Early Kämpya: Difference between revisions

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====Vowel ~~Sequences~~====

====Vowel Quality====

Japanese /ae/ became /ɛː/ e.g. /kʰaŋˈgɛːlu/ - "to think over" (from Japanese /kaɴgaeɾɯ/). Similarly, Japanese /ao/ became /ɔː/ e.g. /ˈkʰɔːdas/ - "to put in an appearance" (from Japanese /kaodaɕi/). Japanese /ɯi/ became /wi/ e.g. /sʰaˈmwiː/ - "cold" (to talk about weather, from Japanese /samɯi/).

Japanese /ae/ became /ɛː/ e.g. /kʰaŋˈgɛːlu/ - "to think over" (from Japanese /kaɴgaeɾɯ/). Similarly, Japanese /ao/ became /ɔː/ e.g. /ˈkʰɔːdas/ - "to put in an appearance" (from Japanese /kaodaɕi/). Japanese /ɯi/ became /wi/ e.g. /sʰaˈmwiː/ - "cold" (to talk about weather, from Japanese /samɯi/). Also, Japanese long /ɯː/ diphthongised to /eu/ e.g. /ˈkjeuli/ - "cucumber" (from Japanese /kjɯːɾi/)

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====Alveo-Palatal Consonants====

Before /i/, these merged into the alveolar consonants e.g. /sʰasiˈmiː/ - "raw fish" (from Japanese /saɕiˈmi/). Elsewhere, they became sequences of alveolar consonant +/j/ e.g. /~~ˈtjuːtohampa~~/ - "to leave half done" (from Japanese /tɕɯːtohaɴpa/).

Before /i/, these merged into the alveolar consonants e.g. /sʰasiˈmiː/ - "raw fish" (from Japanese /saɕiˈmi/). Elsewhere, they became sequences of alveolar consonant +/j/ e.g. /ˈtjeutohampa/ - "to leave half done" (from Japanese /tɕɯːtohaɴpa/).

====Alveolar Affricates====

Japanese /ts/ became /θ/ via a two-stage process. First it fronted to a dental affricate /tθ/. Then it became a fricative. For example, /~~ˈθuːyaksja~~/ - "interpreter" (from Japanese /~~tsɯːyakɯ̥ɕa~~/).

Japanese /ts/ became /θ/ via a two-stage process. First it fronted to a dental affricate /tθ/. Then it became a fricative. For example, /ˈθeujaksja/ - "interpreter" (from Japanese /tsɯːjakɯ̥ɕa/).

Likewise, the affricate allophone of Japanese /z/ (heard word initially) became /ð/ via a similar process e.g. /ðaˈbutoŋ/ - "triangular Japanese-style cushion" (from Japanese /zabɯtoɴ/, pronounced /dzabɯtoɴ/).

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Stressed monophthongs were borrowed as long vowels if they had a tone at the top of the speaker's vocal range e.g. /tɔŋˈbuːht/ - "animal" (from Taiwanese /tɔŋ˨˩but˥˥/, or if they rose to or fell from this point e.g. e.g. /ˈsʰwiːhθi/ - "informant" (from Taiwanese /tsʰui˥˧tɕiʔ˥˥/), /pɔˈhiːŋ/ - "pilgrimage" (from Taiwanese /pɔ˨˩hiŋ˧˥/).

===Thai===

Thai borrowings into the creole came from a mixture of Central Thai (as spoken in Bangkok), and NE Thai (very similar to Lao) e.g. /pʰwan/ - "friend of the family" (from Central Thai /pʰʉ̂an/- "friend"), /mwanh/ - "to have a party" (from NE Thai /muan/ - "fun").

====Stress====

Stress was always on the last syllable of the word e.g. /jahˈphʰeuŋ/ - "premature, hasty" (from Central Thai /jàː pʰʉ̂ŋ/ - "not yet").

====Tone====

The Central Thai low tone and the NE Thai mid tone both surfaced as a /h/ in the syllable coda e.g. /daːh/ - "to become angry and speak rudely" (from Central Thai /dàː/), /sʰaˈtih/ - "mindfulness" (from Central Thai /satìʔ/), /mwanh/ - "to have a party" (from NE Thai /muan/ - "fun").

====Vowels====

/ʉ/ became /eu/ e.g. /jahˈphʰeuŋ/ - "premature, hasty" (from Central Thai /jàː pʰʉ̂ŋ/ - "not yet").

/ia/ became /ja/ e.g. /sʰja/ - "wrecked / broken" (from Central Thai /sǐa/).

/ua/ and /ʉa/ both became /wa/ e.g. /mwanh/ - "to have a party" (from NE Thai /muan/ - "fun"), /pʰwan/ - "friend of the family" (from Central Thai /pʰʉ̂an/- "friend").

/ə/ became /a/ e.g. /baˈŋaːn/ - "useful piece of flotsam" (from Central Thai /baŋ ʔəːn/ - "by chance")

====Consonants====

Thai /tɕ/ was borrowed as /tj/ e.g. /tjaiˈjen/ - "calm" (from Central Thai /tɕai jen/), while /tɕʰ/ was generally borrowed as /sʰj/ (it is already commonly pronounced as /ɕ/ in Bangkok Thai) e.g. /sʰjɔː/ - "small spoon" (from Central Thai /tɕʰɔ́ːn/)

/s/ was generally borrowed as aspirated /sʰ/, and aspirated stops were generally borrowed as such e.g. /sʰaˈtih/ - "mindfulness" (from Central Thai /satìʔ/), /pʰwan/ - "friend of the family" (from Central Thai /pʰʉ̂an/- "friend").

However, Grassman's Law applied to loanwords which would have had more than one aspirated consonant e.g. /sihˈtʰih/ - "right, privilege, authority" (from Central Thai /sìttʰìʔ).

/tr/ was lenited to unaspirated /s/ (via an intermediate /ts/) e.g. /swaht/ - "inspect" (from Central Thai /trùat/). In other clusters, /r/ was lost e.g. /kʰjat/ - "overly serious" (from Central Thai /kʰrîat/).

Outside clusters, /r/ was merged with /l/ e.g. /ruˈtjahk/ - "to know someone" (from Central Thai /rúː tɕàk/).

In clusters, /l/ was deleted e.g. /naˈkjaht/ - "ugly, disgusting" (from Central Thai /nâː klìat/).

====Minor Syllables====

When permitted by the creole's phonotactics, minor syllables lost their schwa e.g. /sʰniht/ - "to be close to someone" (from Central Thai /sənìt/).

===Vietnamese===

The creole was mostly influence by the Hanoi variety, rather than Southern Vietnamese.

====Vowels====

Vietnamese vowels were borrowed with the same changes as Thai vowels, and stress likewise always fell on the final syllable of polysyllablic words.

====Consonants====

Vietnamese /v/ was borrowed as /j/ e.g. /jeuŋ/ - "sesame" (from Vietnamese "vững").

====Tones====

Words with the nặng tone were borrowed into the creole with short vowels e.g. /tjaŋˈjat/ - "Vietnamese language" (from Vietnamese "tiếng Việt"). Otherwise, words were borrowed with long vowels.

Words with the huyền tone were borrowed with a /h/ in the coda e.g. /baːh/ - "old lady" (from Vietnamese bà).

==Grammar==

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It wasn't long before the first syllable on /iˈzu/ was lost. So transitivity was now marked by /zuː/, except for plural pronouns when it was /aː/.

[[Category:Languages]]

[[Category:Kämpya]]

@@ Line 149: / Line 149: @@
-====Vowel Sequences====
+====Vowel Quality====
-Japanese /ae/ became /ɛː/ e.g. /kʰaŋˈgɛːlu/ - "to think over" (from Japanese /kaɴgaeɾɯ/). Similarly, Japanese /ao/ became /ɔː/ e.g. /ˈkʰɔːdas/ - "to put in an appearance" (from Japanese /kaodaɕi/). Japanese /ɯi/ became /wi/ e.g. /sʰaˈmwiː/ - "cold" (to talk about weather, from Japanese /samɯi/).
+Japanese /ae/ became /ɛː/ e.g. /kʰaŋˈgɛːlu/ - "to think over" (from Japanese /kaɴgaeɾɯ/). Similarly, Japanese /ao/ became /ɔː/ e.g. /ˈkʰɔːdas/ - "to put in an appearance" (from Japanese /kaodaɕi/). Japanese /ɯi/ became /wi/ e.g. /sʰaˈmwiː/ - "cold" (to talk about weather, from Japanese /samɯi/). Also, Japanese long /ɯː/ diphthongised to /eu/ e.g. /ˈkjeuli/ - "cucumber" (from Japanese /kjɯːɾi/)
@@ Line 166: / Line 166: @@
 ====Alveo-Palatal Consonants====
-Before /i/, these merged into the alveolar consonants e.g. /sʰasiˈmiː/ - "raw fish" (from Japanese /saɕiˈmi/). Elsewhere, they became sequences of alveolar consonant +/j/ e.g. /ˈtjuːtohampa/ - "to leave half done" (from Japanese /tɕɯːtohaɴpa/).
+Before /i/, these merged into the alveolar consonants e.g. /sʰasiˈmiː/ - "raw fish" (from Japanese /saɕiˈmi/). Elsewhere, they became sequences of alveolar consonant +/j/ e.g. /ˈtjeutohampa/ - "to leave half done" (from Japanese /tɕɯːtohaɴpa/).
 ====Alveolar Affricates====
-Japanese /ts/ became /θ/ via a two-stage process. First it fronted to a dental affricate /tθ/. Then it became a fricative. For example, /ˈθuːyaksja/ - "interpreter" (from Japanese /tsɯːyakɯ̥ɕa/).
+Japanese /ts/ became /θ/ via a two-stage process. First it fronted to a dental affricate /tθ/. Then it became a fricative. For example, /ˈθeujaksja/ - "interpreter" (from Japanese /tsɯːjakɯ̥ɕa/).
 Likewise, the affricate allophone of Japanese /z/ (heard word initially) became /ð/ via a similar process e.g. /ðaˈbutoŋ/ - "triangular Japanese-style cushion" (from Japanese /zabɯtoɴ/, pronounced /dzabɯtoɴ/).
@@ Line 291: / Line 291: @@
 Stressed monophthongs were borrowed as long vowels if they had a tone at the top of the speaker's vocal range e.g. /tɔŋˈbuːht/ - "animal" (from Taiwanese /tɔŋ˨˩but˥˥/, or if they rose to or fell from this point e.g. e.g. /ˈsʰwiːhθi/ - "informant" (from Taiwanese /tsʰui˥˧tɕiʔ˥˥/), /pɔˈhiːŋ/ - "pilgrimage" (from Taiwanese /pɔ˨˩hiŋ˧˥/).
+===Thai===
+Thai borrowings into the creole came from a mixture of Central Thai (as spoken in Bangkok), and NE Thai (very similar to Lao) e.g. /pʰwan/ - "friend of the family" (from Central Thai /pʰʉ̂an/- "friend"), /mwanh/ - "to have a party" (from NE Thai /muan/ - "fun").
+====Stress====
+Stress was always on the last syllable of the word e.g. /jahˈphʰeuŋ/ - "premature, hasty" (from Central Thai /jàː pʰʉ̂ŋ/ - "not yet").
+====Tone====
+The Central Thai low tone and the NE Thai mid tone both surfaced as a /h/ in the syllable coda e.g. /daːh/ - "to become angry and speak rudely" (from Central Thai /dàː/), /sʰaˈtih/ - "mindfulness" (from Central Thai /satìʔ/), /mwanh/ - "to have a party" (from NE Thai /muan/ - "fun").
+====Vowels====
+/ʉ/ became /eu/ e.g. /jahˈphʰeuŋ/ - "premature, hasty" (from Central Thai /jàː pʰʉ̂ŋ/ - "not yet").
+/ia/ became /ja/ e.g. /sʰja/ - "wrecked / broken" (from Central Thai /sǐa/).
+/ua/ and /ʉa/ both became /wa/ e.g. /mwanh/ - "to have a party" (from NE Thai /muan/ - "fun"),  /pʰwan/ - "friend of the family" (from Central Thai /pʰʉ̂an/- "friend").
+/ə/ became /a/ e.g. /baˈŋaːn/ - "useful piece of flotsam" (from Central Thai /baŋ ʔəːn/ - "by chance")
+====Consonants====
+Thai /tɕ/ was borrowed as /tj/ e.g. /tjaiˈjen/ - "calm" (from Central Thai /tɕai jen/), while /tɕʰ/ was generally borrowed as /sʰj/ (it is already commonly pronounced as /ɕ/ in Bangkok Thai) e.g. /sʰjɔː/ - "small spoon" (from Central Thai /tɕʰɔ́ːn/)
+/s/ was generally borrowed as aspirated /sʰ/, and aspirated stops were generally borrowed as such e.g. /sʰaˈtih/ - "mindfulness" (from Central Thai /satìʔ/), /pʰwan/ - "friend of the family" (from Central Thai /pʰʉ̂an/- "friend").
+However, Grassman's Law applied to loanwords which would have had more than one aspirated consonant e.g. /sihˈtʰih/ - "right, privilege, authority" (from Central Thai /sìttʰìʔ).
+/tr/ was lenited to unaspirated /s/ (via an intermediate /ts/) e.g. /swaht/ - "inspect" (from Central Thai /trùat/). In other clusters, /r/ was lost e.g. /kʰjat/ - "overly serious" (from Central Thai /kʰrîat/).
+Outside clusters, /r/ was merged with /l/ e.g. /ruˈtjahk/ - "to know someone" (from Central Thai /rúː tɕàk/).
+In clusters, /l/ was deleted e.g. /naˈkjaht/ - "ugly, disgusting" (from Central Thai /nâː klìat/).
+====Minor Syllables====
+When permitted by the creole's phonotactics, minor syllables lost their schwa e.g. /sʰniht/ - "to be close to someone" (from Central Thai /sənìt/).
+===Vietnamese===
+The creole was mostly influence by the Hanoi variety, rather than Southern Vietnamese.
+====Vowels====
+Vietnamese vowels were borrowed with the same changes as Thai vowels, and stress likewise always fell on the final syllable of polysyllablic words.
+====Consonants====
+Vietnamese /v/ was borrowed as /j/ e.g. /jeuŋ/ - "sesame" (from Vietnamese "vững").
+====Tones====
+Words with the nặng tone were borrowed into the creole with short vowels e.g. /tjaŋˈjat/ - "Vietnamese language" (from Vietnamese "tiếng Việt"). Otherwise, words were borrowed with long vowels.
+Words with the huyền tone were borrowed with a /h/ in the coda e.g. /baːh/ - "old lady" (from Vietnamese bà).
 ==Grammar==
@@ Line 385: / Line 453: @@
 It wasn't long before the first syllable on /iˈzu/ was lost. So transitivity was now marked by /zuː/, except for plural pronouns when it was /aː/.
+[[Category:Languages]]
+[[Category:Kämpya]]