Verse:Mwail/Erno-Kawenic languages: Difference between revisions

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Line 46: Line 46:
|-
|-
!|Nasal
!|Nasal
|| m || mˁ || n || ɳ || ||
|| '''m''' /m/ || '''mˁ''' /mˁ/ || '''n''' /n̪/ || '''ṇ''' /ɳ/ || ||
|-
|-
!|Stop
!|Stop
|| p || pˁ || t || ʈ || tɕ || q
|| '''p''' /p/ || '''pˁ''' /pˁ/ || '''t''' /t̪/ || '''ṭ''' /ʈ/ || '''ć''' /tɕ/ || '''q''' /q/
|-
|-
!|Fricative
!|Fricative
|| || || || ʂ || ç || χ
|| || || || '''ṣ''' /ʂ/ || '''ç''' /ç/ || '''x''' /χ/
|-
|-
!|Continuant
!|Continuant
|| β || || ð || r || j ||
|| '''β''' /β/ || || '''δ''' /ð/ || '''r''' /ɻ/ || '''y''' /j/ ||
|}
|}


Line 61: Line 61:
Short i e a o u ə
Short i e a o u ə


Long i: e: a: o: u:
Long ī ē ā ō ū


Nasal į ę ą ǫ ų
Nasal iñ eñ añ oñ uñ əñ


Coloring effects
Coloring effects
Line 81: Line 81:


=== Classifiers ===
=== Classifiers ===
Todo: suppletive plural forms
{| class="wikitable"
 
!| PEK classifier || Domain || Etymology
Todo: pejorative classifiers
|-
 
|| sg. ''=nuć'', pl. ''=çe''
* nawil, pl. ike: generic things
|| generic inanimate
** PEK ''=nuć'', pl. ''=iç''
|-
* pelke, pl. omut: things (pejorative)
|| sg. ''=pće'', pl. ''=mut''
** PEK ''=pće'', pl. ''=mut''
|| inanimate (pejorative)
* soŋi, pl. oru: humans
|-
** PEK ''=hoi'', pl. ''=(y)au''
|| sg. ''=hoi'', pl. ''=au''
* k'ube, pl. poap: humans (pejorative)
|| human
** PEK ''=qwe'', pl. ''=poyap''
|-
* wipi: animals
|| sg. ''=qβe'', pl. ''=poyap''
** PEK ''=upi''
|| human (pejorative)
* mogu: humans, animals (pejorative)
|-
** PEK ''=moyu''
|| ''=upi''
* p'asur: humans, animals (pejorative)
|| generic animal
** PEK ''=mˁaho:''
|-
* mosat: flat sheets
|| ''=tiβo''
** PEK ''=mohat''
|| livestock
* omko (lit. flake): flat sheets (pejorative)
|-
** PEK ''=əmço''
|| ''=toyu''
* otkeŋu: flat sheets (pejorative)
|| animate (pejorative)
** PEK ''=otçeu''
|-
* keron: trees and bushes; streams, rivers
|| ''=mˁō''
** PEK ''=çeoñ''  
|| animate (pejorative)
* yuŋos: herbaceous plants
|-
* eyepki: any plant (pejorative)
|| ''=pˁat''
* bawăd: flowers, bunches of fruit
|| flat sheets
* aŋk'ă: long thin rigid objects, paths, ways things are done (e.g. languages)
|-
* wasik: long thin flexible objects
|| ''=əmço''
* uop: fruits, roughly spherical things
|| flat sheets (pejorative)
* tul: circles, rings
|-
* ŋes: buildings
|| ''=çeoñ''
* p'odal: vehicles
|| trees and bushes; streams, rivers
* sawup: man-made things (pejorative)
|-
* lăep: marks, like written characters, wounds, ...
|| ''=uox''
* rukir: places
|| herbaceous plants
* ŋuta: events; verbal nouns tend to take this classifier
|-
** PEK ''-uta'' infinitive
|| ''=epçi''
|| any plant (pejorative)
|-
|| ''=βuδ''
|| flowers, bunches of fruit
|-
|| ''=tia''
|| paths, ways
|-
|| ''=uhiç''
|| long thin objects
|-
|| ''=uyop''
|| fruits, spheres
|-
|| ''=tuć''
|| circles, rings
|-
|| ''=ex''
|| buildings
|-
|| ''=mˁəδañ''
|| vehicles
|-
|| ''=xəβuq''
|| man-made things (pejorative)
|-
|| ''=ćep''
|| marks, like written characters, wounds, ...
|-
|| ''=uñqe''
|| important places and events
|}


=== Sandbox ===
=== Sandbox ===

Latest revision as of 12:02, 29 June 2025

In this versespace:

Verse talk:

Diachronics

Consonants

  • p' -> PEK mˁ
  • t' -> PEK tˁ
  • k' -> PEK q
  • PIr l -> PEK ć
  • PIr y/g/hiatus breaker -> PEK y
  • PIr k -> PEK ç
  • PIr ng, r -> lengthens preceding vowel if before C, PEK 0 otherwise
  • PIr s -> PEK χ
  • PIr b/w -> PEK β
  • PIr d -> ð (r in retroflexing environments)
  • final nasal -> ŋ
  • Non-final nasals stay put (n in PIr /rVn/ retroflexes)
  • p, t stay put (t in PIr /rVt/ retroflexes)

Vowels

PIr ă -> ə

urV, orV, arV -> orV, arV, erV -> oV aV eV

ira iro iru -> iwa iwo iwu

Same-vowel weakening rule: e.g. PI sumur is treated as if it were sămur

Family tree

Phonology

Proto-Erno-Kawenic is characterized by unusual sound changes from Proto-Irenesian.

Consonants

Labial Denti-alveolar Retroflex Palatal Uvular
plain pharyngealized
Nasal m /m/ mˁ /mˁ/ n /n̪/ ṇ /ɳ/
Stop p /p/ pˁ /pˁ/ t /t̪/ ṭ /ʈ/ ć /tɕ/ q /q/
Fricative ṣ /ʂ/ ç /ç/ x /χ/
Continuant β /β/ δ /ð/ r /ɻ/ y /j/

Vowels

Short i e a o u ə

Long ī ē ā ō ū

Nasal iñ eñ añ oñ uñ əñ

Coloring effects

Grammar

I have to have a solid idea of how nouns work in PEK; I'm probably gonna cliticize classifiers after nouns

So the classifier is almost a suffix, maybe fully a suffix by PEK

That may affect the Ernish I have now, which I'm willing to accept. In that case Ernish should probably choose one form, probably the PEK genitive plural for most nouns.

Ensuring that Quququqquq genitives always end in a vowel is easy

Genitive should be -some vowel + (ng) in PI

Some nouns, like proper nouns, family terms and body parts, shouldn't have classifiers

Classifiers

PEK classifier Domain Etymology
sg. =nuć, pl. =çe generic inanimate
sg. =pće, pl. =mut inanimate (pejorative)
sg. =hoi, pl. =au human
sg. =qβe, pl. =poyap human (pejorative)
=upi generic animal
=tiβo livestock
=toyu animate (pejorative)
=mˁō animate (pejorative)
=pˁat flat sheets
=əmço flat sheets (pejorative)
=çeoñ trees and bushes; streams, rivers
=uox herbaceous plants
=epçi any plant (pejorative)
=βuδ flowers, bunches of fruit
=tia paths, ways
=uhiç long thin objects
=uyop fruits, spheres
=tuć circles, rings
=ex buildings
=mˁəδañ vehicles
=xəβuq man-made things (pejorative)
=ćep marks, like written characters, wounds, ...
=uñqe important places and events

Sandbox

PI urim 'rose apple' (bare) -> PEK oiŋ 'apple (is-a form); Apple (name form)' -> Ernish oi 'ibid.'

PI urim uop -> PEK oiŋ=uyop 'the apple' -> Ernish oinguzop 'apple (singular)'

PI **urim bawăd -> PEK oiŋ bawəd -> oimbaud 'apples (plural)'

PI tiroŋ 'head' -> PEK tiwo: -> Ernish tiwo (body parts don't take classifiers)

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