Proto-Pulchric: Difference between revisions

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{{Infobox language
'''Proto-Pulchric''' is one of the major proto-languages of Tricin and also one of the best reconstructed. Its main inspirations are Proto-Austronesian, Proto-Semitic and Lithuanian.
|image =
|imagesize =
|creator = [[User:Praimhín|Praimhín]]
|name = {{PAGENAME}}
|nativename = ''Di:nabe puLLeker''  
|pronunciation=  /dʶi:nabe pulʶ:ekeɾ/
|setting = Rulak
|region =
|familycolor=Pulchric
|script={{PAGENAME}} script
|iso3=
|notice=IPA
}}


==Phylogeny==
Most Pulchric languages come from the Etalocian subbranch, which descends from Proto-Etalocian (oddly named because Etalocin is the Pulchric Urheimat). There are however, a few Pulchric languages spoken in Whāso Island to the north which are a separate subfamily, and that also includes Crockartoot, spoken in Cualand.


'''Proto-Pulchric''' (native name ''Di:nabe puLLeker'' /dʶi:nabe pulʶ:ekeɾ/) is the ancestor of almost all the languages of Rulak.
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==Introduction==
<!-- Design goals, inspiration, ideas, who speaks it?, when was it created?, where does it come from?, any peculiarities? -->
<!-- Example categories/headings:
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<!-- ***Phonology*** -->
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<!-- Here are some example sub-/other categories:
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==Phonology==
==Phonology==


===Consonants===
Proto-Pulchric has six vowels: ''a e i o u ə'', and the following consonants:
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center"
* stops: ''p t ṭ k q b d ḍ g''
|-
* fricatives: ''f v s z S h''
|+
* resonants: ''m n N ŋ l r L w y''
!rowspan="2" colspan="2"|
!colspan="2" | Labial
!colspan="2" | Coronal
!rowspan="2" style="width: 45px; "| Palatal
!colspan="2" | Dorsal
!rowspan="2" style="width: 45px; "| Laryngeal
|-
! style="width: 45px; "|<small>plain</small>
! style="width: 45px; "|<small>emph.</small>
! style="width: 45px; "|<small>plain</small>
! style="width: 45px; "|<small>emph.</small>
! style="width: 45px; "|<small>plain</small>
! style="width: 45px; "|<small>emph.</small>
|-
!colspan="2"| Nasal
| '''m''' /m/ || '''M''' /mʶ/
| '''n''' /n/ || '''N''' /nʶ/
|
| '''ng''' /ŋ/ || '''NG''' /ɴ/
|
|-
!rowspan="2" style="width: 45px; "| Stop
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>tenuis</small>
| '''p''' /p/ || '''P''' /pʶ/
| '''t''' /t/ || '''T''' /tʶ/
|
| '''k''' /k/ || '''q''' /q/
|
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
| '''b''' /b/ || '''B''' /bʶ/
| '''d''' /d/ || '''D''' /dʶ/
|
| '''g''' /ɡ/ || '''G''' /ɢ/
|
|-
!colspan=2| Fricative
| ||
| ||
|
| ||
| '''h''' /h/
|-
!colspan=2| Trill/Tap
| ||
| '''r''' /ɾ/ || '''R''' /ɾʶ/
|
| ||
|
|-
!colspan=2| Approximant
|colspan="2"| '''w''' /w/
| '''l''' /l/ || '''L''' /lʶ/
| '''y''' /j/
| ||
|
|}
 
Emphatic consonants are uvularized, as in Arabic.
 
Aspiration is allophonic in voiceless stops. The Luminese dialect aspirates stops more strongly than in the Rencadic dialect.
 
====Gemination====
Every consonant except /w j h/ can occur geminated between vowels. Geminate taps are realized as trills.
 
Gemination is indicated in the orthography by doubling the consonant letter; geminate ''ng'' and ''NG'' are written ''nng'' and ''NNG'' respectively.
 
===Vowels===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" style="width: 90px; "| &nbsp;
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |Front
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |Central
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |Back
|-
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
|-
! style="" |Close
| '''i''' /i/
| '''i:''' /iː/
|
|
| '''u''' /u/
| '''u:''' /uː/
|-
! style="" |Mid
| '''e''' /e/
| '''e:''' /eː/
|
|
| '''o''' /o/
| '''o:''' /oː/
|-
! style="" |Open
|
|
| '''a''' /a/
| '''a:''' /aː/
|
|
|}
 
Diphthongs: /ai/ /au/ (written ''ai au'' respectively)
 
===Phonotactics===
Only CV syllables are allowed, except:
*a geminate consonant can begin a non-initial syllable
*CVC is allowed as the last syllable
 
===Stress===
Stress is almost always on the first long syllable, or if no syllable is long, the last syllable in the Rencadic dialect and the first syllable in the Luminese dialect.
 
===Morphophonology===
==Morphology==
Proto-Pulchric has an extremely simple morphology, almost completely isolating.
===Nouns===
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! ''Baira'' "leaf" !! Singular !! Plural
|-
| Nominative || ''Baira'' || ''Baira emmi''
|-
| Accusative || ''Baira ta'' || ''Baira emmi ta''
|-
| Genitive || ''Baira i'' || ''Baira emmi i''
|}
 
Proto-Pulchric has other postpositions as well: ''mi'' (in), ''ro'' (with), ''po'' (like), ...
 
===Pronouns===
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!  !! Singular !! Plural
|-
| First person || ''me:'' || ''ko:NGe''
|-
| Second person || ''tihe'' ||
|-
| Third person || ''qel'' ||
|}
 
Proto-Pulchric lacks second and third person plural forms, so either the singular forms are used or combined with the word ''emmi'' (many). The word ''ko:NGe'' also means "people, folk" (like German "Leute").
 
===Verbs===
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! ''qi:To-'' "to think" !! Singular !! Plural
|-
| First person || ''qi:Ton'' || ''qi:Tome''
|-
| Second person || ''qi:Tod'' || ''qi:Tote''
|-
| Third person || ''qi:Tob'' || ''qi:Towa''
|-
| Impersonal
|colspan=2| ''qi:Te:PPi''
|}
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! ''met-'' "to eat" !! Singular !! Plural
|-
| First person || ''metin'' || ''metime''
|-
| Second person || ''metid'' || ''metite''
|-
| Third person || ''metib'' || ''metiwa''
|-
| Impersonal
|colspan=2| ''mete:PPi''
|}
 
Proto-Pulchric often uses verbal nouns, which use the suffix ''-a:t'' or ''-or'' depending on the verb.
 
Verbs do not inflect for tense in general. There are a few exceptions though. The copula 'to be' inflects as follows:
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!rowspan=2| "to be"
!colspan=2|Present
!colspan=2|Past
!colspan=2|Future
|-
! Singular !! Plural !! Singular !! Plural !! Singular !! Plural
|-
| First person || ''qor'' || ''qore'' || ''pem'' || ''peme'' ||''ki:nan'' || ''ki:name''
|-
| Second person || ''qod'' || ''qote'' || ''pen'' || ''pette'' ||''ki:nad'' || ''ki:nate''
|-
| Third person || ''qob'' || ''qowa'' || ''pem'' || ''pewa'' ||''ki:nab'' || ''ki:nawa''
|-
| Impersonal
|colspan=2| ''qore:PPi''
|colspan=2| ''peme:PPi''
|colspan=2| ''ki:ne:PPi''
|}
 
==Syntax==
 
 
===Constituent order===
 
Proto-Pulchric word order is head-final and SVO. In Rencadic dialects it's V2, just like German.
===Noun phrase===
 
Noun phrases are head-initial if the modifier is a relative clause and head-final if the modifier is an adjective. The words ''qel'' (animate) and ''Tau'' (inanimate) are used as relative pronouns.
 
''Daha qel qi:Tob'' "the person who thinks"
 
===Verb phrase===
===Sentence phrase===
===Dependent clauses===
<!-- etc. etc. -->
 
==Example texts==
==Other resources==
<!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. -->
 
<!-- Template area -->


The exact realizations of ''S L N'' are not fully known in universe; the linguist Cimaterol Pradaxa reconstructed them as retroflexes, which is consistent with the Proto-Pulchric reflexes but data from Crockartoot, discovered much later, hints that these could have been palatal instead. This theory is also borne by phonotactics -- ''s l n'' do not turn into ''S L N'' before retroflex consonants, as in ''malṭə'' (presumably /maɭʈə/) "bone", and the absence of an *R corresponding to *r, even though clusters of *r and retroflexes exist.


[[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]
Vowel hiatus in Proto-Pulchric is generally rare, showing up in the directional trigger suffix ''-ao'', but consonant clusters are extremely common, as in ''pelstrə'' (bear), ''temblipsas'' (mushroom), and ''mirnutə'' (rod).
[[Category:Pulchric languages|*]]
[[Category:Rulak]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

Latest revision as of 07:01, 1 April 2023

Proto-Pulchric is one of the major proto-languages of Tricin and also one of the best reconstructed. Its main inspirations are Proto-Austronesian, Proto-Semitic and Lithuanian.

Phylogeny

Most Pulchric languages come from the Etalocian subbranch, which descends from Proto-Etalocian (oddly named because Etalocin is the Pulchric Urheimat). There are however, a few Pulchric languages spoken in Whāso Island to the north which are a separate subfamily, and that also includes Crockartoot, spoken in Cualand.

Phonology

Proto-Pulchric has six vowels: a e i o u ə, and the following consonants:

  • stops: p t ṭ k q b d ḍ g
  • fricatives: f v s z S h
  • resonants: m n N ŋ l r L w y

The exact realizations of S L N are not fully known in universe; the linguist Cimaterol Pradaxa reconstructed them as retroflexes, which is consistent with the Proto-Pulchric reflexes but data from Crockartoot, discovered much later, hints that these could have been palatal instead. This theory is also borne by phonotactics -- s l n do not turn into S L N before retroflex consonants, as in malṭə (presumably /maɭʈə/) "bone", and the absence of an *R corresponding to *r, even though clusters of *r and retroflexes exist.

Vowel hiatus in Proto-Pulchric is generally rare, showing up in the directional trigger suffix -ao, but consonant clusters are extremely common, as in pelstrə (bear), temblipsas (mushroom), and mirnutə (rod).

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