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|fam2=[[w:Germanic Languages|Germanic]]
|fam2=[[w:Germanic Languages|Germanic]]
|fam3=[[w:North Germanic|North Germanic]]
|fam3=[[w:North Germanic|North Germanic]]
|fam4=[[w:West Scandinavian|West Scandinavian]]
|fam4=[[w:East Scandinavian|East Scandinavian]]
|script1=Latn
|script1=Runr
|script2=Brai
|script2=Latn
|script3=Brai
|ancestor=[[w:Old Norse language|Old Norse]]
|ancestor=[[w:Old Norse language|Old Norse]]
|ancestor2=[[w:Old West Norse|Old West Norse]]
|ancestor2=[[w:Old East Norse|Old East Norse]]
|ancestor3=[[Húsnorsk]]
|ancestor3=[[Húsnorsk]]
|creator=[[User:Wfeozawra|Melinoë]]
|creator=[[User:Wfeozawra|Melinoë]]
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}}
}}


[[Húsnorsk]] (/husnorsk/; [[w:endonym|endonym]]: Varhúsnorsk: ''Húsanorska'', /xuː.sa.nor.ska/; Nygadsnorsk: ''Hússnorska'', /xuːt͡s.nor.ska/; Jugsnorsk ''Húsinorska'', /xʊu̯.sɪ.n̥o̞r.skɐ/) is a distinct Nordic language (or possibly two closely related languages), it is so named "House Norse" for its historical vernacular status. Húsnorsk is considered the continuation of the Norse spoken by the Varangians, though this is heavily disputed, as Húsnorsk is clearly West Nordic. Húsnorsk is considered decently divergent for a Nordic language, often being unintelligible to the others (Take Varhúsnorsk /au̯.dɐ/ Nygadsnorsk /ɔ:.dɐ/, Jugsnorsk /o̞u.dɐ/ vs Swedish /al/, Danish /ælˀ/, Icelandic /atlʏr/, and Old (West) Norse /ɑlːr̩/)
[[Húsnorsk]] (/husnorsk/; [[w:endonym|endonym]]: ''Húsanorska''; Varhúsnorsk: /xuː.sa.nor.ska/; Nygadsnorsk: /xuː.sa.nor.ska/; Jugsnorsk: [xʊu̯.sɐ.nor.skɐ]) is a distinct Nordic language (or possibly two closely related languages), it is so named "House Norse" for its historical vernacular status. Húsnorsk has long been considered the continuation of the Norse spoken by the Varangians. Húsnorsk is considered decently divergent for a Nordic language, often being unintelligible to the others (Take Varhúsnorsk /au̯dj/ Nygadsnorsk /ɔ:dj/, Jugsnorsk /o̞udʲ/ vs Swedish /al/, Danish /ælˀ/, Icelandic /atlʏr/, and Old West Norse /ɑlːr̩/, Old East Norse /ɑlːʀ/)


While Nygadsnorsk and Jugsnorsk are often considered dialects of Húsnorsk, they are divergent enough to earn distinct articles, where Varhúsnorsk (or Standard Húsnorsk; Geneologically ''Common Húsnorsk'') is also distinct enough from both to be separated. This article will present all three in detail side-by-side as if in comparison to each other.
While Nygadsnorsk and Jugsnorsk are often considered dialects of Húsnorsk, they are divergent enough to be difficult to communicate between, where Varhúsnorsk (or Standard Húsnorsk; Geneologically ''Common Húsnorsk'') is also distinct enough from both to be unintelligible. This article will present all three in detail side-by-side as if in comparison to each other.
==History==
==History==
===Early Húsnorsk (1100AD~1350AD)===
===Early Húsnorsk (1100AD~1350AD)===
The earliest records of Húsnorsk come from birch bark letters in Novgorod, these letters tend to be rather short though. Many of these seem to be from educational settings, teaching children to read and write (See [[w:Onfim|Onfim]] for an example of this from the same area).  
The earliest records of Húsnorsk come from birch bark letters in Novgorod, these letters tend to be rather short though. Many of these seem to be from educational settings, teaching children to read and write (See [[w:Onfim|Onfim]] for an example of this from the same area).  


:"ek drep draugȧ" - The transcript of no. 173 from the Húsnorsk educational birch collection, reading "I kill draugr", with "draugr" mistakenly in the nominative instead of the accusative. ("ȧ" is equivalent to modern "ą")
:"ek drep drǿgj" - no. 173 from the Húsnorsk educational birch collection, reading "I kill draugr", with "draugr" ("drǿgj") mistakenly in the nominative instead of the accusative.


The Húsnorsk are considered the descendants of the Varangians who lived in this area, and this is historically supported through many records (See [[w:Novgorod#History|Novgorod's history]]), as such, Húsnorsk is often considered the continuation of the Old Norse spoken by Novgorodians, though this seems unlikely, as the Varangians, being from Sweden, would have spoken Old East Norse, whereas Húsnorsk is clearly West Nordic.
The Húsnorsk are considered the descendants of the Varangians who lived in this area, and this is historically supported through many records (See [[w:Novgorod#History|Novgorod's history]]), as such, Húsnorsk is often considered the continuation of the Old Norse spoken by Novgorodians, which, too, is well supported, seeing as how Húsnorsk is East Nordic.


Húsnorsk diverged significantly from the other Nordic languages quite early on, we see orthographic changes within the first few centuries after Old Norse is dated at splitting apart, the most major early change is the development of post-vocalic /l/, as the spellings for it seem to have changed rapidly among the entire populace (see "auą" for Old Norse "alr").
Húsnorsk diverged significantly from the other Nordic languages quite early on, we see orthographic changes within the first few centuries after Old Norse is dated at splitting apart, the most major early change is the development of post-vocalic /l/, as the spellings for it seem to have changed rapidly among the entire populace (see "auj" for Old East Norse "alʀ").


===Middle Húsnorsk (1350AD~1600AD)===
===Middle Húsnorsk (1350AD~1600AD)===


===Early Modern Húsnorsk (1600AD~1850AD)===
===Common Húsnorsk (1600AD~1770AD)===
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
In the early 1770's, a large exodus of Húsnorsk from Novgorod began, likely spurred on by the [[w:1770-1772 Russian plague|Russian plague]], these fleeing families would move east, into [[w:Siberia|Siberia]] (So-called "Jugą" by the Húsnorsk, from Russian [[w:Yugra|Yugra]]). These Húsnorsk were once called "Plýggnorską" ("Fleeing Norse"), though this is a [[w:pejorative|pejorative]], and they are now called "Jugsnorską" ("Yugra's Norse").
In the early 1770's, a large exodus of Húsnorsk from Novgorod began, likely spurred on by the [[w:1770-1772 Russian plague|Russian plague]], these fleeing families would move east, into [[w:Siberia|Siberia]] (So-called "Jugą" by the Húsnorsk, from Russian [[w:Yugra|Yugra]]). These Húsnorsk were once called "Plýggnorską" ("Fleeing Norse"), though this is a [[w:pejorative|pejorative]], and they are now called "Jugsnorską" ("Yugra's Norse").


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==Development==
==Development==
Húsnorsk's phonological history is, for the most part, deeply understood. The development of certain consonants and vowels isn't fully understood, such as the mechanism behind Old Norse "ár" to Húsnorsk "aą", and Old Norse initial /x/ to Húsnorsk /k/, the latter of which is extremely poorly understood as it's not known what caused it nor where it happens.<ref>Húmvera, Aska. "The lasting mystery of Húsnorsk ár and h- development."</ref>
Húsnorsk's phonological history is, for the most part, deeply understood. The development of certain consonants and vowels isn't fully understood, such as the mechanism behind Old Norse initial /x/ to Nygadsnorsk /k/, which is extremely poorly understood as it's not known what caused it nor where it happens.


The following are the reconstructed phonological and grammatical changes between Old West Norse and Húsnorsk. Grammatical changes will be indented.
The following are the reconstructed phonological and grammatical changes between Old West Norse and Húsnorsk. Grammatical changes will be italicized..


*/ar/ to /r̩/, the mechnism behind "ár" > "aą" is currently unknown, but it may have occurred out of analogy.
*/ar/ to /ɐ/.
*/xʷ/ to /x/, the lost labialization affects the vowel, rounding or raising vowels.
*/xʷ/ to /x/, the lost labialization affects the vowel, rounding or raising vowels.
**Masculine a-stems reformed to all end in -r regardless of final consonant (Before /r̩/ > /ɐ/ due to some recorded misspellings)
*''Masculine a-stems reformed to all end in -ʀ regardless of final consonant (Before /ʀ/ > /j/ due to some recorded misspellings)''
*/r̩/ to /ɐ/ (see rule #1 for "ár")
*/ʀ/ to /j/
*/Vl/ to /Vu̯/, but /Vl:/ to /Vu̯d/ (where /V/ is any vowel, /ul/ to /uː/)
*/Vl/ to /Vu̯/, but /Vl:/ to /Vu̯d/ (where /V/ is any vowel, /ul/ to /uː/)
*/mb, nd, ŋg/ to /m:, n:, g:/
*/mb, nd, ŋg/ to /bː, dː, gː/
**Dual pronouns lost? (The timing is uncertain, but it happened relatively early on)
*''Dual pronouns lost? (The timing is uncertain, but it happened relatively early on)''
*/rn, rm/ to /tn, pm/
*/rn, rm/ to /tn, pm/
*/v/ to /b/ before approximants (/f/ > /p/ only occurs word initially, as it was [v] elsewhere)
*/v/ to /b/ before approximants (/f/ > /p/ only occurs word initially, as it was [v] elsewhere)
*/l̩/ to /ul/, spelling doesn't change though (/gl̩/ seems to instead go to [ɣl])
*/l̩/ to /ul/, spelling doesn't change though (/gl̩/ seems to instead go to [ɣl])
*/fp, vb/ to /pː, bː/
*/fp, vb/ to /pː, bː/
*/ð, ɣ/ lost between two sonorants (/r, l, n, m, j, w/, but for some reason not OEN ʀ, which had merged with /j/ at this point)
*<sup>?</sup> /st/ to /s/ after consonants, especially nasals
*<sup>?</sup> /st/ to /s/ after consonants, especially nasals
*final nasals to nasalization when following a vowel, this always occurs in inflectional endings regardless if it's word final or not (see -anna > -ãna)
*''-ðr-/-nn- paradigm leveled to -ðr- throughout''
**''see Old Norse "annarr" and "mann" (accusative of "maðr") to Nygadsnorsk "adrarą" and "mad" (-nn > -d due to the next change)''
*Devoicing of stops in contact with /s/
*/-u̯/ to /-y̯/ after round vowels (so /øu/ > /øy/)


===Húmgądsnorską===
===Nygadsnorsk===
*coda geminates to /ʰC/ when voiceless, to a fricative when voiced, and nasals to /PN/ (/n:/ > /tn/)
*coda geminates to /ʰC/ when voiceless, to a fricative when voiced, and nasals to /PN/ (eg. /n:/ > /tn/)
**-ðr-/-nn- paradigm leveled to -ðr- throughout
***see Old Norse "annarr" and "mann" (accusative of "maðr") to Húmgądsnorsk "adrarą" and "mad" (-nn > -d due to the next change)
**Around the same time as the -ðr-/-nn- leveling, the masculine consonant stems are merged with the masculine a-stems
*Diphthong flattening: /au, ɛu, eu, iu, øu, yu, ɔu, ou/ /ɔː, øː, øː, yː, yː, yː, oː, uː/
*Diphthong flattening: /au, ɛu, eu, iu, øu, yu, ɔu, ou/ /ɔː, øː, øː, yː, yː, yː, oː, uː/
**Diphthong flattening continues after with /-j/. (thus "alr" becomes "œ" /œː/)
*/θ, ð/ to /t, d/
*/θ, ð/ to /t, d/
**Genitive singular leveled to -s and -sins.
*''Genitive singular leveled to -s and -sins.''
**Dative singular leveled to -i and -inum.
*''Dative singular leveled to -i and -inum.''
*/sː/ to /ts/ when occupying coda only
*/sː/ to /ts/ when occupying coda only
*Word initial /x/ to /k/ when not in a cluster (Unknown why this is inconsistent, though it seems to happen more before long vowels)
*Word initial /x/ to /k/ when not in a cluster (Unknown why this is inconsistent, though it seems to happen more before long vowels)
*/ɣ/ to /g/
*/ɣ/ to /g/
*/rː/ to /ʒ/
*/rː/ to /ʒ/
*Devoicing of stops in contact with /s/
*splitting of /eː/ into /je/, this isn't a complete sound change.
*splitting of /eː/ into /je/, this isn't a complete sound change.<ref>Versdóttir, Anną. "The phonological development of Western Húsnorsk,  otherwise known as Novgorodian."</ref>


===Jugsnorską===
===Jugsnorsk===
*/iu, eu/ > /ju/
*coda geminates shorten
*coda geminates shorten
**-ðr-/-nn- paradigm leveled to -nn- throughout
*nasals to nasalization before fricatives, seemingly only when place of articulation is the same (/mun.ðʀ/ > /mũðj/, but /bloːm.stʀ/ > /bloːmsj/ )
***see Old Norse "ǫðrum" (dative plural of "annarr") and "maðr" to Jugsnorsk "annarą" and "mann"
*Diphthong flattening: /au, ɛu, øy, ɔu, ou/ /ɔː, œː, yː, oː, uː/
*Diphthong flattening: /au, ɛu, eu, iu, øu, yu, ɔu, ou/ /ɔː, øː, øː, yː, yː, yː, oː, uː/
**Diphthong flattening continues after with /-j/. (thus "alr" becomes "œ" /œː/)
*/r̥, l̥/ to /r, l/
*/r̥, l̥/ to /r, l/
*Genitive singular leveled to -s, words in -s now have a genitive in -ss
*''Dative leveled to -i/-inū/-ū/-unū.''
*Dative singular leveled to -i, thus words like "ríki" have a dative "ríkí"
*''Sometime after, the original genitives are lost, and get reformed as dative + -s''
*/Cj/ > /Cʲ/ (/k, g, x, n, l/ to palatal)
*/ɣ/ to /g/
*/ɣ/ to /g/
*/ɬ/ to /ʃ/
*/w, v/ merge to /ʋ/
*Devoicing of stops in contact with /s/
*Vowel shifts:
*Vowel shifts:
**Overlong to plain long
**Overlong to plain long
**Short shifts: /i, e, u, o, a/ > /ɪ, ɛ, ʊ, ɔ, ɐ/
**Mid-highs and mid-lows merge (affects nasals)
**Long splitting: /iː, eː, ɛː, uː, oː, ɔː, yː, øː, aː/ > /ɪi, ei, ɛi, ʊu, ou, ɔu, ʏy, øy, au/
**Unstressed shifts:
***mergers: /ei, ɛi/, /ou, ɔu/ > /e̞i, o̞u/, /øy/ to /ø̞y/
***Short: /i, e, y, ø, u, o, a/ > /ɪ, ɛ, ʏ, œ, ʊ, ɔ, ɐ/
**New vowel inventory:
***Long: /iː, eː, yː, øː, uː, oː, aː/ > /i, e, y, ø, u, o, a/
***Short: /ɪ, ɛ, ʏ, œ, ʊ, ɔ, ɐ/
**Stressed long splitting: /iː, eː, uː, oː, yː, øː, aː/ > /ɪi, e̞i, ʊu, o̞u, ʏy, ø̞y, ɐu/
***Long: /ɪi, e̞i, ʏy, ø̞y, ʊu, o̞u, au/
**Nasal vowels to long, long nasals to overlong. (nasals unaffected by the other vowel shifts)
*Consonants follows by /f, s/ become aspirated. (see Old Norse "því" to Jagsnorska /tʰɪi/, through an intermediate /tfiː/)
*Consonants followed by /f, s/ become aspirated.
*The odd /gl̩/ (still [ɣl]) becomes /i̯l/<ref>Húmvera, Aska. "The chronological development of Jugsnorsk from Old Norse"</ref>
*The odd /gl̩/ (still [ɣl]) becomes /i̯l/
 
 
 
at some point after -ðr-/-nn- leveling, both turn nasal vowels into long vowels.


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
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|}
|}


#All vowels except /ɐ/ can be long, /u/ can be overlong (from Old Norse /uːl/)
#All vowels except /ɐ/ can be long, /u, y/ can be overlong (from Old Norse /uːl, yːl/)
 


===Nygadsnorsk===
===Nygadsnorsk===
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! rowspan=2 | Fricative
! rowspan=2 | Fricative
! Unvoiced
! Unvoiced
| f²
| f
| s
| s
| x³
| x²
|-
|-
! Voiced
! Voiced
| v²<sup>, </sup>⁴
| v³
| ʒ
| ʒ
|  
|  
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#/b, d, g/ becomes /p, t, k/ next to voiceless stops and /s/, but not /f/, which becomes /v/ next to these consonants.
#/b, d, g/ becomes /p, t, k/ next to voiceless stops and /s/, but not /f/, which becomes /v/ next to these consonants.
#/f, v/ both become stops before /l, r/, /v/ always becomes /b/, and /f/ either becomes /p/ or /b/.
#It is extremely common to turn word initial /x/ into /k/, roughly 65% to 70% of native speakers do so.
#It is extremely common to turn word initial /x/ into /k/, roughly 65% to 70% of native speakers do so, and it rather consistently happens in those who do it, though proper names form a major exception to this, for example, "Hémnǫ́dą" ("Heimdall") is almost never pronounced with an initial /k/ by any speaker, this is likely due to people's hesitance to modify names.
##Proper names form a major exception to this.
#/v/ is /ʋ/ following a consonant (eg. /Cv/ = /Cʋ/), and for some speakers, word initially.
#/v/ is /ʋ/ following a consonant (eg. /Cv/ = /Cʋ/), and for some speakers, word initially.
#Realized as /t, p/ before /n, m/ (as in "ormą" /opmɐ/). Additionally, /rs/ may be realized as [t͡s].
#Realized as /t, p/ before /n, m/ (as in "ormj" /opmʲ/). Additionally, /rs/ may be realized as [t͡s].
#All stops have different values when geminated in coda position (Meaning when the geminate isn't split across syllables),  they are:
#All stops have different values when geminated in coda position (Meaning when the geminate isn't split across syllables),  they are:
:::Nasals: "mm, nn" /pm, tn/
:::Nasals: "mm, nn" /pm, tn/
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{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
|-
! colspan=3 |  
! colspan=2 |  
! Labial
! Labial
! Dental
! Dental
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! Velar
! Velar
|-
|-
! colspan=3 | Nasal
! colspan=2 | Nasal
| m
| m
|  
|  
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|  
|  
|-
|-
! rowspan=4 | Stop
! rowspan=3 | Stop
! rowspan=2 | Unaspirated
! Unvoiced
! Unvoiced
| p
| p
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| g
| g
|-
|-
! rowspan=2 | Aspirated
! Aspirated
! Unvoiced
| pʰ
| pʰ
|  
|  
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| kʰ
| kʰ
|-
|-
! Voiced
! rowspan=2 | Fricative
| bʱ
|
| dʱ
| gʱ
|-
! rowspan=2 colspan=2 | Fricative
! Unvoiced
! Unvoiced
| f²
| f
| θ
| θ
| s
| s
| x³
| x
|-
|-
! Voiced
! Voiced
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|  
|  
|-
|-
! colspan=3 | Approximant
! colspan=2 | Approximant
| ʋ⁴
| ʋ
|  
|  
| r⁵, l
| r², l
| j
| j
|-
|-
|}
|}


#/b, d, g/ become /p, t, k/ next to voiceless stops and /s/, but not /f/, which becomes /v/ next to these consonants.
#/b, d, g/ become /p, t, k/ next to voiceless stops and /s/, but not /f/, which becomes /ʋ/ next to these consonants.
#/f, v/ both become stops before /l, r/, /v/ always becomes /b/, and /f/ either becomes /p/ or /b/.
#Realized as /t, p/ before /n, m/ (as in "ormj" /opmʲ/). Additionally, /rs/ may be realized as [tʰ] (or [r̥]).
#/v/ is realized as /u̯/ between a vowel and consonant (eg. /VvC/ > [Vu̯C], as in "javn" [jau̯n]).
#All geminates are realized as short in coda position (Thus "Plýgg" is /ˈplʏy̯ɡ/)
#Realized as /t, p/ before /n, m/ (as in "ormą" /opmɐ/). Additionally, /rs/ may be realized as [tʰ].
#All geminates are realized as short in coda position (Thus "Plýgg" is /plʏy̯ɡ/)




{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Stressed vowels
|-
! rowspan=3 |
! colspan=6 | Front
! rowspan=2 colspan=3 | Back
|-
! colspan=3 | Unround
! colspan=3 | Round
|-
|-
! rowspan=2 |  
! Short
! colspan=2 | Front
! Diph.
! rowspan=2 | Back
! Long
! Short
! Diph.
! Long
! Short
! Diph.
! Long
|-
! High
| i
| ɪi̯
| iː
| y
| ʏy̯
| yː
| u
| ʊu̯
| uː
|-
! Mid
| e
| e̞i̯
| eː
| ø
| ø̞y̯
| øː
| o
| o̞u̯
| oː
|-
! Low
|
|
|
|
|
|
| a
| ɐu̯
| aː
|-
|}
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Unstressed vowels
|-
! rowspan=3 |  
! colspan=6 | Front
! rowspan=2 colspan=3 | Back
|-
! colspan=3 | Unround
! colspan=3 | Round
|-
|-
! Unround
! Short
! Round
! Diph.
! Long
! Short
! Diph.
! Long
! Short
! Diph.
! Long
|-
|-
! High
! High
| ɪ(i)
| ɪ
| ʏ(y)
| i
| ʊ(u)
| iː
| ʏ
| y
| yː
| ʊ
| u
| uː
|-
|-
! Mid
! Mid
| e̞(i)
| ɛ
| ø̞(y)
| e
| o̞(u)
| eː
| œ
| ø
| øː
| ɔ
| o
| oː
|-
|-
! Low
! Low
|  
|  
|  
|  
| ɐ(u)¹
|
|
|
|
| ɐ
| a
| aː
|-
|-
|}
|}


#Traditionally realized as /au/, but /ɐu/ is becoming exponentially more common every year.
Within the "long" class is also overlongs that are exceedingly rare, occurring from Old Norse /VːN/, to Varhúsnorsk /Ṽː/, then modern /Vːː/.
#The vowels in parentheses are when the vowel is long, thus are equivalent to /V(ː)/ in other languages.
 
There also exists a diphthong /au̯/, written as "au" or "av", this occurs before consonants or word finally, as in "jaun"/"javn" /jau̯n/. this is distinct from "á", which is /ɐu̯/ or /a/, where "au" is ''always'' /au/, regardless stress.


==Orthography==
==Orthography==
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| V v
| V v
| v
| v
|-
| W w
| w
|-
|-
| Y y
| Y y
Line 552: Line 646:
|-
|-
| Á á
| Á á
| au~ɐu
| ɐu
|-
|-
| B b
| B b
Line 645: Line 739:
|}
|}


#Often written as "th" in Jugsnorska, but some still use "z"
#Often written "th", but some still use "z"
 
In Jugsnorsk, acutes stand for diphthongs (old longs) and macrons stand for long vowels (new longs), there also exists vowels with both standing for overlongs.


In both dialects, many Old Norse conventions are still used in handwriting, such as"
In Jugsnorsk, many Old Norse conventions are still used in handwriting, especially by the highly literate, such as:
:"v" as vend ("ꝩ")
:"v" as vend ("ꝩ") and a y with a tittle (looking like vend + dot, "ꝩ̇")
:A macron-like diacritic for a following nasal (eg. "ū" for "um")
:A macron-like diacritic for a following nasal (eg. "ū" for "um")
:Writing "i" above the previous letter or as superscript, especially after vowels
:Writing "i" above the previous letter or as superscript, especially after vowels (and v)
:Long s is still used
:Long s is still used
:Dotless i and j
:Dotless i ("i" is also often used in place of "j")
:Extensive use of ligatures
:Extensive use of ligatures
:Shorthand (such as "⁊" and "ᛘ")
:Use of a "zig-zag" for "er" and "ir" (such as "ꝩ͛a" for "vera"). Sometimes you may see it alone standing for "er", here it's larger, looking like the rune "ᛋ"
===Runic script===
[[File:20260311 130119.jpg|thumb|right|Húsnorsk's defining script, "runic miniscule"]]
As both the Latin alphabet and the Runic alphabet are fully phonemic, there's a one-to-one correspondence between the two. This also means the Latin letters absent from Jugsnorsk should also have their rune equivalent discarded.
In all varieties, the "ʀ" rune acts for /j/
Nygadsnorsk's overlongs should be written by doubling the long vowel diacritic (like a double acute, "ű").
Jugsnorsk's overlongs should be written as macron + acute (like in Latin, eg. "ḗ"). Diacritic usage should closely follow Latin in Jugsnorsk, except with long consonants, which use an overring (eg. "b̊" for "bb")
This so-called "runic miniscule" is extremely unintuitive for most readers of any language, being written right to left, but also bottom to top (so written ''up'' the page, not down)


==Morphology==
==Morphology==
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=====Masculine patterns=====
=====Masculine patterns=====
{{Húsnorsk nouns m-a|Norsk-|Nursk-|m= - "Norse"}}
{{Varhúsnorsk nouns m-a|abl-|ǫbl-|m= - "hearth"}}
{{Jugsnorsk nouns m-a|Norsk-|Nursk-|m= - "Norse"}}
{{Húsnorsk nouns m-a|abl-|ǫbl-|m= - "hearth"}}
{{Jugsnorsk nouns m-a|abl-|obl-|m= - "hearth"}}




{{Húsnorsk nouns m-i|al-|ǫl-|ǫ́-|m= - "awl"}}
{{Varhúsnorsk nouns m-i|al-|ǫl-|au-|m= - "awl"}}
{{Jugsnorsk nouns m-i|al-|ol-|ó-|m= - "awl"}}
{{Húsnorsk nouns m-i|al-|ǫl-|ǫ́-|œ-|v=y|m= - "awl"}}
{{Jugsnorsk nouns m-i|al-|ol-|ó-|ǿ-|m= - "awl"}}


As can be seen with this table, nouns can be irregular, especially when it consists of a vowel followed by l, as historic l-vocalization caused additional vowel alternations on top of umlaut.
As can be seen with this table, nouns can be irregular, especially when it consists of a vowel followed by l, as historic l-vocalization caused additional vowel alternations on top of umlaut.


{{Varhúsnorsk nouns m-u|ǫ́s-|ę́s-|ás-|m= - "god"}}
{{Húsnorsk nouns m-u|ǫ́s-|ę́s-|ás-|m= - "god"}}
{{Húsnorsk nouns m-u|ǫ́s-|ę́s-|ás-|m= - "god"}}
{{Jugsnorsk nouns m-u|ós-|és-|m= - "god"}}
{{Jugsnorsk nouns m-u|ós-|és-|m= - "god"}}




{{Húsnorsk nouns m-c|nagl-|negl-|nǫgl-|m= - "nail"}}
{{Varhúsnorsk nouns m-c|nagl-|nęgl-|nǫgl-|m= - "nail"}}
{{Húsnorsk nouns m-c|nagl-|nęgl-|nǫgl-|m= - "nail"}}
{{Jugsnorsk nouns m-c|najl-|nejl-|nojl-|m= - "nail"}}
{{Jugsnorsk nouns m-c|najl-|nejl-|nojl-|m= - "nail"}}


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These following examples will serve to illustrate sentence construction in Húsnorsk. (subject in yellow, verb in blue, object in red).
These following examples will serve to illustrate sentence construction in Húsnorsk. (subject in yellow, verb in blue, object in red).


:'''''<span style="color:black"><span style="background-color:#fad67d">mannvjódinn</span> <span style="background-color:#abd5f5">vą</span> <span style="background-color:#ff9090"> 1.500</span> </span>'''''—''The population was 1,500''
:'''''<span style="color:black"><span style="background-color:#fad67d">mānpjǫudīn</span> <span style="background-color:#abd5f5">wą</span> <span style="background-color:#ff9090"> 1.500</span> </span>'''''—''The population was 1,500''
In this example, the word order matches English relatively well, and we see "vą" ("was") in the second position.
In this example, the word order matches English relatively well, and we see "wą" ("was") in the second position.


In this next example, we see it break away from English order, with the verb still occupying V2 position.
In this next example, we see it break away from English order, with the verb still occupying V2 position.
:'''''<span style="color:black"><span style="background-color:#90ff90">árit 2000</span> <span style="background-color:#abd5f5">vą</span> <span style="background-color:#fad67d">mannvjódinn</span> <span style="background-color:#ff9090">1.500</span></span>'''''—''In 2000, the population was 1,500'' (lit. ''The year 2000 was the population 1,500'')
:'''''<span style="color:black"><span style="background-color:#90ff90">árit 2000</span> <span style="background-color:#abd5f5">wą</span> <span style="background-color:#fad67d">mānpjǫudīn</span> <span style="background-color:#ff9090">1.500</span></span>'''''—''In 2000, the population was 1,500'' (lit. ''The year 2000 was the population 1,500'')
The prepositional phrase "árit 2000" (in green) counts as a single unit, thus the verb must come after ''2000'' rather than ''árit''.
The prepositional phrase "árit 2000" (in green) counts as a single unit, thus the verb must come after ''2000'' rather than ''árit''.


Unlike Icelandic, V2 order has no exceptions, as SV inversion isn't used for yes/no questions. In the following example, you'll see one method of question marking:
Unlike Icelandic, V2 order has no exceptions, as SV inversion isn't used for yes/no questions. In the following example, you'll see one method of question marking:
:'''''Ari havi sútin''''' — ''Ari is hungry'' (lit. ''Ari has hungry'')
:'''''Ari havi soutīn''''' — ''Ari is hungry'' (lit. ''Ari has hungry'')
and as a question:
and as a question:
:'''''Ari havi sútin?''''' — ''Is Ari hungry?'' (lit. ''Ari has hungry?'')
:'''''Ari havi soutīn?''''' — ''Is Ari hungry?'' (lit. ''Ari has hungry?'')
Here you see the most common form of question, one without grammatical change, these use a rising vocal intonation as their marking (or a question mark in writing).
Here you see the most common form of question, one without grammatical change, these use a rising vocal intonation as their marking (or a question mark in writing).


Another method is SO inversion, as in:
Another method is SO inversion, as in:
:'''''sútin havi Ari?''''' — ''Is Ari hungry?'' (lit. ''Hungry has Ari?'')
:'''''soutīn havi Ari?''''' — ''Is Ari hungry?'' (lit. ''Hungry has Ari?'')


Something important you'll notice here is the use of "to have" where "to be" is used in other Germanic languages, this is a feature of Húsnorsk where permanent attributes use "to be" while temporary states use "to have", thus:
Something important you'll notice here is the use of "to have" where "to be" is used in other Germanic languages, this is a feature of Húsnorsk where permanent attributes use "to be" while temporary states use "to have", thus:
:'''''Ari er sø̄''''' — ''Ari is happy'' (Ari is ''always'' happy)
:'''''Ari er sę́u''''' — ''Ari is happy'' (Ari is ''always'' happy)
:'''''Ari havi sø̄''''' — ''Ari is happy'' (Ari is happy right now)
:'''''Ari havi sę́u''''' — ''Ari is happy'' (Ari is happy right now)
While "hava" can generally only take a noun, when used this way, "hava" takes an adjective just like "vera". When both an adjective and a noun exist, there is a semantic difference in meaning between the two, so saying '''''Ari havi sø̄''''' is the English "Ari is happy", but saying '''''Ari havi sø̄d''''' means she's possessing happiness, "having happiness" is roughly equivalent to saying "withholding/denying happiness".
While "hava" can generally only take a noun, when used this way, "hava" takes an adjective just like "vera". When both an adjective and a noun exist, there is a semantic difference in meaning between the two, so saying '''''Ari havi sę́u''''' is the English "Ari is happy", but saying '''''Ari havi sę́ud''''' means she's possessing happiness, "having happiness" is roughly equivalent to saying "withholding/denying happiness".


This hava vs vera copula system is, in a way, similar to Spanish's two copulas.
This hava vs vera copula system is, in a way, similar to Spanish's two copulas.
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==Texts==
==Texts==
===Drømde mik en drøm i nat===
===Drømde mik en drøm i nat===
'''Original (Old Norse)''':
[[File:Jugs dmedin.jpg|thumb|right|The handwritten Latin Jugsnorsk text. The second displays extensive shortenings.]]
:'''East''': Drømde mik en drøm i nat um : silki ok ærlik pæl
[[File:Húsrunes dmedin.jpg|thumb|The Jugsnorsk text in runic miniscule.]]
:'''West''': Dreymða mik (einn?) draum í nátt um : silki ok ærligan feld
'''Original (OEN)''':
:Drømde mik en drøm i nat um : silki ok ærlik pæl


'''Hússnorską''':
'''Hússnorską''':
:'''Standard''': Drýmða mik ą drým í nátt um : silki ók dýran feld
:'''Varhúsnorsk''': drǿmða mik ą drøm í nát ū : siuki ok dýrā feud
::/dryːm.ða mik ɐ dryːm iː naːʰt um : siu̯.ki oːk dyː.ran feu̯d/
::/drøːm.ða mik ɐ drø̃ː iː naːt ũ : siu̯.ki o(x) dyː.rã feu̯d/
:'''Novgorod''': Drýmda mik ą drým í nátt um : sýki ók dýran fǿd
:'''Nygadsnorsk''': drǿmda mik ą drøm í nát ú : sýki o dýrá fǿd
::/dryːm.da mik ɐ dryːm iː naːʰt um : syː.ki oːk dyː.ran føːd/
::/drøːm.da mik ɐ drøːː iː naːt uː : syː.ki o dyː.raː føːd/
:'''Siberia''': Drýmða mik a drým í nátt um : sýki ók dýran fǿd
:'''Jugsnorsk''': drø̄́ða mik a drø̄́ í nát ū : sjuki ok dýrā fjud
::/drʏy̯m.ðɐ mɪk ɐ drʏy̯m ɪi̯ nau̯t ʊm : sʏy̯.kɪ o̞u̯k dʏy̯.rɐn fø̞y̯d/
::[drøːː.ðɐ mik ɐ drøːː i nɐu̯t uː : sju.kɪ ɔ dʏy̯.raː fjud]


#"a"/"ą" is a filler syllable to pad the line out, it has no semantic meaning.
#"a"/"ą" is a filler syllable to pad the line out, it has no semantic meaning.
Line 760: Line 875:


'''Hússnorsk''':
'''Hússnorsk''':
:'''Standard''': hørą maðą er vrjǭsporinn ók javn ǫðrum virðiggi ók réttum. meðą eru haft jęrki ók suvęsti, ok meðą skulu gert aðran bróðurléki.
:'''Varhúsnorsk''': audmaðj er prjáusporīn ok javn ǫnnū wirðiggi ok rę́tti. męðj eru haft jęrki ok suvęsti, ok męðj skulu gert anna bróðurléki.
::/xø.rɐ ma.ðɐ er vrjɔs.po.ritn oːk javn ɔð.rum vir.ðiɡ.ɡi oːk reːt.tum me.ðɐ e.ru xaft jɛr.ki oːk su.vɛs.ti ok me.ðɐ sku.lu ɡert að.ran broː.ður.leː.ki/
::/au̯d.maðj er prjaːu̯s.po.rĩn ox javn ɔn.nũ wir.ðiɡ.ɡi ox rɛːt.ti mɛðj e.ru xaft jɛr.ki ox su.vɛs.ti ox mɛðj sku.lu ɡert an.na broː.ður.leː.ki/
:'''Novgorod''': hørą madą er vrjǭsporinn ók javn ǫdrum virdiggi ók réttum. medą eru haft jęrki ók suvęsti, ok medą skulu gert adran bródurléki.
:'''Nygadsnorsk''': ǫ́dmadj er prjǭsporín ok javn ǫnnú wirdiggi ok rę́tti. mędj eru haft jęrki ok suvęsti, ok mędj skulu gert anna bródurléki.
::/xø.rɐ ma.dɐ er vrjɔs.po.ritn oːk jaʋn ɔd.rum vir.diɡ.ɡi oːk reːt.tum me.dɐ e.ru xaft jɛr.ki oːk su.vɛs.ti ok me.dɐ sku.lu ɡert ad.ran broː.dur.leː.ki/
::/ɔːd.madj er prjɔːːs.po.riːn o jaʋn ɔn.nuː wir.diɡ.ɡi o rɛːt.ti medj e.ru xaft jɛr.ki o su.vɛs.ti o mɛdj sku.lu ɡert an.na broː.dur.leː.ki/
:'''Siberia''': høra manna er vrjosporinn ok javn onnum virðiggi ok réttum. menna eru haft jerki ok suvesti, ok menna skulu gert annan bróðurléki.
:'''Jugsnorsk''': ódmaðj er prjósporīn ok jaun onnū virðiggi ok rétti. meðj eru haft jerki ok suvesti, ok meðj skulu gert anna bróðurléki.
::/xø̞.rɐ mɐn.nɐ e̞r ʋrjo̞s.po̞.rɪn o̞k jau̯n o̞n.nʊm ʋɪr.ðɪɡ.ɡɪ o̞k re̞i̯t.tʊm me̞n.nɐ e̞.rʊ xɐft je̞r.kɪ o̞k sʊ.ʋe̞s.tɪ o̞k me̞n.nɐ skʊ.lʊ ɡe̞rt ɐn.nɐn bro̞u̯.ðʊr.le̞i̯.kɪ/
::[o̞u̯d.maðj er prjo̞u̯s.po.riːn ɔ jɔu̯n on.nuː ʋir.ðɪɡ.ɡɪ ɔ re̞i̯t.tɪ meðj e.rʊ xɐf(t) jer.kɪ ɔ su.vɛs.tɪ ɔ meðj skʊ.lʊ ɡert an.nɐ bro̞u̯.ðʊr.le̞i̯.kɪ]


'''Literal translation''':
'''Literal translation''':
:Every human is free-born and the same to others, to value, and to rights. Humans will always have reason and conscience, and humans should (or "must") treat others to brotherhood.
:Every human is free-born and the same to others, to value, and to rights. Humans will always have reason and conscience, and humans should (or "must") treat others to brotherhood.
===Excerpt from "[[Appeal to the God-man]]"===
'''Original (Jugsnorsk)''':
:"í ennanum er priða lónina þém, es kós þat í lívi, ok '''þú''' skót kunna bath, at dóðrin sjóv kná vera ódhavnaða. líta, at '''þér''' Guð er segir '''þik''' góðkjorinu, bethtum os."
::/ɪi̯ e̞n.nɐ.nʊm e̞r prɪ.ðɐ lo̞u̯.nɪ.nɐ θe̞i̯m es ko̞u̯s θɐt ɪi̯ lɪi̯.ʋɪ o̞k sko̞u̯t kʊn.nɐ bɐtʰ ɐt do̞u̯ð.rɪn sjo̞u̯ʋ knɐu̯ ʋe̞.rɐ o̞u̯.dʰɐu̯.nɐ.ðɐ  lɪi̯.tɐ ɐt θe̞i̯r ɡʊð e̞r se̞.ɡɪr θɪk ɡo̞u̯ð.kjo̞.rɪ.nʊ be̞tʰ.tʊm o̞s/
'''English (literal)''':
:"In the end is peace (a) reward to them, who chose it in life, and you should know best, that the dead even can be all-scorned. I trust, that your God will ever-guide you to the right choice, to the best to us."
'''English''':
:"In the end, peace is a reward to those who chose it in life, and '''you''' should know best that even the dead can be ever-scorned. I trust '''your''' God will guide '''you''' towards the right choice, for the best of us both."


==Lexical comparison==
==Lexical comparison==
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! Rank
! Rank
! Meaning
! Meaning
! Old Norse
! Old West Norse
! Old East Norse
! Varhúsnorsk
! Varhúsnorsk
! Nygadsnorsk
! Nygadsnorsk
Line 797: Line 902:
|1||fire
|1||fire
| eldr
| eldr
| eldą
| eldʀ
| ǿdą
| eudj
| ǿda
| ǿdj
| ǿdj
| eldur
| eldur
| eld
| eld
|-
|-
|2||nose
|2||nose
| nǫs
| nǫs
| nǫs
| nǫs
| nǫs
Line 824: Line 931:
|-
|-
|5||mouth
|5||mouth
|
| (body) munnr</br>(river) mynni</br>(river) óss
|  
| (body) munðʀ</br>(river) mynni</br>(river) óss
|
| (body) munðj </br>(river) mynni</br>(river) ósj
|
| (body) munðj</br>(river) mynni</br>(river) ósj
| (body) munðj, múðj</br>(river) mynni</br>(river) ósj
| (body) munnur</br>(river) mynni</br>(river) ós
| (body) mun</br>(river) mynne</br>(river) os
|-
|-
|6||tongue
|6||tongue
Line 849: Line 959:
|9||{{sc|2sg pronoun (you)
|9||{{sc|2sg pronoun (you)
| þú
| þú
| þū
| þú
| þú
| tú
| tú
| þu#Húsnorsk|þú
| þú
| þú
| þú
| du
| du
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|14||{{sc|1sg pronoun (I)
|14||{{sc|1sg pronoun (I)
| ek
| ek
| ek
| iak
| ek
| jak
| ek
| jak
| jak
| ég
| ég
| jag
| jag
Line 925: Line 1,037:
|21||night (time of day)
|21||night (time of day)
| nátt
| nátt
| nátt
| nāt
| nátt
| nát
| nátt
| nát
| nát
| nátt
| nátt
| natt
| natt
Line 974: Line 1,087:
|-
|-
|29||to say
|29||to say
| tala
| tala
| tala
| spá¹
| spá¹
Line 1,013: Line 1,127:
|35||{{sc|3sg pronoun (they)
|35||{{sc|3sg pronoun (they)
| hann (m)</br>hǫ́n (f)</br>þat (n)
| hann (m)</br>hǫ́n (f)</br>þat (n)
| hann (m)</br>hǫ́n (f)</br>þat (n)
| han(n) (m)</br>hōn (f)</br>þæt? (n)
| hann, kann (m)</br>hǫ́n, kǫ́n (f)</br>tat (n)
| hān (m)</br>hón (f)</br>þę́t (n)
| hann (m)</br>hón (f)</br>þat (n)
| hán, kán (m)</br>hón, kón (f)</br>tę́t (n)
| hán (m)</br>hón (f)</br>þét (n)
|
|
|
|
Line 1,038: Line 1,153:
|-
|-
|39||this (pron.)
|39||this (pron.)
|
| sá
|  
| sa
|
| sa
|
| sa
| sa
| sá
| det
|-
|-
|40||fish
|40||fish
Line 1,140: Line 1,258:
|-
|-
|56||not (adj./adv.)
|56||not (adj./adv.)
| eigi</br>(verbal) -at
| eigi</br>(verbal) -at
| eigi</br>(verbal) -at
| ej</br>(verbal) -at
| ej</br>(verbal) -at
Line 1,215: Line 1,334:
|68||skin/hide
|68||skin/hide
| feldr (animal)</br> skinn (general)</br>húð
| feldr (animal)</br> skinn (general)</br>húð
| feldą (animal)</br> skinn (general)</br>húð (human)
| feldʀ (animal)</br> skinn (general)</br>hūþ
| fǿdą (animal)</br> skinn (general)</br>húd, kúd (human)
| feudj (animal)</br> skinn (general)</br>húðj (human)
| fǿda (animal)</br> skinn (general)</br>húð (human)
| fǿdj (animal)</br> skinn (general)</br>húdj, kúdj (human)
| fǿdj (animal)</br> skinn (general)</br>húðj (human)
| skinn</br>húð
| skinn</br>húð
| skinn (general)</br>hud
| skinn (general)</br>hud
Line 1,367: Line 1,487:
|93||bird
|93||bird
| fugl, fogl
| fugl, fogl
| fugl(ą)
| fogl
| fuglą
| foglj
| fogla
| foglj
| foglj
| fugl
| fugl
| fågel, fogel
| fågel, fogel
Line 1,398: Line 1,519:
|-
|-
|98||in
|98||in
|
| í
|  
| í
|
| í
|
| í
| í
| í
| i
|-
|-
|99||hard (materially)
|99||hard (materially)
Line 1,419: Line 1,543:
#Not cognate
#Not cognate
:::"spá" from Old Norse "spá", meaning "to foretell".
:::"spá" from Old Norse "spá", meaning "to foretell".
==References==
(Genuine IRL note: Many of these "references" are purely fictional)
<references />
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