Macambese: Difference between revisions

(2 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown)

Line 33:

'''Macambese''' (''lang Macambe'' [[Help:IPA|{{IPA|[laŋ maˈkamə]}}]]) is an Oïl language spoken natively in the English town of Macamby. It was historically natively spoken by about 50,000 residents of Macamby and its surrounding countryside (''peissaîde''), but is now designated as a definitely endangered language by the UNESCO ''[[w:Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger|Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger]]'', with only an estimated 1,200 truly native speakers remaining, though estimates of L2 speakers are much higher at around 20,000 L2 speakers. It is unofficially regulated by the Cirquel Solei (pronounced {{IPA|[ˈsirkəl soˈlei̯]}}, lit. "Circle of the Sun").

As an Oïl language, Macambese is most closely related to the Northern Oïl languages such as [[w:Norman language|Norman]] and [[w:Picard|Picard]], as well as [[w:French language|Standard French]]. However, its isolation from France has led it to develop unique and sometimes English-influenced features that are rare in other Oïl languages; for example, many Macambese words are calques of English words, such as ''amei-fillia'' "girlfriend" being a calque of English {{l|en|girlfriend}} as opposed to the equivalent French term, {{l|fr|petite amie}} (lit. "little friend (f.)"). Other features borrowed from English include the vowel /ʌ/ (usually written ''u'', often cognate with French /y/) and phonemic [[w:Affricates|affricates]] /tʃ dʒ/ and [[w:Dental fricatives|dental fricatives]] /θ ð/.

As an Oïl language, Macambese is most closely related to the Northern Oïl languages such as [[w:Norman language|Norman]] and [[w:Picard|Picard]], as well as [[w:French language|Standard French]]. However, its isolation from France has led it to develop unique and sometimes English-influenced features that are rare in other Oïl languages; for example, many Macambese words are calques of English words, such as ''amei-fillia'' "girlfriend" being a calque of English {{l|en|girlfriend}} as opposed to the equivalent French term, {{l|fr|petite amie}} (lit. "little friend (f.)"). Other features borrowed from English include the vowel {{IPA|/ʌ/}} (usually written ''u'', often cognate with French {{IPA|/y/}}) and phonemic [[w:Affricates|affricates]] {{IPA|/tʃ dʒ/}} and [[w:Dental fricatives|dental fricatives]] {{IPA|/θ ð/}}.

==Phonology==

===Consonants===

Line 54:

| || || || l || || ||

|}

/ɱ/ is an allophone of /m/ before /f v/ (as in ''se'''m'''fogne'' "symphony, song") while /ŋ/ is an allophone of /n/ before /k g/ (as in ''ou'''n'''cle'' "uncle, bro (to an older person)").

{{IPA|/ɱ/}} is an allophone of {{IPA|/m/}} before {{IPA|/f v/}} (as in ''se'''m'''fogne'' "symphony, song") while {{IPA|/ŋ/}} is an allophone of {{IPA|/n/}} before {{IPA|/k g/}} (as in ''ou'''n'''cle'' "uncle, bro (to an older person)").

Macambese only has one phonemic rhotic, /r/, but the realisation of this phoneme varies greatly depending on dialect and sometimes even at the idiolect level. In Northern dialects, /r/ is pronounced as uvular /ʁ/ in word-medial coda syllable positions, as in ''pardoun'' {{IPA|[ˈpaʁdõw̃]}}, and is pronounced as tap /ɾ/ everywhere else. However, in the Foidegrin dialect, word-medial coda /r/ is only uvular before sonorants, as in ''parlé'' {{IPA|[paʁˈlei̯]}} and is trill /r/ everywhere else. In Southern dialects it is traditionally trill /r/ everywhere, though with the more recent influence of English the /r/ has been gradually replaced by alveolar /ɹ/, which is also the most common realisation in all positions by L2 speakers of the language (called ''anglen'' or ''bushrons'').

Macambese only has one phonemic rhotic, {{IPA|/r/}}, but the realisation of this phoneme varies greatly depending on dialect and sometimes even at the idiolect level. In Northern dialects, {{IPA|/r/}} is pronounced as uvular {{IPA|/ʁ/}} in word-medial coda syllable positions, as in ''pardoun'' {{IPA|[ˈpaʁdõw̃]}}, and is pronounced as tap {{IPA|/ɾ/}} everywhere else. However, in the Foidegrin dialect, word-medial coda {{IPA|/r/}} is only uvular before sonorants, as in ''parlé'' {{IPA|[paʁˈlei̯]}} and is trill {{IPA|/r/}} everywhere else. In Southern dialects it is traditionally trill {{IPA|/r/}} everywhere, though with the more recent influence of English the {{IPA|/r/}} has been gradually replaced by alveolar {{IPA|/ɹ/}}, which is also the most common realisation in all positions by L2 speakers of the language (called ''anglen'' or ''bushrons'').

===Vowels===

{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"

Line 75:

Word-final {{IPA|/e/}}, generally written ''é'', is usually diphthongised to {{IPA|[ei̯]}}.

Macambese has 6 valid diphthongs: {{IPA|/ei̯ oi̯ ou̯ eu̯ au̯ ai̯/}}. {{IPA|/ai̯ au̯/}} primarily only occur in English loanwords and are written ⟨aî⟩ and ⟨aou⟩ respectively (historically {{IPA|/au̯/}} was also written ⟨aû⟩ but this is now obsolete), like ''~~traîbe~~'' "tribe", ''éspaîque'' "a type of long, thin sword", ''claoune'' "clown" and ''plaouv'néje'' "snowplough". Importantly, the use of the circumflex in {{IPA|/ai̯/}} ⟨aî⟩ is not to show a silent /s/ as it is generally used in French, but instead originally was a variant of the [[w:Diaeresis (diacritic)|diaeresis]] that replaced it. Thus, the circumflex in Macambese operates almost equivalently to the diaeresis in French; indeed, ''éspaîque'' alone was often spelt ''éspaïque'' or ''espaïque'' as late as the mid-19th century.

Macambese has 6 valid diphthongs: {{IPA|/ei̯ oi̯ ou̯ eu̯ au̯ ai̯/}}. {{IPA|/ai̯ au̯/}} primarily only occur in English loanwords and are written ⟨aî⟩ and ⟨aou⟩ respectively (historically {{IPA|/au̯/}} was also written ⟨aû⟩ but this is now obsolete), like ''traîve'' "tribe", ''éspaîque'' "a type of long, thin sword", ''claoune'' "clown" and ''plaouv'néje'' "snowplough". Importantly, the use of the circumflex in {{IPA|/ai̯/}} ⟨aî⟩ is not to show a silent /s/ as it is generally used in French, but instead originally was a variant of the [[w:Diaeresis (diacritic)|diaeresis]] that replaced it. Thus, the circumflex in Macambese operates almost equivalently to the diaeresis in French; indeed, ''éspaîque'' alone was often spelt ''éspaïque'' or ''espaïque'' as late as the mid-19th century.

====Nasal vowels====

{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"

Line 107:

''sum'' is borrowed from English {{l|en|some}} and replaced native ''uns'' and ''ounes''.

===Pronouns===

====Demonstrative pronouns====

{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"

|+ Macambese demonstratives

|-

! colspan=2 | !! Proximal !! Distal

|-

! rowspan=2 | Singular

! masc.

| ''cit'' || ''cel''

|-

! fem.

| ''cita'' || ''cela''

|-

! rowspan=2 | Plural

! masc.

| ''cites'' || ''cels''

|-

! fem.

| ''citas'' || ''célas''

|}

The plural demonstratives are only used in the structure "[article] [plural noun] [demonstrative]", as in ''las pomes célas'' "those apples" (lit. "the apples those") or ''lé frères cites'' "these brothers". Singular demonstratives use the same structure as modern French and English, with the demonstrative before a noun, as in ''cit trei'' "this train" or ''cela cigareta'' "this cigarette".

====Personal pronouns====

{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"

|+ Macambese pronouns

Line 152:

Line 174:

Amen.

</poem>

[[Category:Macambese]] [[Category:Languages]] [[Category:Conlangs]] [[Category:Indo-European languages]] [[Category:A posteriori ~~languages~~]] [[Category:Fusional languages]] [[Category:Italic languages]]

[[Category:Macambese]] [[Category:Languages]] [[Category:Conlangs]] [[Category:Indo-European languages]] [[Category:A posteriori]] [[Category:Fusional languages]] [[Category:Italic languages]]

@@ Line 33: / Line 33: @@
 '''Macambese''' (''lang Macambe'' [[Help:IPA|{{IPA|[laŋ maˈkamə]}}]]) is an Oïl language spoken natively in the English town of Macamby. It was historically natively spoken by about 50,000 residents of Macamby and its surrounding countryside (''peissaîde''), but is now designated as a definitely endangered language by the UNESCO ''[[w:Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger|Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger]]'', with only an estimated 1,200 truly native speakers remaining, though estimates of L2 speakers are much higher at around 20,000 L2 speakers. It is unofficially regulated by the Cirquel Solei (pronounced {{IPA|[ˈsirkəl soˈlei̯]}}, <small>lit.</small> "Circle of the Sun").
-As an Oïl language, Macambese is most closely related to the Northern Oïl languages such as [[w:Norman language|Norman]] and [[w:Picard|Picard]], as well as [[w:French language|Standard French]]. However, its isolation from France has led it to develop unique and sometimes English-influenced features that are rare in other Oïl languages; for example, many Macambese words are calques of English words, such as ''amei-fillia'' "girlfriend" being a calque of English {{l|en|girlfriend}} as opposed to the equivalent French term, {{l|fr|petite amie}} (lit. "little friend (f.)"). Other features borrowed from English include the vowel /ʌ/ (usually written ''u'', often cognate with French /y/) and phonemic [[w:Affricates|affricates]] /tʃ dʒ/ and [[w:Dental fricatives|dental fricatives]] /θ ð/.
+As an Oïl language, Macambese is most closely related to the Northern Oïl languages such as [[w:Norman language|Norman]] and [[w:Picard|Picard]], as well as [[w:French language|Standard French]]. However, its isolation from France has led it to develop unique and sometimes English-influenced features that are rare in other Oïl languages; for example, many Macambese words are calques of English words, such as ''amei-fillia'' "girlfriend" being a calque of English {{l|en|girlfriend}} as opposed to the equivalent French term, {{l|fr|petite amie}} (<small>lit.</small> "little friend (f.)"). Other features borrowed from English include the vowel {{IPA|/ʌ/}} (usually written ''u'', often cognate with French {{IPA|/y/}}) and phonemic [[w:Affricates|affricates]] {{IPA|/tʃ dʒ/}} and [[w:Dental fricatives|dental fricatives]] {{IPA|/θ ð/}}.
 ==Phonology==
 ===Consonants===
@@ Line 54: / Line 54: @@
 | || || || l || || ||
 |}
-/ɱ/ is an allophone of /m/ before /f v/ (as in ''se'''m'''fogne'' "symphony, song") while /ŋ/ is an allophone of /n/ before /k g/ (as in ''ou'''n'''cle'' "uncle, bro (to an older person)").
+{{IPA|/ɱ/}} is an allophone of {{IPA|/m/}} before {{IPA|/f v/}} (as in ''se'''m'''fogne'' "symphony, song") while {{IPA|/ŋ/}} is an allophone of {{IPA|/n/}} before {{IPA|/k g/}} (as in ''ou'''n'''cle'' "uncle, bro (to an older person)").
-Macambese only has one phonemic rhotic, /r/, but the realisation of this phoneme varies greatly depending on dialect and sometimes even at the idiolect level. In Northern dialects, /r/ is pronounced as uvular /ʁ/ in word-medial coda syllable positions, as in ''pardoun'' {{IPA|[ˈpaʁdõw̃]}}, and is pronounced as tap /ɾ/ everywhere else. However, in the Foidegrin dialect, word-medial coda /r/ is only uvular before sonorants, as in ''parlé'' {{IPA|[paʁˈlei̯]}} and is trill /r/ everywhere else. In Southern dialects it is traditionally trill /r/ everywhere, though with the more recent influence of English the /r/ has been gradually replaced by alveolar /ɹ/, which is also the most common realisation in all positions by L2 speakers of the language (called ''anglen'' or ''bushrons'').
+Macambese only has one phonemic rhotic, {{IPA|/r/}}, but the realisation of this phoneme varies greatly depending on dialect and sometimes even at the idiolect level. In Northern dialects, {{IPA|/r/}} is pronounced as uvular {{IPA|/ʁ/}} in word-medial coda syllable positions, as in ''pardoun'' {{IPA|[ˈpaʁdõw̃]}}, and is pronounced as tap {{IPA|/ɾ/}} everywhere else. However, in the Foidegrin dialect, word-medial coda {{IPA|/r/}} is only uvular before sonorants, as in ''parlé'' {{IPA|[paʁˈlei̯]}} and is trill {{IPA|/r/}} everywhere else. In Southern dialects it is traditionally trill {{IPA|/r/}} everywhere, though with the more recent influence of English the {{IPA|/r/}} has been gradually replaced by alveolar {{IPA|/ɹ/}}, which is also the most common realisation in all positions by L2 speakers of the language (called ''anglen'' or ''bushrons'').
 ===Vowels===
 {| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"
@@ Line 75: / Line 75: @@
 Word-final {{IPA|/e/}}, generally written ''é'', is usually diphthongised to {{IPA|[ei̯]}}.
-Macambese has 6 valid diphthongs: {{IPA|/ei̯ oi̯ ou̯ eu̯ au̯ ai̯/}}. {{IPA|/ai̯ au̯/}} primarily only occur in English loanwords and are written ⟨aî⟩ and ⟨aou⟩ respectively (historically {{IPA|/au̯/}} was also written ⟨aû⟩ but this is now obsolete), like ''traîbe'' "tribe", ''éspaîque'' "a type of long, thin sword", ''claoune'' "clown" and ''plaouv'néje'' "snowplough". Importantly, the use of the circumflex in {{IPA|/ai̯/}} ⟨aî⟩ is not to show a silent /s/ as it is generally used in French, but instead originally was a variant of the [[w:Diaeresis (diacritic)|diaeresis]] that replaced it. Thus, the circumflex in Macambese operates almost equivalently to the diaeresis in French; indeed, ''éspaîque'' alone was often spelt ''éspaïque'' or ''espaïque'' as late as the mid-19th century.
+Macambese has 6 valid diphthongs: {{IPA|/ei̯ oi̯ ou̯ eu̯ au̯ ai̯/}}. {{IPA|/ai̯ au̯/}} primarily only occur in English loanwords and are written ⟨aî⟩ and ⟨aou⟩ respectively (historically {{IPA|/au̯/}} was also written ⟨aû⟩ but this is now obsolete), like ''traîve'' "tribe", ''éspaîque'' "a type of long, thin sword", ''claoune'' "clown" and ''plaouv'néje'' "snowplough". Importantly, the use of the circumflex in {{IPA|/ai̯/}} ⟨aî⟩ is not to show a silent /s/ as it is generally used in French, but instead originally was a variant of the [[w:Diaeresis (diacritic)|diaeresis]] that replaced it. Thus, the circumflex in Macambese operates almost equivalently to the diaeresis in French; indeed, ''éspaîque'' alone was often spelt ''éspaïque'' or ''espaïque'' as late as the mid-19th century.
 ====Nasal vowels====
 {| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"
@@ Line 107: / Line 107: @@
 ''sum'' is borrowed from English {{l|en|some}} and replaced native ''uns'' and ''ounes''.
 ===Pronouns===
+====Demonstrative pronouns====
+{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"
+|+ Macambese demonstratives
+|-
+! colspan=2 | !! Proximal !! Distal
+|-
+! rowspan=2 | Singular
+! masc.
+| ''cit'' || ''cel''
+|-
+! fem.
+| ''cita'' || ''cela''
+|-
+! rowspan=2 | Plural
+! masc.
+| ''cites'' || ''cels''
+|-
+! fem.
+| ''citas'' || ''célas''
+|}
+The plural demonstratives are only used in the structure "[article] [plural noun] [demonstrative]", as in ''las pomes célas'' "those apples" (<small>lit.</small> "the apples those") or ''lé frères cites'' "these brothers". Singular demonstratives use the same structure as modern French and English, with the demonstrative before a noun, as in ''cit trei'' "this train" or ''cela cigareta'' "this cigarette".
+====Personal pronouns====
 {| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"
 |+ Macambese pronouns
@@ Line 152: / Line 174: @@
 Amen.
 </poem>
-[[Category:Macambese]] [[Category:Languages]] [[Category:Conlangs]] [[Category:Indo-European languages]] [[Category:A posteriori languages]] [[Category:Fusional languages]] [[Category:Italic languages]]
+[[Category:Macambese]] [[Category:Languages]] [[Category:Conlangs]] [[Category:Indo-European languages]] [[Category:A posteriori]] [[Category:Fusional languages]] [[Category:Italic languages]]