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'''Polynuosu''' (placeholder name) is an language of Angai Europe, mainly inspired by Nuosu, Welsh, and Salishan languages.
'''Qocwane''' (''Qocwanet vŷŷxxŷcê'') is the official language of Qocwane, located in our timeline's Hungary. It is inspired by Finnish, Wakashan languages, Salishan languages, and Nuosu.


== Phonology ==
== Phonology ==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
=== Suprasegmentals ===
|+ Consonants in Nuosu
Qocwane prosody is almost the same as Finnish; stress always falls on the first syllable.
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
=== Consonants ===
! rowspan="2" scope="col" | [[Labial consonant|Labial]]
* /m n l ʋ j w/ '''m n l v j w'''
! colspan="2" scope="col" | [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
* /p t ts tɬ k kʷ ʔ/ '''p t z x c cw q'''
! rowspan="2" scope="col" | [[Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]
* /f s ɬ x xʷ h/ '''f s ł ç çw h'''
! rowspan="2" scope="col" | [[Alveolo-palatal consonant|(Alveolo-)]]<br/>[[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
/k x/ palatalize in words with ATR harmony and may uvularize in words with RTR harmony.
! rowspan="2" scope="col" | [[Velar consonant|Velar]]
 
! rowspan="2" scope="col" | [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
'''mm nn ll vv jj ww pp tt zz xx cc ccw qq''' are the only allowed geminates in native words.
|-
!{{small|plain}}
!{{small|[[Sibilant consonant|sibilant]]}}
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Nasal stop|Nasal]]
!<small>unvoiced</small>
|{{IPA link|m̥}} {{angbr|hm}}
|{{IPA link|n̥}} {{angbr|hn}}
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! scope="row" | <small>voiced</small>
| {{IPA link|m}} {{angbr|m}}
| {{IPA link|n}} {{angbr|n}}
|
|
|{{IPA link|ɲ}} {{angbr|ny}}
|{{IPA link|ŋ}} {{angbr|ng}}
|
|-
! rowspan="4" scope="row" | [[Stop consonant|Stop]]/<br>[[Affricate consonant|Affricate]]
! scope="row" | <small>unvoiced</small>
| {{IPA link|p}} {{angbr|b}}
| {{IPA link|t}} {{angbr|d}}
|{{IPA link|ts}} {{angbr|z}}
|{{IPA link|ʈʂ}} {{angbr|zh}}
|{{IPA link|tɕ}} {{angbr|j}}
| {{IPA link|k}} {{angbr|g}}
|
|-
!<small>aspirated</small>
|{{IPA link|pʰ}} {{angbr|p}}
|{{IPA link|tʰ}} {{angbr|t}}
|{{IPA link|tsʰ}} {{angbr|c}}
|{{IPA link|ʈʂʰ}} {{angbr|ch}}
|{{IPA link|tɕʰ}} {{angbr|q}}
|{{IPA link|kʰ}} {{angbr|k}}
|
|-
! scope="row" | <small>voiced</small>
| {{IPA link|b}} {{angbr|bb}}
| {{IPA link|d}} {{angbr|dd}}
|{{IPA link|dz}} {{angbr|zz}}
|{{IPA link|ɖʐ}} {{angbr|rr}}
|{{IPA link|dʑ}} {{angbr|jj}}
| {{IPA link|ɡ}} {{angbr|gg}}
|
|-
! scope="row" | <small>prenasalized</small>
| {{IPA link|ᵐb}} {{angbr|nb}}
| {{IPA link|ⁿd}} {{angbr|nd}}
|{{IPA link|ⁿdz}} {{angbr|nz}}
|{{IPA link|ᶯɖʐ}} {{angbr|nr}}
|{{IPA link|ᶮdʑ}} {{angbr|nj}}
| {{IPA link|ᵑɡ}} {{angbr|mg}}
|
|-
! rowspan="2" scope="row" | [[Continuant]]
! scope="row" | <small>unvoiced</small>
| {{IPA link|f}} {{angbr|f}}
| {{IPA link|l̥}} {{angbr|hl}}
|{{IPA link|s}} {{angbr|s}}
| {{IPA link|ʂ}} {{angbr|sh}}
| {{IPA link|ɕ}} {{angbr|x}}
| {{IPA link|x}} {{angbr|h}}
| {{IPA link|h}} {{angbr|hx}}
|-
! scope="row" | <small>voiced</small>
| {{IPA link|v}} {{angbr|v}}
| {{IPA link|l}} {{angbr|l}}
|{{IPA link|z}} {{angbr|ss}}
| {{IPA link|ʐ}} {{angbr|r}}
| {{IPA link|ʑ}} {{angbr|y}}
| {{IPA link|ɣ}} {{angbr|w}}
|
|}


===Vowels===
=== Vowels ===
Qocwane has 8 vowel qualities, all with vowel length.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
|+ Vowels in Nuosu
!rowspan=2 colspan=2|
!rowspan=2 colspan=2|
! scope="col" rowspan=2 | [[Front vowel|Front]]
! scope="col" rowspan=2 | Front
! scope="col" colspan=2 | [[Back vowel|Non-front]]
! scope="col" colspan=2 | Non-front
|-
|-
! scope="col" | <small>[[Unrounded vowel|unrounded]]</small>
! scope="col" | <small>unrounded</small>
! scope="col" | <small>[[Rounded vowel|rounded]]</small>
! scope="col" | <small>rounded</small>
|-
|-
! scope="row" rowspan=2 | [[Fricative vowel|Syllabic<br />consonant]]
! scope="row" rowspan=2 | Syllabic<br />consonant
! scope="row" | <small>loose</small>
! scope="row" | <small>loose</small>
|
|
| {{IPA link|z̩}} {{angbr|y}}
| z̩ '''ŷ'''
| {{IPA link|v̩ʷ}} {{angbr|u}}
|  
|-
|-
! scope="row" | <small>tight</small>
! scope="row" | <small>tight</small>
|
|
| {{IPA link|z̠̩}} {{angbr|yr}}
| z̠̩ '''y'''
| {{IPA link|v̠̩ʷ}} {{angbr|ur}}
|  
|-
|-
! scope="row" | [[Close vowel|Close]]
! scope="row" | Close
! scope="row" | <small>loose</small>
! scope="row" | <small>loose</small>
| {{IPA link|e̝}} {{angbr|i}}  
| i{{lowered}} '''ê'''
| {{IPA link|ɤ̝}} {{angbr|e}}
| ə{{adv}} '''â'''
| {{IPA link|o̝}} {{angbr|o}}
| u{{lowered}} '''ô'''
|-
|-
![[Open-mid vowel|Open-mid]]
! Open-mid
! rowspan="2" |<small>tight</small>
! rowspan="2" |<small>tight</small>
| <u>{{IPA link|ɛ}}</u> {{angbr|{{not a typo|ie}}}}
| ɛ '''e'''
|
|
| <u>{{IPA link|ɔ}}</u> {{angbr|uo}} 
| ɔ '''o'''
|-
|-
! scope="row" | [[Open vowel|Open]]
! scope="row" | Open
|
|
| <u>{{IPA link|a}}</u> {{angbr|a}} 
| ɑ '''a'''
|
|
|}
|}


Nuosu has five pairs of phonemic vowels, contrasting in a feature Andy Eatough calls ''loose throat'' vs. ''tight throat''.  Underlining is used as an ad-hoc symbol for tight throat; phonetically, these vowels are [[laryngealized]] and/or show a [[retracted tongue root]]. Loose vs. tight throat is the only distinction in the two pairs of [[syllabic consonant]]s, but in the [[vocoid]]s it is reinforced by a [[vowel height|height]] difference.{{r|eatough}}
Qocwane has loose/tight vowel harmony:
* loose: '''ŷ ŵ ê â ô'''
* tight: '''y w e a o'''
 
Diphthongs: '''ea êâ oa ôâ ae âê ao âô'''
 
'''â(â)''' /ə(:)/ is realized as [œ(:)] when stressed.
 
''oa'' is often realized as [ɔ:]
 
<!--The syllabic consonants y(r) u(r) are essentially the usual Sinological vowels ɿ ʮ, so ⟨y⟩ can be identified with the vowel of the Mandarin 四 sì "four", but they have diverse realizations. Y(r) completely assimilates to a preceding coronal except in voice, e.g. /ɕz̩˨˩/ [ɕʑ̩˨˩] ꑮ xyp "to marry", and is [m͡l̩] after a labial nasal, e.g. /m̥z̩˧sz̩˧/ [m̥m͡l̩˧sɹ̩˧] ꂪꌦ hmy sy "cloth". U(r) assimilates similarly after laterals, retaining its rounding, e.g. /l̥v̩ʷ˧/ [l̥l̩ʷ˧] ꆭ hlu "to stir-fry", and is [m̩ʷ] after a labial nasal, e.g. /m̥v̩ʷ˧/ [m̥m̩ʷ˧] ꂥ hmu "mushroom"; moreover it induces a labially trilled release of preceding labial or alveolar stops, e.g. /ⁿdv̩ʷ˨˩/ [ⁿdʙβ̩˨˩] ꅥ ndup "to hit". -->
 
== Morphophonology ==
Qocwane words participate in consonant gradation:
 
strong -> weak
* geminates -> nongeminates
* p -> f
* f -> v
* t -> ł
* ł -> l
* z -> s
* s -> h
* x -> ł
* c -> ç
* cw -> çw
* ç -> j
* çw -> w
* q -> 0
 
== Grammar ==
Finnic-like
=== Nouns ===
8 to 10 cases, normal nom-acc alignment


The syllabic consonants {{transliteration|ii|y(r) u(r)}} are essentially the usual Sinological vowels {{IPA|ɿ ʮ}}, so {{angbr|y}} can be identified with the vowel of the Mandarin {{lang|cmn|四}} {{transliteration|cmn|sì}} "four", but they have diverse realizations.  {{transliteration|ii|Y(r)}} completely assimilates to a preceding coronal except in voice, e.g. {{IPA|/ɕz̩˨˩/}} {{IPA|[ɕʑ̩˨˩]}} {{lang|ii|ꑮ}} {{transliteration|ii|xyp}} "to marry", and is {{IPA|[m͡l̩]}} after a labial nasal, e.g. {{IPA|/m̥z̩˧sz̩˧/}} {{IPA|[m̥m͡l̩˧sɹ̩˧]}} {{lang|ii|ꂪꌦ}} {{transliteration|ii|hmy sy}} "cloth".  {{transliteration|ii|U(r)}} assimilates similarly after laterals, retaining its rounding, e.g. {{IPA|/l̥v̩ʷ˧/}} {{IPA|[l̥l̩ʷ˧]}} {{lang|ii|ꆭ}} {{transliteration|ii|hlu}} "to stir-fry", and is {{IPA|[m̩ʷ]}} after a labial nasal, e.g. {{IPA|/m̥v̩ʷ˧/}} {{IPA|[m̥m̩ʷ˧]}} {{lang|ii|ꂥ}} {{transliteration|ii|hmu}} "mushroom"; moreover it induces a [[bilabial trill|labially trilled]] release of preceding labial or alveolar stops, e.g. {{IPA|/ⁿdv̩ʷ˨˩/}} {{IPA|[ⁿd<sup>ʙ</sup>β̩˨˩]}} {{lang|ii|ꅥ}} {{transliteration|ii|ndup}} "to hit".
TODO
[weak grade]-l = nom pl
[weak grade]-t = gen sg


The tight-throat phone {{IPA|[<u>ɤ̝</u>]}} occurs as the realization of {{IPA|/ɤ̝/}} in the high tone.  That it is phonemically loose-throat is shown by its behaviour in tightness harmony in compound words.


Polynuosu syllable structure is (C)V.
naaqe 'human’, naaet 'human-GEN’, naael 'human-PL'

Latest revision as of 10:41, 24 June 2025

Qocwane (Qocwanet vŷŷxxŷcê) is the official language of Qocwane, located in our timeline's Hungary. It is inspired by Finnish, Wakashan languages, Salishan languages, and Nuosu.

Phonology

Suprasegmentals

Qocwane prosody is almost the same as Finnish; stress always falls on the first syllable.

Consonants

  • /m n l ʋ j w/ m n l v j w
  • /p t ts tɬ k kʷ ʔ/ p t z x c cw q
  • /f s ɬ x xʷ h/ f s ł ç çw h

/k x/ palatalize in words with ATR harmony and may uvularize in words with RTR harmony.

mm nn ll vv jj ww pp tt zz xx cc ccw qq are the only allowed geminates in native words.

Vowels

Qocwane has 8 vowel qualities, all with vowel length.

Front Non-front
unrounded rounded
Syllabic
consonant 		loose z̩ ŷ
tight z̠̩ y
Close loose i̞ ê ə̟ â u̞ ô
Open-mid tight ɛ e ɔ o
Open ɑ a

Qocwane has loose/tight vowel harmony:

  • loose: ŷ ŵ ê â ô
  • tight: y w e a o

Diphthongs: ea êâ oa ôâ ae âê ao âô

â(â) /ə(:)/ is realized as [œ(:)] when stressed.

oa is often realized as [ɔ:]


Morphophonology

Qocwane words participate in consonant gradation:

strong -> weak

  • geminates -> nongeminates
  • p -> f
  • f -> v
  • t -> ł
  • ł -> l
  • z -> s
  • s -> h
  • x -> ł
  • c -> ç
  • cw -> çw
  • ç -> j
  • çw -> w
  • q -> 0

Grammar

Finnic-like

Nouns

8 to 10 cases, normal nom-acc alignment

TODO [weak grade]-l = nom pl [weak grade]-t = gen sg


naaqe 'human’, naaet 'human-GEN’, naael 'human-PL'

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