Ludovian: Difference between revisions

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* [p̪ b̪] are allophones of /f v/ in word-initial, syllable-initial positions except before /i/, such as in ''vular'' "to want" or ''fuma'' "smoke", pronounced [[IPA for Ludovian|[b̪uˈlɑ]]] and [[IPA for Ludovian|[ˈp̪uma]]]. Before /i/, and in all other positions, /f v/ are pronounced [f v]. [ɱ], like in most languages, is an allophone of /m/ before /f v/.

* [ŋ] is only appears as an allophone of /n/ before /k/.

** [ŋ] is sometimes deleted before stressed syllables in certain words, such as ''lingùa'' "language", pronounced [[IPA for Ludovian|[liˈgu.a]]] instead of the expected [[IPA for Ludovian|[liŋˈku.a]]]. This is because originally, to differentiate between ''lingua'' "tongue" and ''lingùa'' "language", Ludovian speakers pronounced ''lingùa'' as expected, [[IPA for Ludovian|[liŋˈku.a]]], which then evolved into [[IPA for Ludovian|[liˈŋu.a]]] through syllable liaison and then into modern [[IPA for Ludovian|[liˈgu.a]]] through the fortition of [ŋ].

* /z/ devoices to /s/ in the coda of word-final syllables, such as in ''profi'''z''''' [[IPA for Ludovian|[ˈpɾofis]]] "teacher (m)"; however, it is voiced in all other positions, as in ''profi'''z'''a'' [[IPA for Ludovian|[pɾoˈfiza]]] "teacher (f.)"

===Vowels===

{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"

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* /e o/ are pronounced mid [e̞ o̞] in Standard Ludovian; however, in practise, they are in free variation with /e ɛ/ and /o ɔ/ respectively.

* /ɑ/ is phonemically distinctive with /a/, and typically appears in ''-ar'' verb endings, such as ''bua'' "he/she/it drinks" and ''bùa'' "bog", pronounced [[IPA for Ludovian|[puˈɑ]]] and [[IPA for Ludovian|[ˈpua]]] respectively. As such, as verb endings are always stressed, /ɑ/ is also typically stressed.

===Stress===

Stress in Ludovian mostly follows the same stress patterns typical of Western Romance languages. If the final syllable is open (ending on a vowel), stress is paroxytonic (on the second-to-last syllable); otherwise, it is oxytonic (on the final syllable). If a word strays from this pattern, the stressed vowel is marked with a [[w:Grave accent|grave accent]]: ⟨à è ì ò ù⟩. Additionally, verb endings are always stressed.

====Examples====

* ''lingua'' "tongue" - final syllable is open - stress is paroxytonic, [[IPA for Ludovian|[ˈliŋkwa]]]

vs

* ''lingùa'' "language" - stress is on syllable with grave accent, [[IPA for Ludovian|[liˈgu.a]]]

vs

* ''linguiz'' "linguist" - final syllable is closed - stress is oxytonic, [[IPA for Ludovian|[liŋˈkwis]]]

==Grammar==

===Articles===

Uniquely for a Western Romance language, modern Ludovian has no definite articles, though it retains five indefinite articles. These are inflected on number and gender.

{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"

! !! Singular !! Plural

|-

! rowspan=2 | Masculine

| rowspan=2 | ''no'' || ''nos''

|-

| ''noi''

|-

! Feminine

| ''na'' || ''nei''

|}

* ''Nos'' is used before plural masculine words starting with a vowel, while ''noi'' is used before plural masculine words starting with a consonant, as in:

** ''arbos'' "trees" - begins with a vowel - '''''nos''' arbos'' "the trees"

** ''muros'' "walls" - begins with a consonant - '''''noi''' muros'' "some walls"

[[Category:Ludovic]] [[Category:Conlangs]] [[Category:Languages]]

@@ Line 59: / Line 59: @@
 * [p̪ b̪] are allophones of /f v/ in word-initial, syllable-initial positions except before /i/, such as in ''vular'' "to want" or ''fuma'' "smoke", pronounced [[IPA for Ludovian|[b̪uˈlɑ]]] and [[IPA for Ludovian|[ˈp̪uma]]]. Before /i/, and in all other positions, /f v/ are pronounced [f v]. [ɱ], like in most languages, is an allophone of /m/ before /f v/.
 * [ŋ] is only appears as an allophone of /n/ before /k/.
+** [ŋ] is sometimes deleted before stressed syllables in certain words, such as ''lingùa'' "language", pronounced [[IPA for Ludovian|[liˈgu.a]]] instead of the expected [[IPA for Ludovian|[liŋˈku.a]]]. This is because originally, to differentiate between ''lingua'' "tongue" and ''lingùa'' "language", Ludovian speakers pronounced ''lingùa'' as expected, [[IPA for Ludovian|[liŋˈku.a]]], which then evolved into [[IPA for Ludovian|[liˈŋu.a]]] through syllable liaison and then into modern [[IPA for Ludovian|[liˈgu.a]]] through the fortition of [ŋ].
+* /z/ devoices to /s/ in the coda of word-final syllables, such as in ''profi'''z''''' [[IPA for Ludovian|[ˈpɾofis]]] "teacher (m)"; however, it is voiced in all other positions, as in ''profi'''z'''a'' [[IPA for Ludovian|[pɾoˈfiza]]] "teacher (f.)"
 ===Vowels===
 {| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"
@@ Line 75: / Line 76: @@
 * /e o/ are pronounced mid [e̞ o̞] in Standard Ludovian; however, in practise, they are in free variation with /e ɛ/ and /o ɔ/ respectively.
 * /ɑ/ is phonemically distinctive with /a/, and typically appears in ''-ar'' verb endings, such as ''bua'' "he/she/it drinks" and ''bùa'' "bog", pronounced [[IPA for Ludovian|[puˈɑ]]] and [[IPA for Ludovian|[ˈpua]]] respectively. As such, as verb endings are always stressed, /ɑ/ is also typically stressed.
+===Stress===
+Stress in Ludovian mostly follows the same stress patterns typical of Western Romance languages. If the final syllable is open (ending on a vowel), stress is paroxytonic (on the second-to-last syllable); otherwise, it is oxytonic (on the final syllable). If a word strays from this pattern, the stressed vowel is marked with a [[w:Grave accent|grave accent]]: ⟨à è ì ò ù⟩. Additionally, verb endings are always stressed.
+====Examples====
+* ''lingua'' "tongue" - final syllable is open - stress is paroxytonic, [[IPA for Ludovian|[ˈliŋkwa]]]
+vs
+* ''lingùa'' "language" - stress is on syllable with grave accent, [[IPA for Ludovian|[liˈgu.a]]]
+vs
+* ''linguiz'' "linguist" - final syllable is closed - stress is oxytonic, [[IPA for Ludovian|[liŋˈkwis]]]
+==Grammar==
+===Articles===
+Uniquely for a Western Romance language, modern Ludovian has no definite articles, though it retains five indefinite articles. These are inflected on number and gender.
+{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"
+! !! Singular !! Plural
+|-
+! rowspan=2 | Masculine
+| rowspan=2 | ''no'' || ''nos''
+|-
+| ''noi''
+|-
+! Feminine
+| ''na'' || ''nei''
+|}
+* ''Nos'' is used before plural masculine words starting with a vowel, while ''noi'' is used before plural masculine words starting with a consonant, as in:
+** ''arbos'' "trees" - begins with a vowel - '''''nos''' arbos'' "the trees"
+** ''muros'' "walls" - begins with a consonant - '''''noi''' muros'' "some walls"
 [[Category:Ludovic]] [[Category:Conlangs]] [[Category:Languages]]