Rhinevalian Creole: Difference between revisions

(3 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown)

Line 104:

|}

If a syllable ends with a voiced obstruent, e.g. /b/, /d/, /v/, ⟨a⟩ may be pronounced /aː/. After a final voiced obstruent, an epenthetic [ᵊ] may be added, if this helps keep it voiced. So, "had" may be pronounced [haːd], [haːdᵊ], [hadᵊ], [had], [hat] and [haːt]. ~~Otherwise long vowels exist in~~

If a syllable ends with a voiced obstruent, e.g. /b/, /d/, /v/, ⟨a⟩ may be pronounced /aː/. After a final voiced obstruent, an epenthetic [ᵊ] may be added, if this helps keep it voiced. So, "had" may be pronounced [haːd], [haːdᵊ], [hadᵊ], [had], [hat] and [haːt]. In unstressed open syllables /ɛ/ shifts to /ə/.

==Grammar==

A ~~creole~~, ~~Rheinwallian~~ Creole ~~does not conjugate~~ verbs for ~~person and uses conjugations~~ and ~~constructions familiar~~ to ~~both speakers of~~ English ~~and of German~~.

A blend of grammatical features familiar to both English and German speakers, Rhinevalian Creole uses the common denominator between languages in its grammar, omitting some features from each side, leading to very regular and fairly simple conjugations and declensions, save for Latin loans. Nouns decline for number and definiteness with verbs conjugating for voice and tense. For nouns there is a vestigial genitive form similar to that in English, which is marked by -s.

===~~Articles~~===

===Pronouns===

~~There are two sets of articles, indefinite and definite.~~

====Personal pronouns====

Personal pronouns in Rheinwallian creole are divided into subject, object and possessive pronouns. The third singular is divided into three genders: masculine, feminine and neuter. Reflexive pronouns may be created by suffixing -self to any object personal pronoun.

~~{| class~~=~~"wikitable"~~

~~|+ Articles in Rheinwallian Creole~~

|-

~~! !! Indefinite !! Definite~~

|-

~~! Before a vowel~~

~~| an~~

~~| rowspan="2" | de~~

|-

~~! Before a consonant~~

~~| a~~

|}

===Personal pronouns===

Personal pronouns in Rheinwallian creole are divided into subject, object and possessive pronouns. The third ~~person~~ is ~~gendered in the singular~~. ~~There is no T~~-~~V distinction, meaning there are no levels of formality~~.

{| class="wikitable"

|+ Pronouns

Line 151:

Line 136:

|-

|}

===Demonstrative pronouns===

====Demonstrative pronouns====

There are two demonstrative pronouns: "dis" and "dat", used in both singular and plural.

===Nouns===

====Articles====

There are two sets of articles, indefinite and definite. The indefinite articles are "a" and "an", the former being used before consonants and the latter before vowels. The definite article "de" may be used for both, but depending on style "d'" before a vowel is permissible as well.

====Plurals====

After nouns, generally an -s is added to mark the plural. In cases where this is not possible due to being hard or impossible to pronounce -es is added instead. A singular word ending with -s is suffixed -sses in the plural form. Some irregular forms exist but are not very common, such as words ending with -ix being -ices in the plural.

{| class="wikitable"

|+ Overview over all plural classes

|-

! Singular !! Plural

|-

| -x || -ces

|-

| -um || -a

|-

| -us || -i

|-

| -s || -sses

|-

| etc. || -(e)s

|}

The vestigial genitive remains -s in all cases. Affixed as ' to plurals already ending in an -s otherwise suffixed as -s. Example: de Bakteriums (the bacterium's) -> de Bakterias (the bacteria's).

===Verbs===

All verbs in the language end with either -en or -n. There are two irregular verbs "sen" and "haven". Verbs conjugate for tense, of which there are four, two of which periphrastic and one default (present) and for voice.

All verbs in the language end with either -en or -n. There are two irregular verbs "sen" and "haven". Verbs conjugate for tense, of which there are four, two of which periphrastic and one default (present) and for voice. There are no strong verbs in this language, meaning all but the two irregular verbs hold their pattern universally.

{| class="wikitable"

Line 194:

Line 205:

|}

~~There are no strong verbs in this language.~~

=== Vocabulary ====

@@ Line 104: / Line 104: @@
 |}
-If a syllable ends with a voiced obstruent, e.g. /b/, /d/, /v/, ⟨a⟩ may be pronounced /aː/. After a final voiced obstruent, an epenthetic [ᵊ] may be added, if this helps keep it voiced. So, "had" may be pronounced [haːd], [haːdᵊ], [hadᵊ], [had], [hat] and [haːt]. Otherwise long vowels exist in
+If a syllable ends with a voiced obstruent, e.g. /b/, /d/, /v/, ⟨a⟩ may be pronounced /aː/. After a final voiced obstruent, an epenthetic [ᵊ] may be added, if this helps keep it voiced. So, "had" may be pronounced [haːd], [haːdᵊ], [hadᵊ], [had], [hat] and [haːt]. In unstressed open syllables /ɛ/ shifts to /ə/.
 ==Grammar==
-A creole, Rheinwallian Creole does not conjugate verbs for person and uses conjugations and constructions familiar to both speakers of English and of German.
+A blend of grammatical features familiar to both English and German speakers, Rhinevalian Creole uses the common denominator between languages in its grammar, omitting some features from each side, leading to very regular and fairly simple conjugations and declensions, save for Latin loans. Nouns decline for number and definiteness with verbs conjugating for voice and tense. For nouns there is a vestigial genitive form similar to that in English, which is marked by -s.
-===Articles===
+===Pronouns===
-There are two sets of articles, indefinite and definite.
+====Personal pronouns====
+Personal pronouns in Rheinwallian creole are divided into subject, object and possessive pronouns. The third singular is divided into three genders: masculine, feminine and neuter. Reflexive pronouns may be created by suffixing -self to any object personal pronoun.
-{| class="wikitable"
-|+ Articles in Rheinwallian Creole
-|-
-! !! Indefinite !! Definite
-|-
-! Before a vowel
-| an
-| rowspan="2" | de
-|-
-! Before a consonant
-| a
-|}
-===Personal pronouns===
-Personal pronouns in Rheinwallian creole are divided into subject, object and possessive pronouns. The third person is gendered in the singular. There is no T-V distinction, meaning there are no levels of formality.
 {| class="wikitable"
 |+ Pronouns
@@ Line 151: / Line 136: @@
 |-
 |}
-===Demonstrative pronouns===
+====Demonstrative pronouns====
 There are two demonstrative pronouns: "dis" and "dat", used in both singular and plural.
+===Nouns===
+====Articles====
+There are two sets of articles, indefinite and definite. The indefinite articles are "a" and "an", the former being used before consonants and the latter before vowels. The definite article "de" may be used for both, but depending on style "d'" before a vowel is permissible as well.
+====Plurals====
+After nouns, generally an -s is added to mark the plural. In cases where this is not possible due to being hard or impossible to pronounce -es is added instead. A singular word ending with -s is suffixed -sses in the plural form. Some irregular forms exist but are not very common, such as words ending with -ix being -ices in the plural.
+{| class="wikitable"
+|+ Overview over all plural classes
+|-
+! Singular !! Plural
+|-
+| -x || -ces
+|-
+| -um || -a
+|-
+| -us || -i
+|-
+| -s || -sses
+|-
+| etc. || -(e)s
+|}
+The vestigial genitive remains -s in all cases. Affixed as ' to plurals already ending in an -s otherwise suffixed as -s. Example: de Bakteriums (the bacterium's) -> de Bakterias (the bacteria's).
 ===Verbs===
-All verbs in the language end with either -en or -n. There are two irregular verbs "sen" and "haven". Verbs conjugate for tense, of which there are four, two of which periphrastic and one default (present) and for voice.
+All verbs in the language end with either -en or -n. There are two irregular verbs "sen" and "haven". Verbs conjugate for tense, of which there are four, two of which periphrastic and one default (present) and for voice. There are no strong verbs in this language, meaning all but the two irregular verbs hold their pattern universally.
 {| class="wikitable"
@@ Line 194: / Line 205: @@
 |}
-There are no strong verbs in this language.
+=== Vocabulary ====