Columbé: Difference between revisions
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| created = 2025 | | created = 2025 | ||
| setting = ''Adventures in the Poccasins'' | | setting = ''Adventures in the Poccasins'' | ||
| state = | | state = [[Saint Columban]] | ||
| ethnicity = Columban people | | ethnicity = Columban people | ||
| script1 = Latn | | script1 = Latn | ||
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| notice = ipa | | notice = ipa | ||
}} | }} | ||
'''Columbé'''{{efn|Known by many other names, including '''Columban Creole''', '''Columban Bemé''', '''Columban Pidgin''', '''Columban Poccasin Pidgin''', '''Columban Poccasin Creole''' and '''Columbanese'''. All these names may also be referred to in the same way but as "'''Saint Columban...'''" etc.}}{{efn|Pronounced [[IPA for Bemé|[kɾijal]]] or [[IPA for Bemé|[kɾijɛl]]].}} is the [[w:Dialect|dialect]] of [[Bemé]] spoken by the Columban people of the island of | '''Columbé'''{{efn|Known by many other names, including '''Columban Creole''', '''Columban Bemé''', '''Columban Pidgin''', '''Columban Poccasin Pidgin''', '''Columban Poccasin Creole''' and '''Columbanese'''. All these names may also be referred to in the same way but as "'''Saint Columban...'''" etc.}}{{efn|Pronounced [[IPA for Bemé|[kɾijal]]] or [[IPA for Bemé|[kɾijɛl]]].}} is the [[w:Dialect|dialect]] of [[Bemé]] spoken by the Columban people of the island of [[Saint Columban]], a [[w:British Overseas Territories|British overseas territory]] located in the Malorabin Islands of the Poccasin Archipelago. It is widely spoken as a first language on Columban, and is the [[w:Vernacular language|vernacular language]] of the island, with around 25,500 native speakers; approximately 98.8% of the population of Columban. | ||
Although the linguistic status of Columbé is debated, linguist consensus dictates that Columbé is a dialect of the more widely spoken [[Bemé]], brought to the island by enslaved Poccasins{{efn|Enslaved Poccasins were not administratively considered "slaves", allowing British colonists in the Poccasins to continue the slave trade despite the [[w:Slavery Abolition Act 1833|1833 Slavery Abolition Act]] and the earlier [[w:Slave Trade Act 1807|1807 Slave Trade Act]] abolishing such practices in the British Empire.}} who were brought to the island by British colonists aiming to drive out the previous Portuguese colonial administration. | Although the linguistic status of Columbé is debated, linguist consensus dictates that Columbé is a dialect of the more widely spoken [[Bemé]], brought to the island by enslaved Poccasins{{efn|Enslaved Poccasins were not administratively considered "slaves", allowing British colonists in the Poccasins to continue the slave trade despite the [[w:Slavery Abolition Act 1833|1833 Slavery Abolition Act]] and the earlier [[w:Slave Trade Act 1807|1807 Slave Trade Act]] abolishing such practices in the British Empire.}} who were brought to the island by British colonists aiming to drive out the previous Portuguese colonial administration. | ||
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Columbé has several distinct phonological features that distinguish it from standard [[Bemé#Phonology|Bemé]]. | Columbé has several distinct phonological features that distinguish it from standard [[Bemé#Phonology|Bemé]]. | ||
Among consonants, [[w:Syllabic consonant|syllabic]] /l̩/ is usually palatalised to /ʎ̩/, so ''Beyb'''l''''' [[IPA for Bemé|[bei̯bl̩]]] becomes [[IPA for Bemé|[beːbʎ̩]]]. | Among consonants, [[w:Syllabic consonant|syllabic]] /l̩/ is usually palatalised to /ʎ̩/, so ''Beyb'''l''''' [[IPA for Bemé|[bei̯bl̩]]] becomes [[IPA for Bemé|[beːbʎ̩]]]. Voiced plosives /b, d, g/ are lenited to [[w:Voiced fricative|fricative]] [β, ð, ɣ] or [[w:Approximant|approximant]] [β̞, ð̞, ɣ̞] intervocalically, though these allophones are typically only written as [β, ð, ɣ] or not at all. /ɲ/ may also be realised as /j̃/ in word-medial positions, so ''{{bm|grinyeh}}'' would be pronounced [[IPA for Bemé|[gɾij̃ɛ]]]. Standard approximant /ɹ/ is pronounced as [[w:Voiced alveolar tap or flap|tap]] /ɾ/, as is typical of most ''[[Bemé#Tak vs kriyal|kriyal]]'' varieties in the south of the Poccasins (where Columban is located). /n/ may also palatalise to a /ɲ/ before an /i/, though not before /iː/, which is an allophone of /ei̯/. /kr, gr/, though very variable among Cassim Po dialects and adjacent dialects such as [[Bijun Creole]], are remarkably invariable in Columbé; /kr/ and /gr/ are almost always pronounced [kɾ] and [gɾ] respectively, though the tap may be devoiced in /kr/ in some younger speakers, yielding instead [kɾ̥] and [gɾ] respectively. | ||
/u/ is | Among short vowels, /u/ is often pronounced /ʌ/ and /ɛ/ is [[Bemé#Leleh|always pronounced /e/]]. | ||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;" | {| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;" | ||
! Grapheme(s) | ! Grapheme(s) | ||
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| /iː/ || /ʌː/ | | /iː/ || /ʌː/ | ||
|} | |} | ||
/ou̯/ may also be realised as a short | /ou̯/ may also be realised as a short [u] in closed syllables; this leads to the pronunciation of words such as ''{{bm|grown}}'' as [[IPA for Bemé|[gɾun]]]. This is the only position where [ʌ, u] appear in contrastive distribution; elsewhere, they are in free variation. | ||
==Notes== | ==Notes== | ||
<references group="lower-alpha"/> | <references group="lower-alpha"/> | ||
[[Category:Bemé]] [[Category:Dialects]] | [[Category:Bemé]] [[Category:Dialects]] | ||