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There is a romanization representing only the phonemes, but it is rarely used. /m k ʔ a/ is ⟨m k ’ a⟩ (though /ʔʔ/ and /ʔʔʔ/ are written ⟨-⟩ and ⟨’-⟩, respectively).
==== Phonetic ====
==== Phonetic ====
The phonetic inventory is much more useful in understanding the pronunciation of the language.
The phonetic inventory is much more useful in understanding the pronunciation of the language.
===== Consonants =====
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" |Labial
! rowspan="2" |[[w:labial_consonant|Labial]]
! colspan="2" |(Pre-)alveolar
! colspan="2" |([[w:Dental_consonant|Pre]]-)[[w:Alveolar_consonant|alveolar]]
! colspan="2" |Postalveolar
! rowspan="2" |[[w:Palatal_consonant|Palatal]]
! rowspan="2" |Palatal
! colspan="2" |[[w:Velar_consonant|Velar]]
! colspan="2" |Velar
! rowspan="2" |[[w:Uvular_consonant|Uvular]]
! rowspan="2" |Uvular
! rowspan="2" |[[w:Glottal_consonant|Glottal]]
! rowspan="2" |Glottal
|-
|-
!Plain
!Plain
!Labial
![[w:Labial-alveolar_consonant|Labial]]
!Plain
!Palatal
!Plain
!Plain
!Labial
![[w:Labial-velar_consonant|Labial]]
|-
|-
! colspan="2" |Nasal
! colspan="2" |[[w:Nasal_consonant|Nasal]]
|m
|[[w:IPA_m|m]]
|n
|[[w:IPA_n|n]]
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|[[w:IPA_ŋ|ŋ]]
|
|ŋ
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|-
|-
! colspan="2" |Plosive
! colspan="2" |[[w:Plosive_consonant|Plosive]]
|p
|[[w:IPA_p|p]]
|t d
|[[w:IPA_t|t]] [[w:IPA_d|d]]
|ⁿ͡ᵐt͡p
|[[w:voiceless_labial-alveolar_plosive|ⁿ͡ᵐt͡p]]
|
|
|[[w:IPA_k|k]] [[w:IPA_g|ɡ]]
|[[w:Voiceless_labial-velar_plosive|ᵑ͡ᵐk͡p]]
|
|
|
|[[w:glottal_stop|ʔ]]
|k ɡ
|ᵑ͡ᵐk͡p
|
|ʔ
|-
|-
! colspan="2" |Glottalic
! colspan="2" |[[w:Glottalic_airstream|Glottalic]]
|ɓ
|[[Tłkaw|ɓ]]
|
|
|ɗ͡ɓ
|[[w:labial-alveolar_consonant|ɗ͡ɓ]]
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|[[w:velar_ejective|kʼ]]
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|[[w:Voiced_labial-velar_implosibe|ɠ͡ɓ]]
|kʼ
|ɠ͡ɓ
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|-
|-
! rowspan="2" |Click
! rowspan="2" |[[w:Click_consonant|Click]]
!Tenuis
![[w:Labialized_consonant|Labialized]]
|ᵏʘ
|[[w:Tenuis_bilabial_click|k͡ʘʷ]]
|ᵏǀ
|[[w:Tenuis_dental_click|k͡ǀʷ]]
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!Glottalized
![[w:Glottalized_consonant|Glottalized]]
|ᵏʘˀ
|[[w:Glottalized_click|k͡ʘˀ]]
|ᵏǀˀ
|[[w:Glottalized_click|k͡ǀˀ]]
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|-
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! colspan="2" |Fricative
! colspan="2" |[[w:Fricative_consonant|Fricative]]
|v
|[[w:IPA_v|v]]
|s
|[[w:IPA_s|s]]
|
|ʂ
|ɕ
|ç
|x
|
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|χ
|[[w:voiceless_palatal_fricative|ç]]
|[[w:IPA_x|x]]
|
|
|[[w:voiceless_uvular_fricative|χ]]
|[[w:IPA_h|h]]
|-
|-
! colspan="2" |Glide
! colspan="2" |[[w:Glide_consonant|Glide]]
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|j
|[[w:IPA_j|j]]
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|w
|[[w:IPA_w|w]]
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A phonetic romanization is more common for Ka'mpang. The consonants are [m n ŋ p t d ⁿ͡ᵐt͡p k ɡ ᵑ͡ᵐk͡p ʔ ɓ ɗ͡ɓ kʼ ɠ͡ɓ ᵏʘ ᵏǀ ᵏʘˀ ᵏǀˀ v s ʂ ɕ ç x χ j w] ⟨m n ng p t d np k g ngp ’ b db f c f’ c’ v s sr sh ch x q y w⟩. Like in the phonemic romanization, /ʔʔ/ and /ʔʔʔ/ are written ⟨-⟩ and ⟨’-⟩, respectively.
 
===== Vowels =====
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" rowspan="3" |
! colspan="2" rowspan="3" |
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Front
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |[[w:front_vowel|Front]]
! colspan="3" |Center
! colspan="3" |[[w:central_vowel|Central]]
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Back
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |[[w:back_vowel|Back]]
|-
|-
! colspan="2" |Unround
! colspan="2" |[[w:unrounded_vowel|Unround]]
! rowspan="2" |Round
! rowspan="2" |[[w:rounded_vowel|Round]]
|-
|-
!Oral
![[w:oral_vowel|Oral]]
!Nasal
![[w:nasalized_vowel|Nasal]]
!Oral
![[w:oral_vowel|Oral]]
!Nasal
![[w:nasalized_vowel|Nasal]]
!Oral
![[w:oral_vowel|Oral]]
!Nasal
![[w:nasalized_vowel|Nasal]]
|-
|-
! colspan="2" |Close
! colspan="2" |[[w:close_vowel|Close]]
|i
|[[w:IPA_i|i]]
|
|
|ɨ
|[[w:close_central_unrounded_vowel|ɨ]]
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|
|ʉ
|[[w:close_central_rounded_vowel|ʉ]]
|u
|[[w:close_back_rounded_vowel|u]]
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|-
|-
! rowspan="2" |Mid
! rowspan="2" |[[w:mid_vowel|Mid]]
!Short
![[w:vowel_length|Short]]
|e
|[[w:IPA_e|e]]
|ẽ
|[[w:nasalized_vowel|ẽ]]
|ə
|[[w:mid_central_vowel|ə]]
|ə̃
|[[w:nasalized_vowel|ə̃]]
|ɵ
|[[w:close-mid_central_rounded_vowel|ɵ]]
|o
|[[w:IPA_o|o]]
|õ
|[[w:nasalized_vowel|õ]]
|-
|-
!Long
![[w:vowel_length|Long]]
|eː
|[[w:vowel_length|eː]]
|ẽː
|[[w:vowel_length|ẽː]]
|əː
|[[w:vowel_length|əː]]
|ə̃ː
|[[w:vowel_length|ə̃ː]]
|
|
|oː
|[[w:vowel_length|oː]]
|õː
|[[w:vowel_length|õː]]
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" |Open
! rowspan="2" |[[w:open_vowel|Open]]
!Short
![[w:vowel_length|Short]]
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|a
|[[w:IPA_a|a]]
|ã
|[[w:nasalized_vowel|ã]]
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|-
|-
!Long
![[w:vowel_length|Long]]
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|aː
|[[w:vowel_length|aː]]
|ãː
|[[w:vowel_length|ãː]]
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Nasalization is not written in the phonetic romanization since it can easily be predicted to occur before any nasal. The vowels are [i ɨ ʉ u e ə ɵ o eː əː oː a aː] ⟨i î û u e a ô o ē ā ō â á⟩.


=== Romanization ===
There is a romanization representing only the phonemes, but it is rarely used. /m k ʔ a/ is ⟨m k ' a⟩.
A phonetic romanization is more common for Ka'mpang. Nasalization is not written in the phonetic romanization since it can easily be predicted to occur before any nasal.
{| class="wikitable"
!Allophone
!Romanization
!Allophone
!Romanization
|-
![[w:IPA_m|m]]
|''m''
![[w:IPA_i|i]]
|''i''
|-
![[w:IPA_p|p]]
|''p''
![[w:IPA_e|e]]
| rowspan="2" |''e''
|-
![[Tłkaw|ɓ]]
|''b''
![[w:nasalized_vowel|ẽ]]
|-
![[w:Tenuis_bilabial_click|k͡ʘʷ]]
|''fw''
![[w:vowel_length|eː]]
| rowspan="2" |''ē''
|-
![[w:Glottalized_click|k͡ʘˀ]]
|''f''
![[w:vowel_length|ẽː]]
|-
![[w:IPA_v|v]]
|''v''
![[w:close_central_unrounded_vowel|ɨ]]
|''î''
|-
![[w:IPA_n|n]]
|''n''
![[w:mid_central_vowel|ə]]
| rowspan="2" |''a''
|-
![[w:IPA_t|t]]
|''t''
![[w:nasalized_vowel|ə̃]]
|-
![[w:IPA_d|d]]
|''d''
![[w:vowel_length|əː]]
| rowspan="2" |''ā''
|-
![[w:Tenuis_dental_click|k͡ǀʷ]]
|''cw''
![[w:vowel_length|ə̃ː]]
|-
![[w:Glottalized_click|k͡ǀˀ]]
|''c''
![[w:IPA_a|a]]
| rowspan="2" |''â''
|-
![[w:IPA_s|s]]
|''s''
![[w:nasalized_vowel|ã]]
|-
![[w:voiceless_labial-alveolar_plosive|ⁿ͡ᵐt͡p]]
|''np''
![[w:vowel_length|aː]]
| rowspan="2" |''á''
|-
![[w:labial-alveolar_consonant|ɗ͡ɓ]]
|''db''
![[w:vowel_length|ãː]]
|-
![[w:voiceless_palatal_fricative|ç]]
|''ch''
![[w:close_central_rounded_vowel|ʉ]]
|''û''
|-
![[w:IPA_j|j]]
|''y''
![[w:close-mid_central_rounded_vowel|ɵ]]
|''ô''
|-
![[w:IPA_ŋ|ŋ]]
|''ng''
![[w:close_back_rounded_vowel|u]]
|''u''
|-
![[w:IPA_k|k]]
|''k''
![[w:IPA_o|o]]
| rowspan="2" |''o''
|-
![[w:IPA_g|ɡ]]
|''g''
![[w:nasalized_vowel|õ]]
|-
![[w:velar_ejective|kʼ]]
|''k'''
![[w:vowel_length|oː]]
| rowspan="2" |''ō''
|-
![[w:IPA_x|x]]
|''x''
![[w:vowel_length|õː]]
|-
![[w:Voiceless_labial-velar_plosive|ᵑ͡ᵐk͡p]]
|''kp''
! colspan="2" rowspan="6" |
|-
![[w:Voiced_labial-velar_implosibe|ɠ͡ɓ]]
|''gb''
|-
![[w:IPA_w|w]]
|''w''
|-
![[w:voiceless_uvular_fricative|χ]]
|''q''
|-
![[w:glottal_stop|ʔ]]
|''<nowiki/>'''
|-
![[w:IPA_h|h]]
|''h''
|}
=== Allophony ===
=== Allophony ===
The allophony rules phonemes must go through to produce the phonetic pronunciation are as follows:
The allophony rules phonemes must go through to produce the phonetic pronunciation are as follows:


T: [n t tʼ d ⁿ͡ᵐt͡p ɗ͡ɓ ᵏǀ ᵏǀˀ]
T: [n t tʼ d ⁿ͡ᵐt͡p ɗ͡ɓ k͡ǀ k͡ǀˀ]


K: [ŋ k kʼ ɡ ᵑ͡ᵐk͡p ɠ͡ɓ ᵏʘ ᵏʘˀ]
K: [ŋ k kʼ ɡ ᵑ͡ᵐk͡p ɠ͡ɓ k͡ʘ k͡ʘˀ]


# ka ma → kə mo
# ka ma → kə mo
Line 213: Line 322:
# a ə o → ə ɨ u / _{k, ɡ, k’}
# a ə o → ə ɨ u / _{k, ɡ, k’}
# m → ŋ / ã_{V,#}
# m → ŋ / ã_{V,#}
# kw k kʼ ɓ v → ᵏʘw ᵏʘ ᵏʘˀ b w / m_
# kw kʼ ɓ v → k͡ʘʷ k͡ʘˀ b w / m_
# ə ə̃ → e ẽ / w_
# kmp kɓ → ᵑ͡ᵐk͡p ɠ͡ɓ
# kmp kɓ → ᵑ͡ᵐk͡p ɠ͡ɓ
# m → N[+POA1] / _C[+POA1 -glottal -palatal]
# m → N[+POA1] / _C[+POA1 -glottal -palatal]
# K → T / %_(C)V(V)KV(V)(%)_
# K → T / %_(C)V(V)K(C)V(V)(%)_
# K → T / %_(C)V(V)K%
# K → T / %_(C)V(V)K%
# ɡ → j / C_
# ɡ → j / C_
Line 223: Line 331:
# Va Vã → Vː Ṽː
# Va Vã → Vː Ṽː
# t k → s x / _#
# t k → s x / _#
# s x → ɕ ç / {i, e}[±any]_
# x → ç / {i, e}[±any]_
# s x → ʂ χ / {u, o}[±any]_
# x → χ / {u, o}[±any]_
# ʔː ʔːː > h ʔh


=== Phonotactics ===
=== Phonotactics ===
The syllable structure of the phonemes is (C)(C)V(C).
The syllable structure of the phonemes is (C)(C)V(C).
All the possible phonemic syllables are:
a ma ka <nowiki>'a mma mka m'a kma kka k'a 'ma 'ka ''a am mam kam 'am mmam mkam m'am kmam kkam k'am 'mam 'kam ''am ak mak kak 'ak mmak mkak m'ak kmak kkak k'ak 'mak 'kak ''ak a' ma' ka' 'a' mma' mka' m'a' kma' kka' k'a' 'ma' 'ka' ''a'</nowiki>
These corresponding phonetic syllables are:
â mo ka 'â mmo mpa vâ kwo kka k'â bo ga hâ âng mong kang 'âng mmong mpang m'âng kwom kkang k'âng bong gang hâng ax muq kîx 'ax mmuq mpîx m'ax kwuq kkîx k'ax buq gîx hax â' mo' ka' 'â' mmo' mpa' vâ' kwo' kka' k'â' bo' ga' hâ'
Retrieved from "https://linguifex.com/wiki/Ka%27mpang"