Konukuian: Difference between revisions

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| state            = [[w:Hawaiian Islands|Konuku]]
| state            = [[w:Hawaiian Islands|Konuku]]
| speakers        = ~300
| speakers        = ~300
| date            = 2007
| familycolor      = Sino-Tibetan  
| familycolor      = Sino-Tibetan  
| fam2            = [[w:Sino-Tibetan|Sino-Tibetan]]
| fam2            = [[w:Sino-Tibetan|Sino-Tibetan]]
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Konukuian (Konukuian: Kōnukūna) is a critically endangered language of the Sinitic language family that takes its name from [[w:Hawai'i|Konuku]], the largest island in the tropical North Pacific archipelago where it developed.
Konukuian (Konukuian: Kōnukūna) is a critically endangered language of the Sinitic language family that takes its name from [[w:Hawai'i|Konuku]], the largest island in the tropical North Pacific archipelago where it developed.
==Name==
==Name==
The Konukuianm language takes its name from the largest island in the Konukuian archipelago, Konuku. Linguists suggest it comes from Old Chinese 東島 /*toːŋ/ /*tuːwʔ/
The Konukuian language takes its name from the largest island in the Konukuian archipelago, Konuku. Linguists suggest it comes from Old Chinese 東島 /*toːŋ/ /*tuːwʔ/
==Family and origin==
==Family and origin==
Konukuian is a member of the Sinitic language family and is related to languages such as Mandarin, Cantonese, and Hokkien.
Konukuian is a member of the Sinitic language family and is related to languages such as Mandarin, Cantonese, and Hokkien.
Line 30: Line 31:
{{Main|w:Hawaiian phonology}}
{{Main|w:Hawaiian phonology}}
==Grammar==
==Grammar==
Konukuian, like most Sinitic is an analytic language with [[w:Subject–verb–object word order|subject-verb–object]] word order.
===Verbs===
====Aspect and Mood====
Konikuian verbs can be analytically marked with particles to indicate aspect and mood.
Below is a list of common Aspect, and Mood Markers
*  Perfective: {{sc|pref}} ''ulu'', from OC {{lang|och|矣}}
*  Imperfective: {{sc|imperf}} ''ʻo'', from OC {{lang|och|恆}}
*  Infinitive: {{sc|inf}} ''lu'', from OC {{lang|och|以}}
*  Intentive: {{sc|int}} ''ka'', from OC {{lang|och|將}}
*  Present progressive: {{sc|pres.prog}} ''ʻua'', from OC {{lang|och|于}}
*  Imperative: {{sc|imp}} ''a'', from OC {{lang|och|做}}
*  Prohibitive: {{sc|proh}} ''mo'', from OC {{lang|och|毋}}
===Nouns===
===Pronouns===
Konukuian has a set of personal pronouns that distinguish person and number, and show different forms depending on their grammatical function (subject, object, possessive). It also notably preserves a distinction between inclusive and exclusive first-person plural pronouns, a feature less common in many modern Sinitic languages but attested in some Sinitic varieties and other Sino-Tibetan branches.
{| class="wikitable"
|+Personal pronouns
! colspan="3" rowspan="2" |
! colspan="3" |Function
|-
!Subject Form<br/>(Nominative)
!Possessive Form<br/>(Genitive)
!Object Form<br/>(Accusative)
|-
! rowspan="3" |Singular
(1)
! colspan="2" |1st (I)
|{{lang|kkn|nā}} ({{lang|och|吾}})
|{{lang|kkn|nāko}} ({{lang|och|吾之}})
|{{lang|kkn|ne}} ({{lang|och|我}})
|-
! colspan="2" |2nd (you)
|{{lang|kkn|nū}} ({{lang|och|你}})
|{{lang|kkn|nūko}} ({{lang|och|你之}})
|{{lang|kkn|nē}} ({{lang|och|汝}})
|-
! colspan="2" |3rd (he/she/it)
|{{lang|kkn|ʻā}} ({{lang|och|它}})
|{{lang|kkn|ʻīko}} ({{lang|och|伊之}})
|{{lang|kkn|ʻī}} ({{lang|och|伊}})
|-
! rowspan="4" |Plural
(2+)
! rowspan="2" |1st (we)
!incl.<br/>(you & I)
|{{lang|kkn|hiʻa}} ({{lang|och|咱}})
|{{lang|kkn|hiʻa ko}} ({{lang|och|咱之}})
|{{lang|kkn|nehiʻa}} ({{lang|och|我咱}})
|-
!excl.<br/>(I, not you)
|{{lang|kkn|puliʻa}} ({{lang|och|弗咱}})
|{{lang|kkn|puliʻa ko}} ({{lang|och|弗咱之}})
|{{lang|kkn|punēliʻa}} ({{lang|och|弗汝咱}})
|-
! colspan="2" |2nd (you plural)
|{{lang|kkn|nūʻu}} ({{lang|och|你等}})
|{{lang|kkn|nūʻu ko}} ({{lang|och|你等之}})
|{{lang|kkn|nēʻu}} ({{lang|och|汝等}})
|-
! colspan="2" |3rd (they)
|{{lang|kkn|ʻāu}} ({{lang|och|它等}})
|{{lang|kkn|ʻāu ko}} ({{lang|och|它等之}})
|{{lang|kkn|ʻīku}} ({{lang|och|伊等}})
|}
''Note: The distinction between subject, possessive, and object forms is similar to some patterns found in early Chinese and some modern Sinitic dialects, rather than a typical Indo-European case system. The possessive form is often constructed using the genitive particle ''ko'', possibly related to {{lang|och|之}}.''
===Demonstratives===
===Articles===
Articles are categorized into two categories, which are definite and indefinite. The indefinite article in Konikuian is not written but the definite articles has two forms:
*'''he''' ''SG'' from OC 此 /*sʰeʔ/
*''''e''' ''PL'' from OC 多 /*[t.l]ˤaj/
==Vocabulary Comparison==
==Vocabulary Comparison==
Unlike a majority of Sinitic languages, a majority a Konukuian's vocabulary consists of at least two [[w:mora (linguistics)|moras]]. Many Konikuian words have cognates in other Chinese varieties. As compared to Mandarin, Konikuian prefer to use the monosyllabic form of words, without suffixes.
Unlike a majority of Sinitic languages, a majority a Konukuian's vocabulary consists of at least two [[w:mora (linguistics)|moras]]. Many Konikuian words have cognates in other Chinese varieties. As compared to Mandarin, Konikuian prefer to use the monosyllabic form of words, without suffixes.
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==See Also==
==See Also==
==Notes and References==
==Notes and References==
[[Category:Languages]] [[Category:Conlangs]][[Category:Sino-Tibetan languages]][[Category:Sinitic languages]][[Category:Artlangs]][[Category:A posteriori]][[Category:Mimiconlangs]]

Latest revision as of 14:21, 19 April 2025

Konukuian
Kōnukūna
Pronunciation[[koːnukuːnə]]
Created byThe Ramosian
Date2025
SettingAlt-history Hawaii]
Native toKonuku
Native speakers~300 (2007)
Early forms
Lang Status 20-CR.svg

Hawaiian is classified as Critically Endangered by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger.

Konukuian (Konukuian: Kōnukūna) is a critically endangered language of the Sinitic language family that takes its name from Konuku, the largest island in the tropical North Pacific archipelago where it developed.

Name

The Konukuian language takes its name from the largest island in the Konukuian archipelago, Konuku. Linguists suggest it comes from Old Chinese 東島 /*toːŋ/ /*tuːwʔ/

Family and origin

Konukuian is a member of the Sinitic language family and is related to languages such as Mandarin, Cantonese, and Hokkien.

History

Orthography

Main article: w:Hawaiian alphabet

Phonology

Main article: w:Hawaiian phonology

Grammar

Konukuian, like most Sinitic is an analytic language with subject-verb–object word order.

Verbs

Aspect and Mood

Konikuian verbs can be analytically marked with particles to indicate aspect and mood. Below is a list of common Aspect, and Mood Markers

  • Perfective: pref ulu, from OC 矣
  • Imperfective: imperf ʻo, from OC 恆
  • Infinitive: inf lu, from OC 以
  • Intentive: int ka, from OC 將
  • Present progressive: pres.prog ʻua, from OC 于
  • Imperative: imp a, from OC 做
  • Prohibitive: proh mo, from OC 毋

Nouns

Pronouns

Konukuian has a set of personal pronouns that distinguish person and number, and show different forms depending on their grammatical function (subject, object, possessive). It also notably preserves a distinction between inclusive and exclusive first-person plural pronouns, a feature less common in many modern Sinitic languages but attested in some Sinitic varieties and other Sino-Tibetan branches.

Personal pronouns
Function
Subject Form
(Nominative) 		Possessive Form
(Genitive) 		Object Form
(Accusative)
Singular

(1)

1st (I) nā (吾) nāko (吾之) ne (我)
2nd (you) nū (你) nūko (你之) nē (汝)
3rd (he/she/it) ʻā (它) ʻīko (伊之) ʻī (伊)
Plural

(2+)

1st (we) incl.
(you & I) 		hiʻa (咱) hiʻa ko (咱之) nehiʻa (我咱)
excl.
(I, not you) 		puliʻa (弗咱) puliʻa ko (弗咱之) punēliʻa (弗汝咱)
2nd (you plural) nūʻu (你等) nūʻu ko (你等之) nēʻu (汝等)
3rd (they) ʻāu (它等) ʻāu ko (它等之) ʻīku (伊等)

Note: The distinction between subject, possessive, and object forms is similar to some patterns found in early Chinese and some modern Sinitic dialects, rather than a typical Indo-European case system. The possessive form is often constructed using the genitive particle ko, possibly related to 之.

Demonstratives

Articles

Articles are categorized into two categories, which are definite and indefinite. The indefinite article in Konikuian is not written but the definite articles has two forms:

  • he SG from OC 此 /*sʰeʔ/
  • 'e PL from OC 多 /*[t.l]ˤaj/

Vocabulary Comparison

Unlike a majority of Sinitic languages, a majority a Konukuian's vocabulary consists of at least two moras. Many Konikuian words have cognates in other Chinese varieties. As compared to Mandarin, Konikuian prefer to use the monosyllabic form of words, without suffixes.

Meaning Old Chinese Konikuian Mandarin Cantonese Hokkien Wu
'I' 吾 *ŋa nā wú ng4 ngô͘ 6ngu
'you' 你 *nɯʔ nū nǐ nei5 lí 1ni
'one' 一 *qliɡ 'uli yī jat1 it 7iq
'two' 二 *njijs nī èr ji6 jī 6gni
'three' 三 *sum hū sān saam1 saⁿ 1se
'four' 四 *hljids lila sì sei3 sì 5sy
'five' 五 *ŋaʔ nā wǔ ng5 gō͘ 6ng
'six' 六 *C-rjuk lu'u liù luk6 la̍k 8loq
'sun' 日 *njit ni'i rì jat6 li̍t 8gniq
'name' 名 *mjeŋ mie míng ming4 miâ 6min
'ear' 耳 *njəʔ no'u ěr ji5 hī 6gni
'god' 神 *Cə.li[n] holi shén san4 sîn 6zen
'fish' 魚 *ŋja ni'a yú jyu2 hî 6ng
'air' 氣 *C.qʰəp-s kūla qì hei3 khì 5chi
'bird' 鳥 *tˤiwʔ kiu niǎo niu5 chiáu 5tiau
'death' 死 *sijʔ hi sǐ sei2 sí 5shi

Samples

See Also

Notes and References

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