Proto-Trans-Sarnathian''' was spoken 3000-4000 years BP. The family is inspired by Sino-Tibetan, Athabaskan, and Celtic. | | '''Old Qua''' or '''Ker''' (natively /kəʁ kʼrip/ 'Ker speech') is spoken in Angai's British Isles, contemporaneously with Classical Thean. |
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| Fortunately for [[Verse:Angai|Angai]]an historical linguists, extremely conservative relatives of Thean within the Trans-Sarnathian branch are spoken in highly mountainous areas. They allow much of Proto-Trans-Sarnathian to be reconstructed.
| | Qua has a history similar to Hmong (stop finals are lost) but takes it a step further (nasal vowels are denasalized) |
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| (Proto-languages are reconstructed in-universe, but this article takes the [https://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/WordOfGod Word of God] point of view unless specified otherwise. In particular, only in-universe reconstructions are indicated with an asterisk.)
| | == Gibberish == |
| == Tree == | | <poem> |
| * Proto-Trans-Sarnathian
| | glips ˀɲat mij wrək, |
| ** [[Old Thean]] (Proto-Theic)
| | d̼ap kroj d̼ij ˀɲrək, |
| *** [[Shei²¹A¹¹Mi³⁵]] (Monosyllabic Navajo, kinda)
| | d̼lomʔ pə pot-pit, |
| *** [[Middle Thean]]
| | θ̼lənʔ tsrəts ɕijs daʁʔ d̼ək |
| **** Modern [[Thean]] (Loosely mono-Gwich'in)
| | </poem> |
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| == Todo == | | == Phonology == |
| == Proto-Trans-Sarnathian phonology == | | === Preinitial === |
| === Vowels === | | ʔə is the only preinitial (not counting zero) |
| * Short vowels /i u e o a/
| | === Initials === |
| * Long vowels /i: u: e: o: a:/
| | p t̼ t ts c k ʔ |
| | b d̼ d dz ɟ g |
| | pʼ t̼ʼ tʼ tsʼ cʼ kʼ |
| | m n̼ n ɲ |
| | ˀm ˀn̼ ˀn ˀɲ ˀŋ |
| | ʰm ʰn̼ ʰn ʰɲ ʰŋ |
| | w j |
| | ˀw ˀj |
| | ʰw ʰj |
| | θ̼ θ s ɕ h |
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| === Consonants === | | === Medials === |
| * /m n l r/
| | j? l r |
| * /t ts̠ c k kʷ q qʷ ʔ/
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| * /dʰ dz̠ʰ ɟʰ gʰ gʷʰ ɢʰ ɢʷʰ/
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| * /tʼ ts̠ʼ cʼ kʼ kʷʼ qʼ qʷʼ/
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| * /s̠ ç x xʷ χ χʷ/
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| * /z̠ ɣ ɣʷ ʁ ʁʷ/
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| * /j w/
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| === Stress === | | === Nuclei === |
| Word-final
| | a i ə o |
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| === Release === | | === Finals === |
| Certain (non-resonant) final consonants and clusters have audible release, whereas others are unreleased.
| | p t k m n ŋ w j ʁ |
| ==== Released ====
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| All obst-obst clusters
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| All ejectives (but safe to assume single ejectives can become unreleased)
| | === Postfinals === |
| | -ʔ -s |
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| ==== Unreleased ==== | | == Syntax == |
| All single non-ejective final stops
| | Steal from Old Chinese |
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| == Grammar ==
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| === Nouns ===
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| Most nouns had an unmarked form and a marked form (called the ''singulative'' for sake of convenience) that was only used for indefinite singular nouns.
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| For the definite article, the appropriate classifier was used, except for inalienably possessed nouns; the number was marked on the classifier.
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| ==== List of classifiers ====
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| ==== Alienable possession ====
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| ==== Inalienable possession ====
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| === Verbs ===
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| Proto-Trans-Sarnathian switched to using Colloquial Welsh-like constructions using inherited verbal nouns. Old finite verb forms were lost by the Proto-Trans-Sarnathian stage aside from a handful.
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| === The auxiliary ===
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| == Lexicon ==
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| * xjeʔ ‘1SG’
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| * s-lō-s 'drink'
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| * obʰroc 'tooth'
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| * copʼrepʼ 'walk'
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| * s-roj 'to be located'
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| * bʰer 'in'
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| * lakt 'flat'
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| ** ti-lakt 'Dylath' (lit. the flat place)
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| * ti- (place), to- (the one who) (two different nominalizers)
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| ** lan 'peace' -> tilan -> Dylan
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| * ʔlars 'life'
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| ** Dyl.''qalarch'' 'oneself'
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| * cʼajbʰ 'water'
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| ** Dyl. ''tz{{2}}âf''
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