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[[Húsnorsk]] (/husnorsk/; [[w:endonym|endonym]]: Varhúsnorsk: ''Húsanorska'', /xuː.sa.nor.ska/; Nygadsnorsk: ''Hússnorska'', /xuːt͡s.nor.ska/; Jugsnorsk ''Húsinorska'', /xʊu̯.sɪ.no̞r.skɐ/) is a distinct Nordic language (or possibly two closely related languages), it is so named "House Norse" for its historical vernacular status. Húsnorsk has long been considered the continuation of the Norse spoken by the Varangians. Húsnorsk is considered decently divergent for a Nordic language, often being unintelligible to the others (Take Varhúsnorsk /au̯.dɐ/ Nygadsnorsk /ɔ:.dɐ/, Jugsnorsk /o̞u.dɐ/ vs Swedish /al/, Danish /ælˀ/, Icelandic /atlʏr/, and Old (West) Norse /ɑlːr̩/)
[[Húsnorsk]] (/husnorsk/; [[w:endonym|endonym]]: Varhúsnorsk: ''Húsanorska'', /xuː.sa.nor.ska/; Nygadsnorsk: ''Húsanorska'', /xuː.sa.nor.ska/; Jugsnorsk: ''Húsinorska'', /ˈxʊu̯.sɪ.ˌno̞r.skɐ/ [xʊu̯ː.sɪ.no̞ˑr.skɐ]) is a distinct Nordic language (or possibly two closely related languages), it is so named "House Norse" for its historical vernacular status. Húsnorsk has long been considered the continuation of the Norse spoken by the Varangians. Húsnorsk is considered decently divergent for a Nordic language, often being unintelligible to the others (Take Varhúsnorsk /au̯.dɐ/ Nygadsnorsk /ɔ:.dɐ/, Jugsnorsk /o̞u.dɐ/ vs Swedish /al/, Danish /ælˀ/, Icelandic /atlʏr/, and Old (West) Norse /ɑlːr̩/)


While Nygadsnorsk and Jugsnorsk are often considered dialects of Húsnorsk, they are divergent enough to earn distinct articles, where Varhúsnorsk (or Standard Húsnorsk; Geneologically ''Common Húsnorsk'') is also distinct enough from both to be separated. This article will present all three in detail side-by-side as if in comparison to each other.
While Nygadsnorsk and Jugsnorsk are often considered dialects of Húsnorsk, they are divergent enough to earn distinct articles, where Varhúsnorsk (or Standard Húsnorsk; Geneologically ''Common Húsnorsk'') is also distinct enough from both to be separated. This article will present all three in detail side-by-side as if in comparison to each other.
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==Development==
==Development==
Húsnorsk's phonological history is, for the most part, deeply understood. The development of certain consonants and vowels isn't fully understood, such as the mechanism behind Old Norse "ár" to Húsnorsk "aą", and Old Norse initial /x/ to Húsnorsk /k/, the latter of which is extremely poorly understood as it's not known what caused it nor where it happens.<ref>Húmvera, Aska. "The lasting mystery of Húsnorsk ár and h- development."</ref>
Húsnorsk's phonological history is, for the most part, deeply understood. The development of certain consonants and vowels isn't fully understood, such as the mechanism behind Old Norse initial /x/ to Nygadsnorsk /k/, which is extremely poorly understood as it's not known what caused it nor where it happens.


The following are the reconstructed phonological and grammatical changes between Old West Norse and Húsnorsk. Grammatical changes will be indented.
The following are the reconstructed phonological and grammatical changes between Old West Norse and Húsnorsk. Grammatical changes will be indented.
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*/fp, vb/ to /pː, bː/
*/fp, vb/ to /pː, bː/
*<sup>?</sup> /st/ to /s/ after consonants, especially nasals
*<sup>?</sup> /st/ to /s/ after consonants, especially nasals
*post-vocalic /r/ to /ə/ (the timing is extremely unclear as it never changed spelling)
*final nasals to nasalization when following a vowel, this always occurs in inflectional endings regardless if it's word final or not (see -anna > -ãna)
*final nasals to nasalization when following a vowel, this always occurs in inflectional endings regardless if it's word final or not (see -anna > -ãna)
*/-u̯/ to /-y̯/ after round vowels (so /øu/ > /øy/)


===Húmgądsnorską===
===Nygadsnorsk===
*coda geminates to /ʰC/ when voiceless, to a fricative when voiced, and nasals to /PN/ (/n:/ > /tn/)
*coda geminates to /ʰC/ when voiceless, to a fricative when voiced, and nasals to /PN/ (/n:/ > /tn/)
**-ðr-/-nn- paradigm leveled to -ðr- throughout
**-ðr-/-nn- paradigm leveled to -ðr- throughout
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**Around the same time as the -ðr-/-nn- leveling, the masculine consonant stems are merged with the masculine a-stems
**Around the same time as the -ðr-/-nn- leveling, the masculine consonant stems are merged with the masculine a-stems
*Diphthong flattening: /au, ɛu, eu, iu, øu, yu, ɔu, ou/ /ɔː, øː, øː, yː, yː, yː, oː, uː/
*Diphthong flattening: /au, ɛu, eu, iu, øu, yu, ɔu, ou/ /ɔː, øː, øː, yː, yː, yː, oː, uː/
**Diphthong flattening continues after with /-j/. (thus "alr" becomes "œ" /œː/)
*/θ, ð/ to /t, d/
*/θ, ð/ to /t, d/
**Genitive singular leveled to -s and -sins.
**Genitive singular leveled to -s and -sins.
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*/rː/ to /ʒ/
*/rː/ to /ʒ/
*Devoicing of stops in contact with /s/
*Devoicing of stops in contact with /s/
*splitting of /eː/ into /je/, this isn't a complete sound change.<ref>Versdóttir, Anną. "The phonological development of Western Húsnorsk,  otherwise known as Novgorodian."</ref>
*splitting of /eː/ into /je/, this isn't a complete sound change.


===Jugsnorską===
===Jugsnorsk===
*/iu, eu/ > /ju/
*coda geminates shorten
*coda geminates shorten
**-ðr-/-nn- paradigm leveled to -nn(j)- throughout
**-ðr-/-nn- paradigm leveled to -nn(j)- throughout
***see Old Norse "ǫðrum" (dative plural of "annarr") and "maðr" to Jugsnorsk "onnú" and "mannj"
***see Old Norse "ǫðrum" (dative plural of "annarr") and "maðr" to Jugsnorsk "onnú" and "mannj"
*Diphthong flattening: /au, ɛu, eu, iu, øu, yu, ɔu, ou/ /ɔː, øː, øː, yː, yː, yː, oː, uː/
*Diphthong flattening: /au, ɛu, øu, yu, ɔu, ou/ /ɔː, œː, yː, yː, oː, uː/
**Diphthong flattening continues after with /-j/. (thus "alr" becomes "œ" /œː/)
*/r̥, l̥/ to /r, l/
*/r̥, l̥/ to /r, l/
*Genitive singular leveled to -s, words in -s now have a genitive in -ss
*Genitive singular leveled to -s, words in -s now have a genitive in -ss
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***Long: /ɪi, e̞i, ʏy, ø̞y, ʊu, o̞u, au/
***Long: /ɪi, e̞i, ʏy, ø̞y, ʊu, o̞u, au/
*Consonants followed by /f, s/ become aspirated. (see Old Norse "því" to Jagsnorska /tʰɪi/, through an intermediate /tfiː/)
*Consonants followed by /f, s/ become aspirated. (see Old Norse "því" to Jagsnorska /tʰɪi/, through an intermediate /tfiː/)
*The odd /gl̩/ (still [ɣl]) becomes /i̯l/<ref>Húmvera, Aska. "The chronological development of Jugsnorsk from Old Norse"</ref>
*The odd /gl̩/ (still [ɣl]) becomes /i̯l/
 




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#/b, d, g/ becomes /p, t, k/ next to voiceless stops and /s/, but not /f/, which becomes /v/ next to these consonants.
#/b, d, g/ becomes /p, t, k/ next to voiceless stops and /s/, but not /f/, which becomes /v/ next to these consonants.
#/f, v/ both become stops before /l, r/, /b/ and /p/ respectively
#/f, v/ both become stops before /l, r/, /b/ and /p/ respectively
#It is extremely common to turn word initial /x/ into /k/, roughly 65% to 70% of native speakers do so, and it rather consistently happens in those who do it, though proper names form a major exception to this, for example, "Hémnǫ́dą" ("Heimdall") is almost never pronounced with an initial /k/ by any speaker, this is likely due to people's hesitance to modify names.
#It is extremely common to turn word initial /x/ into /k/, roughly 65% to 70% of native speakers do so.
##Proper names form a major exception to this.
#/v/ is /ʋ/ following a consonant (eg. /Cv/ = /Cʋ/), and for some speakers, word initially.
#/v/ is /ʋ/ following a consonant (eg. /Cv/ = /Cʋ/), and for some speakers, word initially.
#Realized as /t, p/ before /n, m/ (as in "ormą" /opmɐ/). Additionally, /rs/ may be realized as [t͡s].
#Realized as /t, p/ before /n, m/ (as in "ormj" /opmʲ/). Additionally, /rs/ may be realized as [t͡s].
#All stops have different values when geminated in coda position (Meaning when the geminate isn't split across syllables),  they are:
#All stops have different values when geminated in coda position (Meaning when the geminate isn't split across syllables),  they are:
:::Nasals: "mm, nn" /pm, tn/
:::Nasals: "mm, nn" /pm, tn/
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#/f, v/ both become stops before /l, r/, /v/ always becomes /b/, and /f/ either becomes /p/ or /b/.
#/f, v/ both become stops before /l, r/, /v/ always becomes /b/, and /f/ either becomes /p/ or /b/.
#/v/ is realized as /u̯/ between a vowel and consonant (eg. /VvC/ > [Vu̯C], as in "javn" [jau̯n]).
#/v/ is realized as /u̯/ between a vowel and consonant (eg. /VvC/ > [Vu̯C], as in "javn" [jau̯n]).
#Realized as /t, p/ before /n, m/ (as in "ormą" /opmɐ/). Additionally, /rs/ may be realized as [tʰ].
#Realized as /t, p/ before /n, m/ (as in "ormj" /opmʲ/). Additionally, /rs/ may be realized as [tʰ].
#All geminates are realized as short in coda position (Thus "Plýgg" is /plʏy̯ɡ/)
#All geminates are realized as short in coda position (Thus "Plýgg" is /ˈplʏy̯ɡ/)




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==Texts==
==Texts==
===Drømde mik en drøm i nat===
===Drømde mik en drøm i nat===
'''Original (Old Norse)''':
'''Original (OEN)''':
:'''East''': Drømde mik en drøm i nat um : silki ok ærlik pæl
:Drømde mik en drøm i nat um : silki ok ærlik pæl
:'''West''': Dreymða mik (einn?) draum í nátt um : silki ok ærligan feld
 
[[File:Jugs dmedin.jpg|thumb|right|The Jugsnorsk text in its handwritten forms. The second of these displays the extensive shortenings used in Jugsnorsk.]]


'''Hússnorską''':
'''Hússnorską''':
:'''Varhúsnorsk''': drýmða mik ą drým í nátt um : silki ok dýran feld
:'''Varhúsnorsk''': drømða mik ą drøm í nát ū : siuki ok dýrā feud
::/dryːm.ða mik ɐ dryːm iː naːtː um : siu̯.ki ok dyː.ran feu̯d/
::/drøm.ða mik ɐ drø̃ iː naːt ũ : siu̯.ki o(x) dyː.rã feu̯d/
:'''Nygadsnorsk''': drýmda mik ą drým í nátt um : sýki ok dýran fǿd
:'''Nygadsnorsk''': drømda mik ą drøm í nát ú : sýki o dýrá fǿd
::/dryːm.da mik ɐ dryːm iː naːʰt um : syː.ki ok dyː.ran føːd/
::/drøm.da mik ɐ drøː iː naːt uː : syː.ki o dyː.raː føːd/
:'''Jugsnorsk''': drýmða mik a drým í nátt um : sýki ok dýran fǿd
:'''Jugsnorsk''': drømða mik a drøm í nát ú : sjuki ok dýrá fjud
::/ˈdrʏy̯m.ðɐ ˌmɪk ɐ ˈdrʏy̯m ɪi̯ ˈnau̯t ʊm : ˈsʏy̯.kɪ o̞k ˈdʏy̯.rɐn ˈfø̞y̯d/
::[drøm.ðɐ mik ɐ drø̞y̯ i nɐu̯t u : sju.kɪ ɔ dʏy̯.ra fjud]
::[drʏy̯ːm.ðɐ mɪˑk ɐ drʏy̯ːm i nau̯ːt ʊ̃ : sʏy̯ː.kɪ o̞ dʏy̯ː.rɐn fø̞y̯ːd]


#"a"/"ą" is a filler syllable to pad the line out, it has no semantic meaning.
#"a"/"ą" is a filler syllable to pad the line out, it has no semantic meaning.
Line 778: Line 781:


'''Hússnorsk''':
'''Hússnorsk''':
:'''Standard''': aldmaðą er brjálsporinn ok javn ǫðrum virðiggi ok réttum. meðą eru haft jęrki ok suvęsti, ok meðą skulu gert aðran bróðurléki.
:'''Varhúsnorsk''': audmannj er prjáusporīn ok javn ǫnnū wirðiggi ok rę́tti. męnnj eru haft jęrki ok suvęsti, ok męnnj skulu gert anna bróðurléki.
::/au̯d.ma.ðɐ er brjaːu̯s.po.rinː ok javn ɔð.rum vir.ðiɡ.ɡi ok reːt.tum me.ðɐ e.ru xaft jɛr.ki ok su.vɛs.ti ok me.ðɐ sku.lu ɡert að.ran broː.ður.leː.ki/
::/au̯d.manːj er prjaːu̯s.po.rĩn ox javn ɔn.nũ wir.ðiɡ.ɡi ox rɛːt.ti menːj e.ru xaft jɛr.ki ox su.vɛs.ti ox menːj sku.lu ɡert an.na broː.ður.leː.ki/
:'''Novgorod''': ódmadą er brjǭsporinn ok javn ǫdrum virdiggi ok réttum. medą eru haft jęrki ok suvęsti, ok medą skulu gert adran bródurléki.
:'''Nygadsnorsk''': ǫ́dmannj er prjǭsporín ok javn ǫnnú wirdiggi ok rę́tti. męnnj eru haft jęrki ok suvęsti, ok męnnj skulu gert anna bródurléki.
::/oːd.ma.dɐ er brjɔːːs.po.ritn ok jaʋn ɔd.rum vir.diɡ.ɡi ok reːt.tum me.dɐ e.ru xaft jɛr.ki ok su.vɛs.ti ok me.dɐ sku.lu ɡert ad.ran broː.dur.leː.ki/
::/ɔːd.matnj er prjɔːːs.po.riːn o jaʋn ɔn.nuː wir.diɡ.ɡi o rɛːt.ti metnj e.ru xaft jɛr.ki o su.vɛs.ti o metnj sku.lu ɡert an.na broː.dur.leː.ki/
:'''Siberia''': ódmanna er brjósporinn ok javn onnum virðiggi ok réttum. menna eru haft jerki ok suvesti, ok menna skulu gert annan bróðurléki.
:'''Jugsnorsk''': ódmannj er prjósporín ok jaun onnú wirðiggi ok rétti. mennj eru haft jerki ok suvesti, ok mennj skulu gert anna bróðurléki.
::/ˌo̞u̯d.ˈmɐn.nɐ ˌe̞r ˈbrjo̞u̯s.ˌpo̞.rɪn o̞k ˌjau̯n ˈo̞n.nʊm ˈʋɪr.ðɪɡ.ɡɪ o̞k ˈre̞i̯t.tʊm ˈme̞n.nɐ ˈe̞.rʊ ˌxɐft ˈje̞r.kɪ o̞k ˈsʊ.ʋe̞s.tɪ o̞k ˈme̞n.nɐ ˌskʊ.lʊ ˈɡe̞rt ˈɐn.nɐn ˈbro̞u̯.ðʊr.le̞i̯.kɪ/
::[o̞u̯d.manj er prjo̞u̯s.po.rin ɔ jɔu̯n on.nu wir.ðɪɡ.ɡɪ ɔ re̞i̯t.tɪ menj e.rʊ xɐf(t) jer.kɪ ɔ su.vɛs.tɪ ɔ menj skʊ.lʊ ɡert an.nɐ bro̞u̯.ðʊr.le̞i̯.kɪ]
::[o̞u̯ˑd.mɐːn.nɐ e̞ːr brjo̞u̯ːs.po̞ˑ.rɪn o̞ jau̯ˑn o̞ːn.nʊ̃ ʋɪːr.ðɪɡ.ɡɪ o̞ re̞i̯ːt.tʊ̃ me̞ːn.nɐ e̞ː.rʊ xɐˑft je̞ːr.kɪ o̞ sʊː.ʋe̞s.tɪ o̞ me̞ːn.nɐ skʊˑ.lʊ ɡe̞ːrt ɐːn.nɐn bro̞u̯ː.ðʊr.le̞i̯.kɪ]
::Manuscript spelling: ódᛘ ᛋ brͥóſporͥṇ ⁊ iá̄ oṇᵐ ꝩͥrðͥg̣ͥ ⁊ réṭᵐ. meṇͣ ᛋᵘ haft i͛kͥ ⁊ suꝩͤſtͥ, ⁊ ᛘᵉ .ſk. g͛t aṇā bróðʳlékͥ.
(Manuscript spelling will likely display very, very poorly for most readers, this is normal)


'''Literal translation''':
'''Literal translation''':
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===Excerpt from "[[Appeal to the God-man]]"===
===Excerpt from "[[Appeal to the God-man]]"===
(outdated)
'''Original (Jugsnorsk)''':
'''Original (Jugsnorsk)''':
:"í ennanum er priða lónina þém, es kós þat í lívi, ok '''þú''' skót kunna bath, at dóðrin sjóv kná vera ódhavnaða. líta, at '''þér''' Guð er segir '''þik''' góðkjorinu, bethtum os."
:"í ennanum er priða lónina þém, es kós þat í lívi, ok '''þú''' skót kunna bath, at dóðrin sjóv kná vera ódhavnaða. líta, at '''þér''' Guð er segir '''þik''' góðkjorinu, bethtum os."
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! Rank
! Rank
! Meaning
! Meaning
! Old Norse
! Old West Norse
! Old East Norse
! Varhúsnorsk
! Varhúsnorsk
! Nygadsnorsk
! Nygadsnorsk
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|1||fire
|1||fire
| eldr
| eldr
| eldą
| eldʀ
| ǿdą
| eudj
| ǿda
| ǿdj
| ǿdj
| eldur
| eldur
| eld
| eld
|-
|-
|2||nose
|2||nose
| nǫs
| nǫs
| nǫs
| nǫs
| nǫs
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|5||mouth
|5||mouth
| (body) munnr</br>(river) mynni</br>(river) óss
| (body) munnr</br>(river) mynni</br>(river) óss
| (body) munną </br>(river) mynni</br>(river) ósą
| (body) munðʀ</br>(river) mynni</br>(river) óss
| (body) munną</br>(river) mynni</br>(river) ósą
| (body) munðj </br>(river) mynni</br>(river) ósj
| (body) munna</br>(river) mynni</br>(river) ósa
| (body) munðj</br>(river) mynni</br>(river) ósj
| (body) munðj, múðj</br>(river) mynni</br>(river) ósj
| (body) munnur</br>(river) mynni</br>(river) ós
| (body) munnur</br>(river) mynni</br>(river) ós
| (body) mun</br>(river) mynne</br>(river) os
| (body) mun</br>(river) mynne</br>(river) os
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|9||{{sc|2sg pronoun (you)
|9||{{sc|2sg pronoun (you)
| þú
| þú
| þū
| þú
| þú
| tú
| tú
| þu#Húsnorsk|þú
| þú
| þú
| þú
| du
| du
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|14||{{sc|1sg pronoun (I)
|14||{{sc|1sg pronoun (I)
| ek
| ek
| ek
| iak
| ek
| jak
| ek
| jak
| jak
| ég
| ég
| jag
| jag
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|21||night (time of day)
|21||night (time of day)
| nátt
| nátt
| nátt
| nāt
| nátt
| nát
| nátt
| nát
| nát
| nátt
| nátt
| natt
| natt
Line 997: Line 1,005:
|-
|-
|29||to say
|29||to say
| tala
| tala
| tala
| spá¹
| spá¹
Line 1,036: Line 1,045:
|35||{{sc|3sg pronoun (they)
|35||{{sc|3sg pronoun (they)
| hann (m)</br>hǫ́n (f)</br>þat (n)
| hann (m)</br>hǫ́n (f)</br>þat (n)
| hann (m)</br>hǫ́n (f)</br>þat (n)
| han(n) (m)</br>hōn (f)</br>þæt? (n)
| hann, kann (m)</br>hǫ́n, kǫ́n (f)</br>tat (n)
| hān (m)</br>hón (f)</br>þę́t (n)
| hann (m)</br>hón (f)</br>þat (n)
| hán, kán (m)</br>hón, kón (f)</br>tę́t (n)
| hán (m)</br>hón (f)</br>þét (n)
|
|
|
|
Line 1,061: Line 1,071:
|-
|-
|39||this (pron.)
|39||this (pron.)
|
| sá
|  
| sa
|
| sa
|
| sa
| sa
| sá
| det
|-
|-
|40||fish
|40||fish
Line 1,163: Line 1,176:
|-
|-
|56||not (adj./adv.)
|56||not (adj./adv.)
| eigi</br>(verbal) -at
| eigi</br>(verbal) -at
| eigi</br>(verbal) -at
| ej</br>(verbal) -at
| ej</br>(verbal) -at
Line 1,238: Line 1,252:
|68||skin/hide
|68||skin/hide
| feldr (animal)</br> skinn (general)</br>húð
| feldr (animal)</br> skinn (general)</br>húð
| feldą (animal)</br> skinn (general)</br>húð (human)
| feldʀ (animal)</br> skinn (general)</br>hūþ
| fǿdą (animal)</br> skinn (general)</br>húd, kúd (human)
| feudj (animal)</br> skinn (general)</br>húðj (human)
| fǿda (animal)</br> skinn (general)</br>húð (human)
| fǿdj (animal)</br> skinn (general)</br>húdj, kúdj (human)
| fǿdj (animal)</br> skinn (general)</br>húðj (human)
| skinn</br>húð
| skinn</br>húð
| skinn (general)</br>hud
| skinn (general)</br>hud
Line 1,390: Line 1,405:
|93||bird
|93||bird
| fugl, fogl
| fugl, fogl
| fugl(ą)
| fogl
| fuglą
| foglj
| fogla
| foglj
| foglj
| fugl
| fugl
| fågel, fogel
| fågel, fogel
Line 1,421: Line 1,437:
|-
|-
|98||in
|98||in
| í
| í
| í
| í
| í
Line 1,444: Line 1,461:
#Not cognate
#Not cognate
:::"spá" from Old Norse "spá", meaning "to foretell".
:::"spá" from Old Norse "spá", meaning "to foretell".
==References==
(Genuine IRL note: Many of these "references" are purely fictional)
<references />
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