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{{Infobox language
|image =
|imagesize =
|creator = [[User:Praimhín|Praimhín]]
|name = {{PAGENAME}}
|nativename = ''dhünanε Rεngcadnεr''
|pronunciation=  /ˈðyːnanɛ rɛŋˈkadnɛr/
|setting = Zul
|region = A parallel California coast
|familycolor=<!--pulchric-->australian
|fam1= Pulchric
|fam2= Rencadic
|fam3= P-Rencadic
|script={{PAGENAME}} script (a.k.a. IPA gibberish)
|iso3=
|notice=IPA
}}
<!--
This is a short reminder of the language format policy.
I. Write a short piece stating your intents and purposes when creating the language (Design goal, inspiration, ideas, and so on).
II. Write a short introduction to your language. (Who speaks it? When was it created? By whom? or what? are some example questions that can be answered here)
III. Once done, try making sure everything is properly spelt so as to avoid unnecessary reader fatigue.
-->
==Introduction==
<!-- Design goals, inspiration, ideas, who speaks it?, when was it created?, where does it come from?, any peculiarities? -->
<!-- Example categories/headings:
Goals
Setting
Inspiration
-->
<!-- ***Phonology*** -->
<!-- What sounds does your language use? -->
<!-- Here are some example sub-/other categories:
Vowel inventory
Consonant inventory
Syllable structure
Stress
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-->
==Phonology==
===Orthography===
{{PAGENAME}} uses its own native alphabet.
The phonetic value of any consonant letter is the first consonant in its name - so that <ʕ> for example sounds like 'ts' (i.e. /ts/) and <ɧ> sounds like 'λ' (i.e. /ɮ/)
The letters themselves are derived from pictograms.
* pεsj = bear = ɤ
* tεnwəf = mushroom = ɷ
* tsopəl = hook = ʕ
* sεn = head = ɵ
* tσîch = vine = ɖ
* σvεra = clock = ɸ
* tjiwəσ = cloud = ɯ
* sjwεt = rose = ɘ
* cmath = jaw = ʟ
* banr = hill = ʌ
* driλ = river = ʭ
* dzitra = fence = ʜ
* zawəth = ant = ɶ
* dλərsja = plough = ʄ
* λa = human being = ɧ
* djarva = seesaw = ʎ
* zji = hair = ɪ
* gεnu = foot = ʊ
* minth = arm = ʏ
* nəσa = rope = n
* ngψlεr = boat = ʁ
* rəλεth = tree = ʔ
* rhoadzət = pineapple = ð
* lif = moon = c
* wuthma = whale = ɚ
* yachta = navel = ʘ
* lenition sign = ː
The phonetic value of a vowel letter is the first vowel in its name.
* a: ʱ (called ''λa εrə'', 'small human being')
* ε: ˠ (''pεsj εrə'' 'small bear')
* ə: ˀ (''rəλεth εrə'' 'small tree')
* i: ʷ (''tjiweσ εrə'' 'small cloud')
* o: ˣ (''tsordh εrə'' 'small hourglass')
* ψ: ʶ (''ngψlεr εrə'' 'small boat')
* u: ˞  (''wuthma εrə'' 'small whale')
Punctuation is as follows:
* [ ] = quotation marks
* . = space/word boundary marker
* ɭ = period
* ɭɭ = comma
* ʕ̰ = semicolon
* ʕ = colon
* The punctuation mark ˈ is placed before sentences and clauses, and ˌ before proper names.
ˈɤˠ.ɵˣǃɚˠ.ʏˀʞɤːʱʡʞʱɷːˀɭɭ.[ˈɜˣ.ˀɤːɵʱ.ʭːˀ.ɘɚˠɷ.ʏˀʋːˠʌʱʞˠʡɭ]
Pε sonwε mənfarnasj, "Co əfsa dhə sjwεt məσεbanεr."
The person said, "There's water and a rose in the goblet."
===Consonants===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!  !! Labial !! Dental !! Alveolar !! Lateral !! Postalveolar !! Palatal !! Velar !! Glottal
|-
| Voiceless Stop/Affricate || p /pʰ/ || t /tʰ/ || ts /ts/ || tσ /tɬ/ || tj /tʃ/ ||  || c /kʰ/ || 
|-
| Voiced Stop/Affricate || b /p~b/ || d /t~d/ || dz /dz/ || dλ /dɮ/ || dj /dʒ/|| || g /k~g/||
|-
| Voiceless Fricative || f /f/ || th /θ/|| s /s/ || σ /ɬ/|| sj /ʃ/ || || ch /x/ || h /h/
|-
| Voiced Fricative || v /v/ || dh /ð/|| z /z/|| λ /ɮ/ || zj /ʒ/|| || gh /ɣ/||
|-
| Nasal || m /m/|| n /n/|| || || || || ng /ŋ/ ||
|-
| Approximant ||  || || || l /ɫ/|| || y /j/|| w /w/||
|-
| Voiceless Trill ||  || ||rh /r̥/ || || || || ||
|-
| Voiced Trill ||  || || r /r/ || || || || ||
|}
===Vowels===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Vowel !! IPA
|-
| a|| /a/
|-
| â|| /ɑː/
|-
| ε|| /ɛ/
|-
| ə|| /ə/
|-
| ê|| /əː/
|-
| i|| /ɪ/
|-
| î|| /iː/
|-
| o|| /ɔ/
|-
| oa|| /ɔɑ ~ ɒɑ ~ ɒː/
|-
| ψ|| /ɨ/
|-
| u|| /ʊ/
|-
| û|| /uː/
|-
| ü|| /yː/
|}
===Lenition===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| '''Normal''' || p || t || ts || s || tσ || σ || tj || sj || c || b || d || dz || z || dλ || λ || dj || zj || g
|-
| '''Lenited''' || f || th || s || h || σ || h || sj || h || ch || v || dh || z || 0 || λ || 0 || zj || 0 || gh
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| '''Normal''' || m || n || ng || w || l || r || y
|-
| '''Lenited''' || w || n || w || w || w || r || y
|}
===Prosody===
====Stress====
In native words stress is on the first syllable, not counting prefixes. In loans (e.g. from [[Vrushka]]) stress falls on the same syllable as in the source language.
====Intonation====
===Phonotactics===
<!-- Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that are permissible for use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. -->
===Morphophonology===
==Morphology==
===Nouns===
Nouns have 2 genders (masculine and feminine) and 4 cases (nominative, genitive, comparative, and vocative).
Noun stems often get lenited. Lenition works as follows:
* When the noun begins with a lenitable consonant (any consonant besides f, v, th, dh, ch and gh), the first consonant gets lenited. If the first consonant is z, λ or zj and there's a prefix before the lenited stem, an epenthetic -n- is inserted between the prefix and the stem.
* When the noun begins with a vowel, an n- is inserted before the stem.
* When the noun begins with a nonlenitable consonant (f, v, th, dh, ch or gh), an n- is inserted before the stem if there's a prefix before the stem that ends in a vowel. Otherwise, nə- is inserted before the stem.
For example:
# bεr 'leaf' → vεr
# rasj 'spouse' → rasj
# zawəth 'ant' → awəth
# zawəsj 'ant' (genitive) → awəsj, '''ʙᴜᴛ''':
# λψ + lenited form of zawəth 'like an ant' → λψ nawəth
# ənsε 'fruit' → nənsε
# farnaj 'speech' (genitive) → nəfarnasj, '''ʙᴜᴛ''':
# mə + lenited form of farnasj 'speaking' → mənfarnasj
# ow + lenited form of farnasj 'not speaking' → ownəfarnasj
====Feminine nouns====
Most nouns are feminine and decline as follows:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Case !! Indefinite Singular !! Indefinite Plural !! Definite Singular !! Definite Plural
|-
| Nominative || [nom stem] || [nom stem]+mə || [nom stem]+nε || [nom stem]+nψ
|-
| Genitive || [gen stem] || [nom stem]+mən || [nom stem]+nεr || [nom stem]+nψr
|-
| Comparative || [acc stem] || [nom stem]+məth || [nom stem]+nεth || [nom stem]+nψth
|-
| Vocative || [lenited nom stem] || [lenited nom stem]+mə || [lenited nom stem]+nε || [lenited nom stem]+nψ
|}
* [nom stem] is the dictionary form of a noun.
* [gen stem] is the genitive stem, formed by adding -ə if the noun ends in a consonant and -n if the noun ends in a vowel.
* [acc stem] is the accusative stem, formed by adding -əth if the noun ends in a consonant and -th if the noun ends in a vowel.
Here are two examples:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! ''ərim'' 'tail' !! Indefinite Singular !! Indefinite Plural !! Definite Singular !! Definite Plural
|-
| Nominative || ərim || ərimmə || ərimnε || ərimnψ
|-
| Genitive || ərimə || ərimmən || ərimnεr || ərimnψr
|-
| Comparative || əriməth || ərimməth || ərimnεth || ərimnψth
|-
| Vocative || nərim || nərimmə || nərimnε || nərimnψ
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! ''nəσa'' 'rope' !! Indefinite Singular !! Indefinite Plural !! Definite Singular !! Definite Plural
|-
| Nominative || nəσa || nəσamə || nəσanε || nəσanψ
|-
| Genitive || nəσan || nəσamən || nəσanεr || nəσanψr
|-
| Comparative || nəσath || nəσaməth || nəσanεth || nəσanψth
|-
| Vocative || nəσa || nəσamə || nəσanε || nəσanψ
|}
====Masculine nouns====
=====First declension=====
First declension masculine nouns end in consonants and the genitive stem is identical to the nominative stem, unless the final consonant is th, dh, s or z, in which case this final consonant is replaced with sj, zj, sj or zj respectively. The accusative stem is formed from the nominative stem as follows:
* If the final consonant is th or dh, it's replaced with t or d respectively.
* If the final consonant is a voiced fricative that is not dh, -dh is suffixed.
* Otherwise, -th is suffixed.
The paradigm is:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Case  !! Indefinite Singular !! Indefinite Plural !! Definite Singular !! Definite Plural
|-
| Nominative || [nom stem] || [nom stem]+mə || [nom stem]+ε || [nom stem]+ψ
|-
| Genitive || [gen stem] || [nom stem]+mən || [nom stem]+εr || [nom stem]+ψr
|-
| Comparative || [acc stem] || [nom stem]+məth || [nom stem]+εth || [nom stem]+ψth
|-
| Vocative || [lenited nom stem] || [lenited nom stem]+mə || [lenited nom stem]+ε || [lenited nom stem]+ψ
|}
Here's an example:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! ''nəwεth'' 'root' !! Indefinite Singular !! Indefinite Plural !! Definite Singular !! Definite Plural
|-
| Nominative || nəwεth || nəwεthmə || nəwεthε || nəwεthψ
|-
| Genitive || nəwεsj || nəwεthmən || nəwεthεr || nəwεthψr
|-
| Comparative || nəwεt || nəwεthməth || nəwεthεth || nəwεthψth
|-
| Vocative || nəwεth || nəwεthmə || nəwεthε || nəwεthψ
|}
=====Second declension=====
Second declension masculine nouns end in vowels. The genitive stem is formed by:
* suffixing -r if the last vowel is preceded immediately by a consonant cluster ending in a consonant that's not p, t, c, b, d, g, f, th, ch, v, dh or gh;
* otherwise, replacing the last vowel with -r.
The paradigm is as follows:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Case !! Indefinite Singular !! Indefinite Plural !! Definite Singular !! Definite Plural
|-
| Nominative || [nom stem] || [gen stem]+əm || [gen stem]+ε || [gen stem]+ψ
|-
| Genitive || [gen stem]+ə || [gen stem]+əmən || [gen stem]+εr || [gen stem]+ψr
|-
| Comparative || [gen stem]+th || [gen stem]+əməth || [gen stem]+εth || [gen stem]+ψth
|-
| Vocative || [lenited nom stem] || [lenited gen stem]+əm || [lenited gen stem]+ε || [lenited gen stem]+ψ
|}
An example:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! ''mελnψ'' 'love' !! Indefinite Singular !! Indefinite Plural !! Definite Singular !! Definite Plural
|-
| Nominative || mελnψ || mελnψrəm || mελnψrε || mελnψrψ
|-
| Genitive || mελnψrə || mελnψrəmən || mελnψrεr || mελnψrψr
|-
| Comparative || mελnψrth || mελnψrəməth || mελnψrεth || mελnψrψth
|-
| Vocative || wελnψ || wελnψrəm || wελnψrε || wελnψrψ
|}
Verbal nouns ending in -ψ are always second declension masculine.
* deλψ 'to rest', genitive stem deλr-
* ithψ 'to eat', genitive stem ithr-
* mεrthψ 'to sit', genitive stem mεrthr-
<!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. -->
<!-- Here are some example subcategories:
Nouns
Adjectives
Verbs
Adverbs
Particles
Derivational morphology
-->
==Syntax==
===Constituent order===
The Rencadian word order is TSVO (tense-subject-verb-object) or TSOV (tense-subject-object-verb). The tense is indicated by a particle:
co = present progressive
pε = past
sjin = future
cψvo = simple present
pεnwε = past habitual (the equivalent of "used to" in English)
Tense particles, like prepositions, may fuse with pronouns.
(yet to create tables)
===Noun phrase===
Noun phrases are consistently head-initial.
There are no adjectives per se in Rencadian, only abstract nouns whose genitives can function as adjectives:
zjεr = 'smallness' (genitive zjεrə)
doasc εrə = small number
zawəth zjεrə = small ant
Adjectives lenite after feminine nouns but not after masculine nouns.
Relative clauses are marked with the words 'rə' or 'tjə' (both meaning 'of', but 'rə' is used when the complement is definite). Rencadian uses resumptive pronouns a lot -- so "the man who the wolf ate" literally translates as "the man of the wolf eating him"
the man who the wolf ate: λanε tje porəw mənithrə cεwth (insert gloss)
the man from Frichorsj (a place) = λanε rə nFrichorsjnε
the man in Frichorsj = λanε tjə menFrichorsjnεr (there's polyagglutination)
===Verb phrase===
===Sentence phrase===
===Dependent clauses===
<!-- etc. etc. -->
==Numerals==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Number !! {{PAGENAME}} symbol !! Word
|-
| 0 || Ψ || dira
|-
| 1|| I || εth
|-
| 2|| V || slonw
|-
| 3|| N || dεnr
|-
| 4|| M || stjiw
|-
| 5|| E || dhasjtur
|-
| 6|| IΨ || mεch
|-
| 7|| II || εthach
|-
| 8|| IV || slonwach
|-
| 9|| IN || dεnrach
|-
| 10|| IM || stjiwach
|-
| 11|| IE || dhasjturach
|-
| 12|| VΨ|| slonwεσ
|-
| 13|| VI|| slonwεσ a nεth
|-
| 14|| VV|| slonwεσ a hlonw
|-
| 15|| VN|| slonwεσ a dhεnr
|-
| 16|| VM|| slonwεσ a htjiw
|-
| 17|| VE|| slonwεσ a ndhasjtur
|-
| 18|| NΨ|| dεnrεσ
|-
| 35|| EE|| dhasjturεσ a ndhasjtur
|-
| 36|| IΨΨ|| rεgh
|-
| 1295|| EEEE|| dhasjturεσ a ndhasjtur rεgh a dhasjturεσ a ndhasjtur
|-
| 1296|| IʼΨΨΨΨ|| dmozj
|-
| 2592|| VʼΨΨΨΨ|| slonw dmozj
|-
| 3888|| NʼΨΨΨΨ|| dεnr dmozj
|-
| 5184|| MʼΨΨΨΨ|| stjiw dmozj
|-
| 6480|| EʼΨΨΨΨ|| dhasjtur dmozj
|-
| 7776|| IΨʼΨΨΨΨ|| mεch dhmozj
|-
| 9072|| IIʼΨΨΨΨ|| εthach dhmozj
|-
| 1679616|| IʼΨΨΨΨʼΨΨΨΨ|| dmozjir
|-
| 2176782336|| IʼΨΨΨΨʼΨΨΨΨʼΨΨΨΨ|| tsifəd
|-
| 2821109907456|| IʼΨΨΨΨʼΨΨΨΨʼΨΨΨΨʼΨΨΨΨ || tsifədir
|-
| 3656158440062976|| IʼΨΨΨΨʼΨΨΨΨʼΨΨΨΨʼΨΨΨΨʼΨΨΨΨ|| vərσiw
|-
| 4738381338321616896|| IʼΨΨΨΨʼΨΨΨΨʼΨΨΨΨʼΨΨΨΨʼΨΨΨΨʼΨΨΨΨ|| vərσiwir
|}
==Example texts==
==Other resources==
[[{{PAGENAME}}/Lexicon]]
<!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. -->
<!-- Template area -->
[[Category:{{PAGENAME}}|*]]
[[Category:Rencadic languages]]
[[Category:Pulchric languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]
[[Category:Zul]]

Latest revision as of 01:17, 20 December 2024

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