Proto-Pulchric: Difference between revisions

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'''Proto-Pulchric''' (native name ''Di:nabe puLLeker'' /dʶi:nabe pulʶ:ekeɾ/) is the ancestor of almost all the languages of Rulak.
'''Proto-Pulchric''' is one of the major proto-languages of Tricin and also one of the best reconstructed. Its main inspirations are Proto-Austronesian, Proto-Semitic and Lithuanian.


<!--  
==Phylogeny==
Most Pulchric languages come from the Etalocian subbranch, which descends from Proto-Etalocian (oddly named because Etalocin is the Pulchric Urheimat). There are however, a few Pulchric languages spoken in Whāso Island to the north which are a separate subfamily, and that also includes Crockartoot, spoken in Cualand.


This is a short reminder of the language format policy.
I. Write a short piece stating your intents and purposes when creating the language (Design goal, inspiration, ideas, and so on).
II. Write a short introduction to your language. (Who speaks it? When was it created? By whom? or what? are some example questions that can be answered here)
III. Once done, try making sure everything is properly spelt so as to avoid unnecessary reader fatigue.
-->
==Introduction==
<!-- Design goals, inspiration, ideas, who speaks it?, when was it created?, where does it come from?, any peculiarities? -->
<!-- Example categories/headings:
Goals
Setting
Inspiration
-->
<!-- ***Phonology*** -->
<!-- What sounds does your language use? -->
<!-- Here are some example sub-/other categories:
Vowel inventory
Consonant inventory
Syllable structure
Stress
Intonation
-->
==Phonology==
==Phonology==


===Consonants===
Proto-Pulchric has six vowels: ''a e i o u ə'', and the following consonants:
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center"
* stops: ''p t ṭ k q b d ḍ g''
|-
* fricatives: ''f v s z S h''
|+
* resonants: ''m n N ŋ l r L w y''
!rowspan="2" colspan="2"|
!colspan="2" | Labial
!colspan="2" | Coronal
!rowspan="2" style="width: 45px; "| Palatal
!colspan="2" | Dorsal
!rowspan="2" style="width: 45px; "| Laryngeal
|-
! style="width: 45px; "|<small>plain</small>
! style="width: 45px; "|<small>emph.</small>
! style="width: 45px; "|<small>plain</small>
! style="width: 45px; "|<small>emph.</small>
! style="width: 45px; "|<small>plain</small>
! style="width: 45px; "|<small>emph.</small>
|-
!colspan="2"| Nasal
| ''m'' /m/ || ''M'' /mʶ/
| ''n'' /n/ || ''N'' /nʶ/
|
| ''ng'' /ŋ/ || ''NG'' /ɴ/
|
|-
!rowspan="2" style="width: 45px; "| Stop
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>tenuis</small>
| ''p'' /p/ || ''P'' /pʶ/
| ''t'' /t/ || ''T'' /tʶ/
|
| ''k'' /k/ || ''q'' /q/
|
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
| ''b'' /b/ || ''B'' /bʶ/
| ''d'' /d/ || ''D'' /dʶ/
|
| ''g'' /ɡ/ || ''G'' /ɢ/
|
|-
!colspan=2| Fricative
| ||
| ||
|
| ||
| ''h'' /h/
|-
!colspan=2| Trill/Tap
| ||
| ''r'' /ɾ/ || ''R'' /ɾʶ/
|
| ||
|
|-
!colspan=2| Approximant
|colspan="2"| ''w'' /w/
| ''l'' /l/ || ''L'' /lʶ/
| ''y'' /j/
| ||
|
|}
 
Emphatic consonants are uvularized, as in Arabic.
 
Aspiration is allophonic in voiceless stops. The Luminese dialect aspirates stops more strongly than in the Rencadic dialect.
 
====Gemination====
Every consonant except /w j h/ can occur geminated between vowels. Geminate taps are realized as trills.
 
Gemination is indicated in the orthography by doubling the consonant letter; geminate ''ng'' and ''NG'' are written ''nng'' and ''NNG'' respectively.
 
===Vowels===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" style="width: 90px; "| &nbsp;
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |Front
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |Central
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |Back
|-
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
|-
! style="" |Close
| ''i'' /i/
| ''i:'' /iː/
|
|
| ''u'' /u/
| ''u:'' /uː/
|-
! style="" |Mid
| ''e'' /e/
| ''e:'' /eː/
|
|
| ''o'' /o/
| ''o:'' /oː/
|-
! style="" |Open
|
|
| ''a'' /a/
| ''a:'' /aː/
|
|
|}
 
Diphthongs: /ai/ /au/ (written ''ai au'' respectively)
 
===Phonotactics===
Only CV syllables are allowed, except:
*a geminate consonant can begin a non-initial syllable
*CVC is allowed as the last syllable
 
===Stress===
Stress is almost always on the first long syllable, or if no syllable is long, the last syllable in the Rencadic dialect and the first syllable in the Luminese dialect.
 
===Morphophonology===
==Morphology==
Proto-Pulchric has an extremely simple morphology, almost completely isolating.
===Nouns===
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! ''Baira'' "leaf" !! Singular !! Plural
|-
| Nominative || ''Baira'' || ''Baira emmi''
|-
| Accusative || ''Baira ta'' || ''Baira emmi ta''
|-
| Genitive || ''Baira i'' || ''Baira emmi i''
|}
 
Proto-Pulchric has other postpositions as well: ''mi'' (in), ''ro'' (with), ''po'' (like), ...
 
===Pronouns===
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!  !! Singular !! Plural
|-
| First person || ''me:'' || ''ko:NGe''
|-
| Second person || ''tihe'' ||
|-
| Third person || ''qel'' ||
|}
 
Proto-Pulchric lacks second and third person plural forms, so either the singular forms are used or combined with the word ''emmi'' (many). The word ''ko:NGe'' also means "people, folk" (like German "Leute").
 
===Verbs===
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! ''qi:To-'' "to think" !! Singular !! Plural
|-
| First person || ''qi:Ton'' || ''qi:Tome''
|-
| Second person || ''qi:Tod'' || ''qi:Tote''
|-
| Third person || ''qi:Tob'' || ''qi:Towa''
|-
| Impersonal
|colspan=2| ''qi:Te:PPi''
|}
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! ''met-'' "to eat" !! Singular !! Plural
|-
| First person || ''metin'' || ''metime''
|-
| Second person || ''metid'' || ''metite''
|-
| Third person || ''metib'' || ''metiwa''
|-
| Impersonal
|colspan=2| ''mete:PPi''
|}
 
Proto-Pulchric often uses verbal nouns, which use the suffix ''-a:t'' or ''-or'' depending on the verb.
 
Verbs do not inflect for tense in general. There are a few exceptions though. The copula 'to be' inflects as follows in the present tense:
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!rowspan=2| "to be"
!colspan=2|Present
!colspan=2|Past
!colspan=2|Future
|-
! Singular !! Plural !! Singular !! Plural !! Singular !! Plural
|-
| First person || ''qor'' || ''qore'' || ''pem'' || ''peme'' ||''ki:nan'' || ''ki:name''
|-
| Second person || ''qod'' || ''qote'' || ''pen'' || ''pette'' ||''ki:nad'' || ''ki:nate''
|-
| Third person || ''qob'' || ''qowa'' || ''pem'' || ''pewa'' ||''ki:nab'' || ''ki:nawa''
|-
| Impersonal
|colspan=2| ''qore:PPi''
|colspan=2| ''peme:PPi''
|colspan=2| ''ki:ne:PPi''
|}
 
==Syntax==
 
 
===Constituent order===
 
Proto-Pulchric word order is head-final and SVO. In Rencadic dialects it's V2, just like German.
===Noun phrase===
 
Noun phrases are head-initial if the modifier is a relative clause and head-final if the modifier is an adjective. The words ''qel'' (animate) and ''Tau'' (inanimate) are used as relative pronouns.
 
''Daha qel qi:Tob'' "the person who thinks"
 
===Verb phrase===
===Sentence phrase===
===Dependent clauses===
<!-- etc. etc. -->
 
==Example texts==
==Other resources==
<!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. -->
 
<!-- Template area -->


The exact realizations of ''S L N'' are not fully known in universe; the linguist Cimaterol Pradaxa reconstructed them as retroflexes, which is consistent with the Proto-Pulchric reflexes but data from Crockartoot, discovered much later, hints that these could have been palatal instead. This theory is also borne by phonotactics -- ''s l n'' do not turn into ''S L N'' before retroflex consonants, as in ''malṭə'' (presumably /maɭʈə/) "bone", and the absence of an *R corresponding to *r, even though clusters of *r and retroflexes exist.


[[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]
Vowel hiatus in Proto-Pulchric is generally rare, showing up in the directional trigger suffix ''-ao'', but consonant clusters are extremely common, as in ''pelstrə'' (bear), ''temblipsas'' (mushroom), and ''mirnutə'' (rod).
[[Category:Conlangs]]

Latest revision as of 07:01, 1 April 2023

Proto-Pulchric is one of the major proto-languages of Tricin and also one of the best reconstructed. Its main inspirations are Proto-Austronesian, Proto-Semitic and Lithuanian.

Phylogeny

Most Pulchric languages come from the Etalocian subbranch, which descends from Proto-Etalocian (oddly named because Etalocin is the Pulchric Urheimat). There are however, a few Pulchric languages spoken in Whāso Island to the north which are a separate subfamily, and that also includes Crockartoot, spoken in Cualand.

Phonology

Proto-Pulchric has six vowels: a e i o u ə, and the following consonants:

  • stops: p t ṭ k q b d ḍ g
  • fricatives: f v s z S h
  • resonants: m n N ŋ l r L w y

The exact realizations of S L N are not fully known in universe; the linguist Cimaterol Pradaxa reconstructed them as retroflexes, which is consistent with the Proto-Pulchric reflexes but data from Crockartoot, discovered much later, hints that these could have been palatal instead. This theory is also borne by phonotactics -- s l n do not turn into S L N before retroflex consonants, as in malṭə (presumably /maɭʈə/) "bone", and the absence of an *R corresponding to *r, even though clusters of *r and retroflexes exist.

Vowel hiatus in Proto-Pulchric is generally rare, showing up in the directional trigger suffix -ao, but consonant clusters are extremely common, as in pelstrə (bear), temblipsas (mushroom), and mirnutə (rod).

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