IPA for Bemé: Difference between revisions

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The charts below show the way in which the [[wikipedia:International Phonetic Alphabet|International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)]] represents [[Bemé|Standard Bemé]] pronunciations. English approximations are loose in some cases and are only intended to give a general idea of the pronunciation. For more information, see [[w:Help:IPA|Help:IPA]].

The charts below show the way in which the [[wikipedia:International Phonetic Alphabet|International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)]] represents [[Bemé|Standard Bemé]], [[Bijun]] and [[Columbé]] pronunciations. English approximations are loose in some cases and are only intended to give a general idea of the pronunciation. For more information, see [[w:Help:IPA|Help:IPA]].

{|

Line 5:

| valign="top" |

{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"

! colspan=4 | Consonants

! colspan=6 | Consonants

|-

! Bemé orthography !! IPA !! Examples !! English approximation

! rowspan=2 | Bemé orthography !! colspan=3 | IPA !! rowspan=2 | Examples !! rowspan=2 | English approximation

|-

| ~~b ||~~ [[w:~~Voiced bilabial plosive~~|b]] || [[~~Contionary~~:~~bemeh#Bemé~~|~~'''b'''emeh~~]] ~~|| '''b'''ow~~

! [[File:Poccasin.svg|24px]] Bemé !! [[File:Bijun.svg|24px]] Bijun !! [[File:Columban.svg|24px]] Columbé

|-

| ch || ~~[[w:Voiceless postalveolar affricate~~|~~t͡ʃ]]~~ || [[Contionary:~~chena~~#Bemé|'''ch'''~~ena~~]] || '''Ch'''~~ina~~

| rowspan=2 | b || rowspan=2 colspan=2 | {{ipa|b}} || {{ipa|b}} || [[Contionary:bemeh#Bemé|'''b'''emeh]] || '''b'''ow

|-

| d || [[w:~~Voiced alveolar plosive~~|d]] || [[Contionary:~~dan~~#Bemé|'''d'''an]] || '''d'''~~one~~

| {{ipa|β}}<ref name="bdg">Columbé /b, d, g/ are lenited to [[w:Voiced fricative|fricative]] [β, ð, ɣ] or [[w:Approximant|approximant]] [β̞, ð̞, ɣ̞] in intervocalic positions.</ref> || [[Contionary:abo#Bemé|a'''b'''o]] || (''Columbé'') between '''b'''a'''b'''y and be'''v'''y

|-

| g || ~~[[w:Voiced velar plosive~~|~~g]]~~ || [[Contionary:~~gud~~#Bemé|'''g'''ud]] || '''g'''~~ood~~

| ch || {{ipa|tʃ}} || {{ipa|ts}} || {{ipa|tʃ}} || [[Contionary:chena#Bemé|'''ch'''ena]] || '''Ch'''ina

|-

| gr || ~~gɹ~d͡ʒɹ~~ || [[Contionary:~~grinyeh~~#Bemé|'''gr'''~~inyeh~~]] || '''~~gr'''ill or '''dr~~'''~~ink~~

| rowspan=2 | d || rowspan=2 colspan=2 | {{ipa|d}} || {{ipa|d}} || [[Contionary:dan#Bemé|'''d'''an]] || '''d'''one

|-

| ~~rowspan~~=~~2 | h || [[w:Voiceless glottal fricative|h]]~~ || ~~(initial)~~ [[Contionary:~~hampo#Bemé~~|'''h'''~~ampo~~]] || '''h'''am

| {{ipa|ð}}<ref name="bdg"></ref> || [[Contionary:ridem|ri'''d'''em]] || '''th'''en

|-

| [[w:~~Glottal stop|ʔ]] |~~| ~~(medial) ji~~'''h'''ad || uh'''-'''oh

| rowspan=2 | g || rowspan=2 colspan=2 | {{ipa|g}} || {{ipa|g}} || [[Contionary:gud#Bemé|'''g'''ud]] || '''g'''ood

|-

| j |~~| [[w:Voiced postalveolar affricate|d͡ʒ]]~~ || [[Contionary:~~jamis#Bemé~~|'''j'''~~amis~~]] || '''j'''~~eans~~

| {{ipa|ɣ}}<ref name="bdg"></ref> || [[Contionary:biginim|bi'''g'''inim]] || (''Columbé'') a'''g'''ain, but without the tongue

touching the soft palate

|-

| k || ~~[[w:Voiceless velar plosive~~|~~k]]~~ || [[Contionary:~~kaneh~~|'''k'''~~aneh~~]] || '''k'''~~ing~~

| rowspan=2 | gr || rowspan=2 | {{ipa|gɹ~dʒɹ}} || {{ipa|kɹ}} || rowspan=2 | {{ipa|gɾ}} || [[Contionary:grinyeh#Bemé|'''gr'''inyeh]] || '''gr'''ill or '''dr'''ink

|-

| kr ~~|| tɹ̥~kɹ̥~~~~~t͡ʃɹ̥~~ || [[Contionary:~~kriyal~~|'''kr'''~~iyal~~]] || ''~~'kr'~~''~~ill or~~ '''tr'''ee

| {{ipa|kw}}<ref name=bijun-kr>/kr/ is pronounced /kw/ before back vowels /o u/.</ref><ref name=bijun-rw>Bijun /ɹ/ is pronounced /w/ between a consonant and a back vowel (/o u/). This effect most commonly appears in the cluster /kr gr/ (which are both pronounced /kɹ~kw/ in Bijun specifically).</ref> || [[Contionary:grown#Bemé|'''gr'''own]] || (''Bijun'') '''qu'''ay

|-

| l || [[w:~~Voiced alveolar lateral approximant~~|l]] || [[Contionary:~~kolo~~#Bemé|ko'''l'''o]] || '''l'''id

| rowspan=2 | h || {{ipa|h}}<ref>/h/ is pronounced as /[[w:Voiceless glottal fricative|h]]/ in word-initial positions.</ref> || {{ipa|ʔ}}<ref>Bijun /h/ is pronounced as a [[w:Glottal stop|glottal stop]] in word-initial positions.</ref> || rowspan=2 | {{ipa|h}}<ref>Columbé /h/ is always present and pronounced /[[w:Voiceless glottal fricative|h]]/.</ref> || [[Contionary:hampo#Bemé|'''h'''ampo]] || '''h'''am

|-

| m || [[~~w:Voiced bilabial nasal~~|~~m]]~~ || ~~[[Contionary:ameh#Bemé~~|a'''m'''~~eh]]~~ || '''m'''~~other~~

| {{ipa|ʔ}}<ref>/h/ is pronounced /ʔ/ in word-medial positions.</ref> || ∅<ref>Bijun /h/ is not pronounced in word-medial positions, so words like ''mehan'' [meʔan] become [mian].</ref> || {{bm|mehan|me'''h'''an}} || uh'''-'''oh

|-

| n || ~~[[w:Voiced alveolar nasal~~|~~n]]~~ || [[Contionary:~~dampini~~#Bemé|~~dampi~~'''n'''i]] || '''n'''~~ice~~

| j || {{ipa|dʒ}} || {{ipa|ʒ}} || {{ipa|dʒ}} || [[Contionary:jamis#Bemé|'''j'''amis]] || '''j'''eans

|-

| ng || ~~[[w:Voiced velar nasal~~|~~ŋ]]~~ || [[Contionary:~~kring#Bemé~~|~~kri~~'''ng''']] || ~~swimmi~~'''ng'''

| k || colspan=3 | {{ipa|k}} || [[Contionary:kaneh|'''k'''aneh]] || '''k'''ing

|-

| ny || [[w:~~Voiced palatal nasal~~|ɲ]] || [[Contionary:~~snyek~~|s'''ny'''ek]] || ca'''ny'''on

| rowspan=2 | kr || rowspan=2 | {{ipa|tɹ̥~kɹ̥~tʃɹ̥}}<ref>The distinction between /kr tr tʃr/, as well as between /gr dʒr/, has been historically neutralised, leading to a varying pronunciation:

* ⟨kr⟩ may be heard as /tɹ̥ kɹ̥ tʃɹ̥/;

* In the most [[w:Basilect|basilectal]](''Kriyal'') varieties, the stop may be simply [[w:Aspirated consonant|strongly aspirated]], leaving /tʰː kʰː tʃʰː/;

* The realisation may be aspirated [[w:Retroflex consonant|retroflex]] /ʈʰ/, and similarly [[w:Voiceless retroflex affricate|affricated]] to /ʈʂ ʈʂʰ/.

The pronunciation of ⟨gr⟩ is less variable; there still exists a distinction between /gr~dʒr/ and /dr/, though /dr/ is extremely rare and only exists in certain words, such as '''''gr'''ag'' "stop (v.)" and '''''dr'''ag'' "drag queen".</ref>|| {{ipa|kɹ}} || rowspan=2 | {{ipa|kɾ}} || [[Contionary:kriyal|'''kr'''iyal]] || '''kr'''ill or '''tr'''ee

|-

| p |~~| [[w:Voiceless bilabial plosive|p]]~~ || [[Contionary:~~dampini#Bemé~~|~~dam~~'''p'''~~ini~~]] || s'''p'''in

| {{ipa|kw}}<ref name=bijun-kr></ref><ref name=bijun-rw></ref> || [[Contionary:krom|'''kr'''om]] || (''Bijun'') '''qu'''ay

|-

| r || ~~[[w:Voiced alveolar approximant~~|~~ɹ]]~~ || [[Contionary:~~ridem~~|'''r'''~~idem~~]] || '''rh'''~~ythm~~

| rowspan=2 | l || rowspan=2 | {{ipa|l}} || rowspan=2 | {{ipa|ɫ}} || {{ipa|l}} || [[Contionary:kolo#Bemé|ko'''l'''o]] || '''l'''id

|-

| s |~~| [[w:Voiceless alveolar sibilant|s]]~~ || [[Contionary:~~sebis~~|'''~~s'''ebi'''s~~''']] || ''~~'s'~~''~~ervi~~'''c'''e

| {{ipa|ʎ}}<ref>Columbé /l/ is only pronounced /ʎ/ when syllabic.</ref> || [[Contionary:Beybl|Beyb'''l''']] || (''Columbé'') mi'''lli'''on

|-

| sh || ~~[[w:Voiceless postalveolar sibilant~~|~~ʃ]]~~ || [[Contionary:~~shik~~|'''sh'''ik]] || '''sh'''~~ine~~

| m || colspan=3 | {{ipa|m}} || [[Contionary:ameh#Bemé|a'''m'''eh]] || '''m'''other

|-

| t || [[~~w:Voiceless alveolar plosive|t~~]] || [[Contionary:~~titrink~~|'''t'''~~itrink~~]] || '''t'''ea

| rowspan=2 | n || colspan=2 rowspan=2 | {{ipa|n}}<ref>/n/ may be variably pronounced /m ŋ ɲ/ before certain consonants; see [[Bemé#Nasal assimilation]] for more.</ref> || {{ipa|n}} || [[Contionary:chena|che'''n'''a]] || '''n'''ice

|-

| ~~w |~~| [[w:~~Voiced labial-velar approximant~~|w]] || [[Contionary:~~wan~~#Bemé|'''w'''an]] || '''w'''~~ant~~

| {{ipa|ɲ}}<ref>Columbé /n/ is [[w:Palatalization|palatalised]] before /i/ (but not /iː/, which is an allophone of the diphthong /ei̯/).</ref> || [[Contionary:dampini#Bemé|dampi'''n'''i]] || (''Columbé'') ca'''ny'''on

|-

| y || ~~[[w:Voiced palatal approximant~~|~~j]]~~ || [[Contionary:yu#Bemé|'''y'''u]] || '''y'''ou

| ng || colspan=3 | {{ipa|ŋ}} || [[Contionary:kring#Bemé|kri'''ng''']] || swimmi'''ng'''

|-

| z || [[w:~~Voiced alveolar sibilant~~|z]] || [[Contionary:~~mazik~~#Bemé|ma'''z'''ik]] || '''z'''oo

| rowspan=2 | ny || colspan=2 rowspan=2 | {{ipa|ɲ}} || {{ipa|ɲ}} || [[Contionary:snyek|s'''ny'''ek]] || ca'''ny'''on

|-

| {{ipa|j̃}}<ref>Columbé /ɲ/ is pronounced as /j̃/ in intervocalic positions.</ref> || [[Contionary:grinyeh#Bemé|gri'''ny'''eh]] || (''Columbé'') [[w:Polish language|Polish]] [[w:Gdańsk|Gda'''ń'''sk]]

|-

| p || colspan=3 | {{ipa|p}} || [[Contionary:dampini#Bemé|dam'''p'''ini]] || s'''p'''in

|-

| rowspan=2 | r || rowspan=2 | {{ipa|ɹ}} || {{ipa|ɹ}} || rowspan=2 | {{ipa|ɾ}} || [[Contionary:ridem|'''r'''idem]] || '''rh'''ythm

|-

| {{ipa|w}}<ref name=bijun-rw></ref> || [[Contionary:krom|k'''r'''om]] || (''Bijun'') '''w'''ing

|-

| s || colspan=3 | {{ipa|s}} || [[Contionary:sebis|'''s'''ebi'''s''']] || '''s'''ervi'''c'''e

|-

| sh || colspan=3 | {{ipa|ʃ}} || [[Contionary:shik|'''sh'''ik]] || '''sh'''ine

|-

| t || colspan=3 | {{ipa|t}} || [[Contionary:titrink|'''t'''itrink]] || '''t'''ea

|-

| w || colspan=3 | {{ipa|w}} || [[Contionary:wan#Bemé|'''w'''an]] || '''w'''ant

|-

| y || colspan=3 | {{ipa|j}} || [[Contionary:yu#Bemé|'''y'''u]] || '''y'''ou

|}

| valign="top" |

{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"

! colspan=4 | Vowels

! colspan=6 | Vowels

|-

! rowspan=2 | Bemé orthography !! colspan=3 | IPA !! rowspan=2 | Examples !! rowspan=2 | English approximation

|-

! Bemé ~~orthography~~ !! ~~IPA~~ !! ~~Examples !! English approximation~~

! [[File:Poccasin.svg|24px]] Bemé !! [[File:Bijun.svg|24px]] Bijun !! [[File:Columban.svg|24px]] Columbé

|-

| a || ~~[[w:Open central unrounded vowel~~|a]] || [[Contionary:jamis#Bemé|j'''a'''mis]] || tr'''a'''p

| a || colspan=3 | {{ipa|a}} || [[Contionary:jamis#Bemé|j'''a'''mis]] || tr'''a'''p

|-

| e || [[~~w:Close-mid front unrounded vowel~~|e]] || [[Contionary:bemeh#Bemé|b'''e'''meh]] || m'''a'''y

| e || {{ipa|e}} || {{ipa|i}} || rowspan=2 | {{ipa|e}}<ref>Columbé incorporates a complete lack of ''[[Bemé#Leleh|leleh]]''; /ɛ/ is always pronounced /e/.</ref> || [[Contionary:bemeh#Bemé|b'''e'''meh]] || m'''a'''y

|-

| eh || ~~[[w:Open-mid front unrounded vowel~~|ɛ]] || [[Contionary:bemeh#Bemé|bem'''eh''']] || b'''e'''d

| eh || colspan=2 | {{ipa|ɛ}} || [[Contionary:bemeh#Bemé|bem'''eh''']] || b'''e'''d

|-

| i || ~~[[w:Close front unrounded vowel~~|i]] || [[Contionary:bi#Bemé|b'''i''']] || '''ea'''t

| i || colspan=3 | {{ipa|i}} || [[Contionary:bi#Bemé|b'''i''']] || '''ea'''t

|-

| o || ~~[[w:Close~~-~~mid back rounded vowel~~|o]] || [[Contionary:kolo#Bemé|k'''o'''~~l'''o'''~~]] || y'''aw'''n

| rowspan=3 | o || rowspan=3 | {{ipa|o}} || {{ipa|ɔ}}<ref>Bijun /o/ is pronounced /ɔ/ in word-initial syllables.</ref> || rowspan=3 | {{ipa|o}} || [[Contionary:kolo#Bemé|k'''o'''lo]] || y'''aw'''n (''Bijun'') '''o'''ff

|-

| u || [[w:~~Near~~-~~close near-back rounded vowel~~|u]] || [[Contionary:yu#Bemé|y'''u''']] || h'''oo'''k

| {{ipa|o}} || {{bm|komonis|kom'''o'''nis}} || y'''aw'''n

|-

| {{ipa|u}}<ref>Bijun /o/ is pronounced /u/ in word-final positions.</ref> || [[Contionary:kolo#Bemé|kol'''o''']] || (''Bijun'') h'''oo'''k

|-

| u || {{ipa|u}} || {{ipa|ʊ}} || {{ipa|ʌ}} || [[Contionary:yu#Bemé|y'''u''']] || h'''oo'''k

|}

{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"

! colspan=4 | Diphthongs

! colspan=6 | Diphthongs

|-

! rowspan=2 | Bemé orthography !! colspan=3 | IPA !! rowspan=2 | Examples !! rowspan=2 | English approximation

|-

! [[File:Poccasin.svg|24px]] Bemé !! [[File:Bijun.svg|24px]] Bijun !! [[File:Columban.svg|24px]] Columbé<ref>The pronunciation of diphthongs /ei̯ oi̯ ou̯/ in Columbé has great variations; this table only shows the most common pronunciation. For more information, see [[Columbé#Phonology|Columbé § Phonology]].</ref>

|-

! Bemé ~~orthography !! IPA !! Examples !! English approximation~~

| ey || {{ipa|ei̯}} || colspan=2 | {{ipa|eː}} || [[Contionary:skey#Bemé|sk'''ey''']] || m'''ay'''

|-

| ey || ~~ei̯~~ || [[Contionary:~~skey#Bemé~~|sk'''ey''']] || m'''ay'''

| oi || {{ipa|oi̯}} || {{ipa|ui̯}} || {{ipa|oː}} || [[Contionary:woiwoi|w'''oi'''w'''oi''']] || j'''oy'''

|-

| oi || ~~oi̯~~ || [[Contionary:~~woiwoi~~|w'''oi'''w'''oi'''~~]] || j~~'''oy'''

| rowspan=2 | ow || rowspan=2 colspan=2 | {{ipa|ou̯}} || {{ipa|uː}} || rowspan=2 | [[Contionary:grown#Bemé|gr'''ow'''n]] || b'''ow''', (''Columbé'') b'''oo'''t (''[[w:Vowel length|long]]'')

|-

| ~~ow |~~| ou̯ || ~~[[Contionary:grown#Bemé|gr~~'''ow'''~~n]] || b~~'''ow'''

| {{ipa|u}}<ref>Columbé /ou̯/ is often pronounced as a short /u/ in closed syllables.</ref> || (''Columbé'') b'''oo'''t (''[[w:Vowel length|short]]'')

|}

~~The distinction between /kr tr t͡ʃr/, as well as between /gr d͡ʒr/, has been historically neutralised, leading to a varying pronunciation:~~

* ⟨kr⟩ may be heard as /tɹ̥ kɹ̥ t͡ʃɹ̥/;

[[Category:Bemé]]

* In the most [[w:Basilect|basilectal]](''Kriyal'') varieties, the stop may be simply [[w:~~Aspirated consonant|strongly aspirated~~]]~~, leaving /tʰː kʰː t͡ʃʰː/;~~

* The realisation may be aspirated [[w:Retroflex consonant|retroflex]] /ʈʰ/, and similarly [[w:Voiceless retroflex affricate|affricated]] to /ʈ͡ʂ ʈ͡ʂʰ/.

The pronunciation of ⟨gr⟩ is less variable; there still exists a distinction between /gr~d͡ʒr/ and /dr/, though /dr/ is extremely rare and only exists in certain words, such as '''''gr'''ag'' "stop (v.)" and '''''dr'''ag'' "drag queen".

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-The charts below show the way in which the [[wikipedia:International Phonetic Alphabet|International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)]] represents [[Bemé|Standard Bemé]] pronunciations. English approximations are loose in some cases and are only intended to give a general idea of the pronunciation. For more information, see [[w:Help:IPA|Help:IPA]].
+The charts below show the way in which the [[wikipedia:International Phonetic Alphabet|International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)]] represents [[Bemé|Standard Bemé]], [[Bijun]] and [[Columbé]] pronunciations. English approximations are loose in some cases and are only intended to give a general idea of the pronunciation. For more information, see [[w:Help:IPA|Help:IPA]].
 {{IPA keys}}
 {|
@@ Line 5: / Line 5: @@
 | valign="top" |
 {| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"
-! colspan=4 | Consonants
+! colspan=6 | Consonants
 |-
-! Bemé orthography !! IPA !! Examples !! English approximation
+! rowspan=2 | Bemé orthography !! colspan=3 | IPA !! rowspan=2 | Examples !! rowspan=2 | English approximation
 |-
-| b || [[w:Voiced bilabial plosive|b]] || [[Contionary:bemeh#Bemé|'''b'''emeh]] || '''b'''ow
+! [[File:Poccasin.svg|24px]]<br>Bemé !! [[File:Bijun.svg|24px]]<br>Bijun !! [[File:Columban.svg|24px]]<br>Columbé
 |-
-| ch || [[w:Voiceless postalveolar affricate|t͡ʃ]] || [[Contionary:chena#Bemé|'''ch'''ena]] || '''Ch'''ina
+| rowspan=2 | b || rowspan=2 colspan=2 | {{ipa|b}} || {{ipa|b}} || [[Contionary:bemeh#Bemé|'''b'''emeh]] || '''b'''ow
 |-
-| d || [[w:Voiced alveolar plosive|d]] || [[Contionary:dan#Bemé|'''d'''an]] || '''d'''one
+| {{ipa|β}}<ref name="bdg">Columbé /b, d, g/ are lenited to [[w:Voiced fricative|fricative]] [β, ð, ɣ] or [[w:Approximant|approximant]] [β̞, ð̞, ɣ̞] in intervocalic positions.</ref> || [[Contionary:abo#Bemé|a'''b'''o]] || (''Columbé'') between '''b'''a'''b'''y and be'''v'''y
 |-
-| g || [[w:Voiced velar plosive|g]] || [[Contionary:gud#Bemé|'''g'''ud]] || '''g'''ood
+| ch || {{ipa|tʃ}} || {{ipa|ts}} || {{ipa|tʃ}} || [[Contionary:chena#Bemé|'''ch'''ena]] || '''Ch'''ina
 |-
-| gr || gɹ~d͡ʒɹ || [[Contionary:grinyeh#Bemé|'''gr'''inyeh]] || '''gr'''ill or '''dr'''ink
+| rowspan=2 | d || rowspan=2 colspan=2 | {{ipa|d}} || {{ipa|d}} || [[Contionary:dan#Bemé|'''d'''an]] || '''d'''one
 |-
-| rowspan=2 | h || [[w:Voiceless glottal fricative|h]] || (initial) [[Contionary:hampo#Bemé|'''h'''ampo]] || '''h'''am
+| {{ipa|ð}}<ref name="bdg"></ref> || [[Contionary:ridem|ri'''d'''em]] || '''th'''en
 |-
-| [[w:Glottal stop|ʔ]] || (medial) ji'''h'''ad || uh'''-'''oh
+| rowspan=2 | g || rowspan=2 colspan=2 | {{ipa|g}} || {{ipa|g}} || [[Contionary:gud#Bemé|'''g'''ud]] || '''g'''ood
 |-
-| j || [[w:Voiced postalveolar affricate|d͡ʒ]] || [[Contionary:jamis#Bemé|'''j'''amis]] || '''j'''eans
+| {{ipa|ɣ}}<ref name="bdg"></ref> || [[Contionary:biginim|bi'''g'''inim]] || (''Columbé'') a'''g'''ain, but without the tongue
+touching the soft palate
 |-
-| k || [[w:Voiceless velar plosive|k]] || [[Contionary:kaneh|'''k'''aneh]] || '''k'''ing
+| rowspan=2 | gr || rowspan=2 | {{ipa|gɹ~dʒɹ}} || {{ipa|kɹ}} || rowspan=2 | {{ipa|gɾ}} || [[Contionary:grinyeh#Bemé|'''gr'''inyeh]] || '''gr'''ill or '''dr'''ink
 |-
-| kr || tɹ̥~kɹ̥~t͡ʃɹ̥ || [[Contionary:kriyal|'''kr'''iyal]] || '''kr'''ill or '''tr'''ee
+| {{ipa|kw}}<ref name=bijun-kr>/kr/ is pronounced /kw/ before back vowels /o u/.</ref><ref name=bijun-rw>Bijun /ɹ/ is pronounced /w/ between a consonant and a back vowel (/o u/). This effect most commonly appears in the cluster /kr gr/ (which are both pronounced /kɹ~kw/ in Bijun specifically).</ref> || [[Contionary:grown#Bemé|'''gr'''own]] || (''Bijun'') '''qu'''ay
 |-
-| l || [[w:Voiced alveolar lateral approximant|l]] || [[Contionary:kolo#Bemé|ko'''l'''o]] || '''l'''id
+| rowspan=2 | h || {{ipa|h}}<ref>/h/ is pronounced as /[[w:Voiceless glottal fricative|h]]/ in word-initial positions.</ref> || {{ipa|ʔ}}<ref>Bijun /h/ is pronounced as a [[w:Glottal stop|glottal stop]] in word-initial positions.</ref>  || rowspan=2 | {{ipa|h}}<ref>Columbé /h/ is always present and pronounced /[[w:Voiceless glottal fricative|h]]/.</ref> || [[Contionary:hampo#Bemé|'''h'''ampo]] || '''h'''am
 |-
-| m || [[w:Voiced bilabial nasal|m]] || [[Contionary:ameh#Bemé|a'''m'''eh]] || '''m'''other
+| {{ipa|ʔ}}<ref>/h/ is pronounced /ʔ/ in word-medial positions.</ref> || ∅<ref>Bijun /h/ is not pronounced in word-medial positions, so words like ''mehan'' [meʔan] become [mian].</ref> || {{bm|mehan|me'''h'''an}} || uh'''-'''oh
 |-
-| n || [[w:Voiced alveolar nasal|n]] || [[Contionary:dampini#Bemé|dampi'''n'''i]] || '''n'''ice
+| j || {{ipa|dʒ}} || {{ipa|ʒ}} || {{ipa|dʒ}} || [[Contionary:jamis#Bemé|'''j'''amis]] || '''j'''eans
 |-
-| ng || [[w:Voiced velar nasal|ŋ]] || [[Contionary:kring#Bemé|kri'''ng''']] || swimmi'''ng'''
+| k || colspan=3 | {{ipa|k}} || [[Contionary:kaneh|'''k'''aneh]] || '''k'''ing
 |-
-| ny || [[w:Voiced palatal nasal|ɲ]] || [[Contionary:snyek|s'''ny'''ek]] || ca'''ny'''on
+| rowspan=2 | kr || rowspan=2 | {{ipa|tɹ̥~kɹ̥~tʃɹ̥}}<ref>The distinction between /kr tr tʃr/, as well as between /gr dʒr/, has been historically neutralised, leading to a varying pronunciation:
+* ⟨kr⟩ may be heard as /tɹ̥ kɹ̥ tʃɹ̥/;
+* In the most [[w:Basilect|basilectal]](''Kriyal'') varieties, the stop may be simply [[w:Aspirated consonant|strongly aspirated]], leaving /tʰː kʰː tʃʰː/;
+* The realisation may be aspirated [[w:Retroflex consonant|retroflex]] /ʈʰ/, and similarly [[w:Voiceless retroflex affricate|affricated]] to /ʈʂ ʈʂʰ/.
+The pronunciation of ⟨gr⟩ is less variable; there still exists a distinction between /gr~dʒr/ and /dr/, though /dr/ is extremely rare and only exists in certain words, such as '''''gr'''ag'' "stop (v.)" and '''''dr'''ag'' "drag queen".</ref>|| {{ipa|kɹ}} || rowspan=2 | {{ipa|kɾ}} || [[Contionary:kriyal|'''kr'''iyal]] || '''kr'''ill or '''tr'''ee
 |-
-| p || [[w:Voiceless bilabial plosive|p]] || [[Contionary:dampini#Bemé|dam'''p'''ini]] || s'''p'''in
+| {{ipa|kw}}<ref name=bijun-kr></ref><ref name=bijun-rw></ref> || [[Contionary:krom|'''kr'''om]] || (''Bijun'') '''qu'''ay
 |-
-| r || [[w:Voiced alveolar approximant|ɹ]] || [[Contionary:ridem|'''r'''idem]] || '''rh'''ythm
+| rowspan=2 | l || rowspan=2 | {{ipa|l}} || rowspan=2 | {{ipa|ɫ}} || {{ipa|l}} || [[Contionary:kolo#Bemé|ko'''l'''o]] || '''l'''id
 |-
-| s || [[w:Voiceless alveolar sibilant|s]] ||  [[Contionary:sebis|'''s'''ebi'''s''']] || '''s'''ervi'''c'''e
+| {{ipa|ʎ}}<ref>Columbé /l/ is only pronounced /ʎ/ when syllabic.</ref> || [[Contionary:Beybl|Beyb'''l''']] || (''Columbé'') mi'''lli'''on
 |-
-| sh || [[w:Voiceless postalveolar sibilant|ʃ]] ||  [[Contionary:shik|'''sh'''ik]] || '''sh'''ine
+| m || colspan=3 | {{ipa|m}} || [[Contionary:ameh#Bemé|a'''m'''eh]] || '''m'''other
 |-
-| t || [[w:Voiceless alveolar plosive|t]] || [[Contionary:titrink|'''t'''itrink]] || '''t'''ea
+| rowspan=2 | n || colspan=2 rowspan=2 | {{ipa|n}}<ref>/n/ may be variably pronounced /m ŋ ɲ/ before certain consonants; see [[Bemé#Nasal assimilation]] for more.</ref> || {{ipa|n}} || [[Contionary:chena|che'''n'''a]] || '''n'''ice
 |-
-| w || [[w:Voiced labial-velar approximant|w]] || [[Contionary:wan#Bemé|'''w'''an]] || '''w'''ant
+| {{ipa|ɲ}}<ref>Columbé /n/ is [[w:Palatalization|palatalised]] before /i/ (but not /iː/, which is an allophone of the diphthong /ei̯/).</ref> || [[Contionary:dampini#Bemé|dampi'''n'''i]] || (''Columbé'') ca'''ny'''on
 |-
-| y || [[w:Voiced palatal approximant|j]] || [[Contionary:yu#Bemé|'''y'''u]] || '''y'''ou
+| ng || colspan=3 | {{ipa|ŋ}} || [[Contionary:kring#Bemé|kri'''ng''']] || swimmi'''ng'''
 |-
-| z || [[w:Voiced alveolar sibilant|z]] || [[Contionary:mazik#Bemé|ma'''z'''ik]] || '''z'''oo
+| rowspan=2 | ny || colspan=2 rowspan=2 | {{ipa|ɲ}} || {{ipa|ɲ}} || [[Contionary:snyek|s'''ny'''ek]] || ca'''ny'''on
+|-
+| {{ipa|j̃}}<ref>Columbé /ɲ/ is pronounced as /j̃/ in intervocalic positions.</ref> || [[Contionary:grinyeh#Bemé|gri'''ny'''eh]] || (''Columbé'') [[w:Polish language|Polish]] [[w:Gdańsk|Gda'''ń'''sk]]
+|-
+| p || colspan=3 | {{ipa|p}} || [[Contionary:dampini#Bemé|dam'''p'''ini]] || s'''p'''in
+|-
+| rowspan=2 | r || rowspan=2 | {{ipa|ɹ}} || {{ipa|ɹ}} || rowspan=2 | {{ipa|ɾ}} || [[Contionary:ridem|'''r'''idem]] || '''rh'''ythm
+|-
+| {{ipa|w}}<ref name=bijun-rw></ref>  || [[Contionary:krom|k'''r'''om]] || (''Bijun'') '''w'''ing
+|-
+| s || colspan=3 | {{ipa|s}} ||  [[Contionary:sebis|'''s'''ebi'''s''']] || '''s'''ervi'''c'''e
+|-
+| sh || colspan=3 | {{ipa|ʃ}} ||  [[Contionary:shik|'''sh'''ik]] || '''sh'''ine
+|-
+| t || colspan=3 | {{ipa|t}} || [[Contionary:titrink|'''t'''itrink]] || '''t'''ea
+|-
+| w || colspan=3 | {{ipa|w}} || [[Contionary:wan#Bemé|'''w'''an]] || '''w'''ant
+|-
+| y || colspan=3 | {{ipa|j}} || [[Contionary:yu#Bemé|'''y'''u]] || '''y'''ou
 |}
 | valign="top" |
 {| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"
-! colspan=4 | Vowels
+! colspan=6 | Vowels
+|-
+! rowspan=2 | Bemé orthography !! colspan=3 | IPA !! rowspan=2 | Examples !! rowspan=2 | English approximation
 |-
-! Bemé orthography !! IPA !! Examples !! English approximation
+! [[File:Poccasin.svg|24px]]<br>Bemé !! [[File:Bijun.svg|24px]]<br>Bijun !! [[File:Columban.svg|24px]]<br>Columbé
 |-
-| a || [[w:Open central unrounded vowel|a]] || [[Contionary:jamis#Bemé|j'''a'''mis]] || tr'''a'''p
+| a || colspan=3 | {{ipa|a}} || [[Contionary:jamis#Bemé|j'''a'''mis]] || tr'''a'''p
 |-
-| e || [[w:Close-mid front unrounded vowel|e]] || [[Contionary:bemeh#Bemé|b'''e'''meh]] || m'''a'''y
+| e || {{ipa|e}} || {{ipa|i}} || rowspan=2 | {{ipa|e}}<ref>Columbé incorporates a complete lack of ''[[Bemé#Leleh|leleh]]''; /ɛ/ is always pronounced /e/.</ref> || [[Contionary:bemeh#Bemé|b'''e'''meh]] || m'''a'''y
 |-
-| eh || [[w:Open-mid front unrounded vowel|ɛ]] || [[Contionary:bemeh#Bemé|bem'''eh''']] || b'''e'''d
+| eh || colspan=2 | {{ipa|ɛ}} || [[Contionary:bemeh#Bemé|bem'''eh''']] || b'''e'''d
 |-
-| i || [[w:Close front unrounded vowel|i]] || [[Contionary:bi#Bemé|b'''i''']] || '''ea'''t
+| i || colspan=3 | {{ipa|i}} || [[Contionary:bi#Bemé|b'''i''']] || '''ea'''t
 |-
-| o || [[w:Close-mid back rounded vowel|o]] || [[Contionary:kolo#Bemé|k'''o'''l'''o''']] || y'''aw'''n
+| rowspan=3 | o || rowspan=3 | {{ipa|o}} || {{ipa|ɔ}}<ref>Bijun /o/ is pronounced /ɔ/ in word-initial syllables.</ref> || rowspan=3 | {{ipa|o}} || [[Contionary:kolo#Bemé|k'''o'''lo]] || y'''aw'''n<br>(''Bijun'') '''o'''ff
 |-
-| u || [[w:Near-close near-back rounded vowel|u]] || [[Contionary:yu#Bemé|y'''u''']] || h'''oo'''k
+| {{ipa|o}} || {{bm|komonis|kom'''o'''nis}} || y'''aw'''n
+|-
+| {{ipa|u}}<ref>Bijun /o/ is pronounced /u/ in word-final positions.</ref> || [[Contionary:kolo#Bemé|kol'''o''']] || (''Bijun'') h'''oo'''k
+|-
+| u || {{ipa|u}} || {{ipa|ʊ}} || {{ipa|ʌ}} || [[Contionary:yu#Bemé|y'''u''']] || h'''oo'''k
 |}
 {| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"
-! colspan=4 | Diphthongs
+! colspan=6 | Diphthongs
+|-
+! rowspan=2 | Bemé orthography !! colspan=3 | IPA !! rowspan=2 | Examples !! rowspan=2 | English approximation
+|-
+! [[File:Poccasin.svg|24px]]<br>Bemé !! [[File:Bijun.svg|24px]]<br>Bijun !! [[File:Columban.svg|24px]]<br>Columbé<ref>The pronunciation of diphthongs /ei̯ oi̯ ou̯/ in Columbé has great variations; this table only shows the most common pronunciation. For more information, see [[Columbé#Phonology|Columbé § Phonology]].</ref>
 |-
-! Bemé orthography !! IPA !! Examples !! English approximation
+| ey || {{ipa|ei̯}} || colspan=2 | {{ipa|eː}} || [[Contionary:skey#Bemé|sk'''ey''']] || m'''ay'''
 |-
-| ey || ei̯ || [[Contionary:skey#Bemé|sk'''ey''']] || m'''ay'''
+| oi || {{ipa|oi̯}} || {{ipa|ui̯}} || {{ipa|oː}} || [[Contionary:woiwoi|w'''oi'''w'''oi''']] || j'''oy'''
 |-
-| oi || oi̯ || [[Contionary:woiwoi|w'''oi'''w'''oi''']] || j'''oy'''
+| rowspan=2 | ow || rowspan=2 colspan=2 | {{ipa|ou̯}} || {{ipa|uː}} || rowspan=2 | [[Contionary:grown#Bemé|gr'''ow'''n]] || b'''ow''',<br>(''Columbé'') b'''oo'''t (''[[w:Vowel length|long]]'')
 |-
-| ow || ou̯ || [[Contionary:grown#Bemé|gr'''ow'''n]] || b'''ow'''
+| {{ipa|u}}<ref>Columbé /ou̯/ is often pronounced as a short /u/ in closed syllables.</ref> || (''Columbé'') b'''oo'''t (''[[w:Vowel length|short]]'')
 |}
 |}
-The distinction between /kr tr t͡ʃr/, as well as between /gr d͡ʒr/, has been historically neutralised, leading to a varying pronunciation:
-* ⟨kr⟩ may be heard as /tɹ̥ kɹ̥ t͡ʃɹ̥/;
+[[Category:Bemé]]
-* In the most [[w:Basilect|basilectal]](''Kriyal'') varieties, the stop may be simply [[w:Aspirated consonant|strongly aspirated]], leaving /tʰː kʰː t͡ʃʰː/;
-* The realisation may be aspirated [[w:Retroflex consonant|retroflex]] /ʈʰ/, and similarly [[w:Voiceless retroflex affricate|affricated]] to /ʈ͡ʂ ʈ͡ʂʰ/.
-The pronunciation of ⟨gr⟩ is less variable; there still exists a distinction between /gr~d͡ʒr/ and /dr/, though /dr/ is extremely rare and only exists in certain words, such as '''''gr'''ag'' "stop (v.)" and '''''dr'''ag'' "drag queen".