Pre-Húsnorsk: Difference between revisions

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{{Infobox language

|name={{PAGENAME}}

|nativename=*~~hūsanorþka~~

|nativename=*hūsanorzka

|pronunciation=*ˈxuː.sɑ.~~ˌnorθ~~.kɑ

|image= [[File:phus runic "hūsanorzka".jpg|303x79px|class=skin-invert]]

|imagecaption=*hūsanorzka in early Húsnorsk runes, note the bound "ᛏᛋ" for "z", and the straightened shape of "k".

|pronunciation=*ˈxuː.sɑ.ˌnort͡s.kɑ

|states=Northern Kievan Rus

|era=Evolved from Proto-Norse in the 8th century, developed into [[Old Húsnorsk]] by the 12th century.

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}}

{{PAGENAME}} was the North Germanic language ancestral to the Húsnorsk language(s), it is extremely notable for its archaic state, often noted as being "hyper-archaic", consistently preserving Proto-Germanic *z as distinct in ''all'' positions, even where lost in Old Norse, such as in ''*foglăʀ'', vs. Old Norse ''fogl''. ~~(note that "ă"~~ was ~~historically written without~~ the ~~diacritic~~, ~~and signifies~~ a ~~syllabic consonant~~.)

{{PAGENAME}} was the North Germanic language ancestral to the Húsnorsk language(s), it is extremely notable for its archaic state, often noted as being "hyper-archaic", consistently preserving Proto-Germanic *z as distinct in ''all'' positions, even where lost in the other dialects of Old Norse, such as in ''*foglăʀ'', vs. Old Norse ''fogl''. As mentioned before, Pre-Húsnorsk is a dialect of Old Norse, though whether divergent or conservative is difficult to determine.

Húsnorsk split early on, in the 8th century, as the Rus' began migrating around, due to this historic speaker population, Pre-Húsnorsk is also called Rus' Norse. It is hard to determine when exactly Húsnorsk became a distinct dialect, though it was certainly so by the mid 10th century. The difficulty of dating is largely due to spelling issues in the Younger Futhark, mostly from the small character inventory but a large phoneme inventory. Some independent developments resolve a few of the issues, but many remained. (see the orthography section)

==History==

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*Nasals are definitively lost before /s/, nasalizing the preceding the vowel. This seems to also affect nasals before *z

*-Vn develops into a nasal vowel (eg. *habjan > *habją (Pre-Húsnorsk ''hæfą''))

*Word final ē in Proto-Norse develops into ī in Pre-Húsnorsk, but remains as ē elsewhere.

*stressed e breaks into ja, unless following w or r

*j lost word initially, and w lost before round vowels

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**with i and u: /e, ɛ, a, o/ > /y, ø, œ, y/

**A unique feature of Húsnorsk is i-umlauted /i/ and u-umlauted /u/, these undergo breaking to /je/ and /wo/,

*Word final ē in Proto-Norse develops into ī in Pre-Húsnorsk, but remains as ē elsewhere. It also becomes ī before ʀ.

*/au/ and /øy/ merge to /øy/

*coda /l/ had likely developed into /ʟ/ by Old Húsnorsk

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| rowspan=2 | θ~ð ⟨þ⟩

| s

| x ~~⟨h⟩~~

| x ⟨h⟩¹

|-

! Voiced

|

| ʀ²

| ʀ¹

|

|-

! colspan=2 | Approximant

| w²

| w³

|

| r², l², ³

| r³, l³, ⁴

| j²

| j³

|-

|}

#Almost certainly velar [x], not glottal [h], the evidence for such comes from the descendants, which still pronounce it as such. It seems that original [ɣ] became [g] early on, then /x/ gained [ɣ] as an allophone, though due to the nature /x~h/ in Germanic languages, this is incredibly rare.

#probably [ɹ̠˔].

#Devoiced word-initially, probably [ʍ, r̥, l̥, ç]

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Every vowel has a nasal counterpart, as well as a long form. It seems when nasal, there is no distinction between mid-high and mid-low, the qualities here were likely true mid ([ẽ̞, ø̞̃, õ̞]), or at least transitioning towards such, though they were most certainly not mid-high by the time of Old Húsnorsk.

==Orthography==

The historic orthography of Pre-Húsnorsk is notoriously difficult to read, as it is with all historic texts in Old Norse. There are two main issues that contribute to this:

*Letter forms often differ greatly from their modern counterparts, as well as the extensive use of ligatures, shorthand, and abbreviations.

*

Early Pre-Húsnorsk (Pre-10th century) was mainly written in a variant of the Elder Futhark. This alphabet had many of the same problems as Old Norse in the Younger Futhark, especially regarding vowels, though it did create a distinction between oral and nasal vowels. This distinction was achieved through "binding" (ligaturing) the n rune (ᚾ, which was often written with a horizontal branch rather than the diagonal one) to the appropriate vowel rune, as in "[[File:phus an rune.jpg|24x20px|class=skin-invert]]" (modern example handwritten on paper), the rune used for "ą".

Many methods to better represent the language's vowels post-umlaut were made, though none of them ever caught on. The most common solution we do see is binding the e or o rune onto a or o. The same way the Latin script uses "æ, œ, ꜵ", so do early Húsnorsk runes. (images will come later)

==Morphology==

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===Verbs===

(Most of these need updating, I gotta finish evolving them all from Proto-Norse)

Húsnorsk has begun using {{term|-at}} far more often, generalizing it into the negative affix for all verbs, though typically appearing as ''-t''.

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=====Class 1=====

Class 1 is characterized by ''-ī-'' in the present and ''-i-'' in the past.

=====Class 2=====

Class 2 is characterized by ''-jō-'' in the present and ''-u-'' in the past.

=====Class 3=====

Class 3 is split into several sub-classes, as there's multiple patterns contained in it. All patterns have ''-u-'' in the indicative past and ''-y-'' in the subjunctive past.

======Class 3-i======

Characterized by ''-i-'' in the present. This ''-e-'' is cognate to Old Norse ''-i-'', the value is likely through a-umlaut, though this is debated.

======Class 3-ja======

Characterized by ''-ja-'' in the present.

{{Pre-Húsnorsk verbs s|lem=~~bjarga~~|type=3-ja|bjarg|burg|byrg}}

======Class 3-y======

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This first verb is cognate to Old Norse ''þryngva''.

{{Pre-Húsnorsk verbs s|lem=~~þrȳgga~~|type=3-y|þrȳgg|þrugg|þrygg}}

This next verb is cognate with Old Norse ''søkkva''. The expected form is ''sykka'', but the present was analogized to ''-ȳ-'' to help distinguish the past subjunctive.

=====Class 4=====

=====Class 5=====

Variously appears as ''gjata''~''gæta''

=====Class 6=====

=====Class 7=====

{{Pre-Húsnorsk verbs s|lem=~~gagga~~|type=7|gagg|gjagg|1i=gjagg}}

====Weak verbs====

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This next verb, ''hafa'', is a plain weak.

{{Pre-Húsnorsk verbs w|lem=~~hafa~~|haf|hafþ|2s=~~hafz~~|2t=~~haft}}~~

{{Pre-Húsnorsk verbs w|lem=hæfą|haf|hafþ|1i=hæf|2i=hæfþ|2u=hꜵfþ|2t=hafz}}

~~In Late Pre-Húsnorsk, the conjugations begin shifting further. The most major shift is the collapse of person in the positive active plural.~~

~~{{Late Pre-Húsnorsk verbs w~~|~~lem~~=~~-a|-|-þ~~|2t=~~-t|2s=-z~~}}

====Suppletive verbs====

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These following examples will serve to illustrate sentence construction in Pre-Húsnorsk. (subject in yellow, verb in blue, object in red).

:'''''~~maðpjoldin~~ wāʀ 1.500 '''''—''The population was 1,500''

:'''''maþpjælþăʀin wāʀ 1.500 '''''—''The population was 1,500''

In this example, the word order matches English relatively well, and we see "wą" ("was") in the second position.

In this next example, we see it break away from English order, with the verb still occupying V2 position.

:'''''ārit 2000 wāʀ ~~maðpjoldin~~ 1.500'''''—''In 2000, the population was 1,500'' (lit. ''The year 2000 was the population 1,500'')

:'''''ārit 2000 wāʀ maþpjælþăʀin 1.500'''''—''In 2000, the population was 1,500'' (lit. ''The year 2000 was the population 1,500'')

The prepositional phrase "ārit 2000" (in green) counts as a single unit, thus the verb must come after ''2000'' rather than ''ārit''.

V2 order seemingly ~~has~~ no exceptions, as SV inversion isn't used for yes/no questions. In the following examples, you'll see the different methods that were used for question marking:

V2 order seemingly had no exceptions, as SV inversion isn't used for yes/no questions. In the following examples, you'll see the different methods that were used for question marking:

:'''''Ari ~~wæsi soltin~~''''' — ''Ari is hungry'' (lit. ''Ari ~~has~~ hungry'')

:'''''Ari wæsiʀ soltinăʀ''''' — ''Ari is hungry'' (lit. ''Ari is hungry'')

and as a question:

:'''''Ari ~~wæsi soltin~~?''''' — ''Is Ari hungry?'' (lit. ''Ari ~~has~~ hungry?'')

:'''''Ari wæsiʀ soltinăʀ?''''' — ''Is Ari hungry?'' (lit. ''Ari is hungry?'')

Here you see the most common form of question, one without grammatical change, these use a rising vocal intonation as their marking (or a question mark in writing).

Another method is SO inversion, as in:

:'''''~~soltin wæsi~~ Ari?''''' — ''Is Ari hungry?'' (lit. ''Hungry ~~has~~ Ari?'')

:'''''soltinăʀ wæsiʀ Ari?''''' — ''Is Ari hungry?'' (lit. ''Hungry is Ari?'')

==Lexical comparison==

@@ Line 3: / Line 3: @@
 {{Infobox language
 |name={{PAGENAME}}
-|nativename=*hūsanorþka
+|nativename=*hūsanorzka
-|pronunciation=*ˈxuː.sɑ.ˌnorθ.kɑ
+|image= [[File:phus runic "hūsanorzka".jpg|303x79px|class=skin-invert]]
+|imagecaption=*hūsanorzka in early Húsnorsk runes, note the bound "ᛏᛋ" for "z", and the straightened shape of "k".
+|pronunciation=*ˈxuː.sɑ.ˌnort͡s.kɑ
 |states=Northern Kievan Rus
 |era=Evolved from Proto-Norse in the 8th century, developed into [[Old Húsnorsk]] by the 12th century.
@@ Line 19: / Line 21: @@
 }}
-{{PAGENAME}} was the North Germanic language ancestral to the Húsnorsk language(s), it is extremely notable for its archaic state, often noted as being "hyper-archaic", consistently preserving Proto-Germanic *z as distinct in ''all'' positions, even where lost in Old Norse, such as in ''*foglăʀ'', vs. Old Norse ''fogl''. (note that "ă" was historically written without the diacritic, and signifies a syllabic consonant.)
+{{PAGENAME}} was the North Germanic language ancestral to the Húsnorsk language(s), it is extremely notable for its archaic state, often noted as being "hyper-archaic", consistently preserving Proto-Germanic *z as distinct in ''all'' positions, even where lost in the other dialects of Old Norse, such as in ''*foglăʀ'', vs. Old Norse ''fogl''. As mentioned before, Pre-Húsnorsk is a dialect of Old Norse, though whether divergent or conservative is difficult to determine.
+Húsnorsk split early on, in the 8th century, as the Rus' began migrating around, due to this historic speaker population, Pre-Húsnorsk is also called Rus' Norse. It is hard to determine when exactly Húsnorsk became a distinct dialect, though it was certainly so by the mid 10th century. The difficulty of dating is largely due to spelling issues in the Younger Futhark, mostly from the small character inventory but a large phoneme inventory. Some independent developments resolve a few of the issues, but many remained. (see the orthography section)
 ==History==
@@ Line 32: / Line 36: @@
 *Nasals are definitively lost before /s/, nasalizing the preceding the vowel. This seems to also affect nasals before *z
 *-Vn develops into a nasal vowel (eg. *habjan > *habją (Pre-Húsnorsk ''hæfą''))
-*Word final ē in Proto-Norse develops into ī in Pre-Húsnorsk, but remains as ē elsewhere.
 *stressed e breaks into ja, unless following w or r
 *j lost word initially, and w lost before round vowels
@@ Line 40: / Line 43: @@
 **with i and u: /e, ɛ, a, o/ > /y, ø, œ, y/
 **A unique feature of Húsnorsk is i-umlauted /i/ and u-umlauted /u/, these undergo breaking to /je/ and /wo/,
+*Word final ē in Proto-Norse develops into ī in Pre-Húsnorsk, but remains as ē elsewhere. It also becomes ī before ʀ.
 */au/ and /øy/ merge to /øy/
 *coda /l/ had likely developed into /ʟ/ by Old Húsnorsk
@@ Line 78: / Line 82: @@
 | rowspan=2 | θ~ð ⟨þ⟩
 | s
-| x ⟨h⟩
+| x ⟨h⟩¹
 |-
 ! Voiced
-|
+| ʀ²
-| ʀ¹
+|
 |-
 ! colspan=2 | Approximant
-| w²
+| w³
 |
-| r², l²<sup>, </sup>³
+| r³, l³<sup>, </sup>⁴
-| j²
+| j³
 |-
 |}
+#Almost certainly velar [x], not glottal [h], the evidence for such comes from the descendants, which still pronounce it as such. It seems that original [ɣ] became [g] early on, then /x/ gained [ɣ] as an allophone, though due to the nature /x~h/ in Germanic languages, this is incredibly rare.
 #probably [ɹ̠˔].
 #Devoiced word-initially, probably [ʍ, r̥, l̥, ç]
@@ Line 130: / Line 135: @@
 Every vowel has a nasal counterpart, as well as a long form. It seems when nasal, there is no distinction between mid-high and mid-low, the qualities here were likely true mid ([ẽ̞, ø̞̃, õ̞]), or at least transitioning towards such, though they were most certainly not mid-high by the time of Old Húsnorsk.
+==Orthography==
+The historic orthography of Pre-Húsnorsk is notoriously difficult to read, as it is with all historic texts in Old Norse. There are two main issues that contribute to this:
+*Letter forms often differ greatly from their modern counterparts, as well as the extensive use of ligatures, shorthand, and abbreviations.
+*
+Early Pre-Húsnorsk (Pre-10th century) was mainly written in a variant of the Elder Futhark. This alphabet had many of the same problems as Old Norse in the Younger Futhark, especially regarding vowels, though it did create a distinction between oral and nasal vowels. This distinction was achieved through "binding" (ligaturing) the n rune (ᚾ, which was often written with a horizontal branch rather than the diagonal one) to the appropriate vowel rune, as in "[[File:phus an rune.jpg|24x20px|class=skin-invert]]" (modern example handwritten on paper), the rune used for "ą".
+Many methods to better represent the language's vowels post-umlaut were made, though none of them ever caught on. The most common solution we do see is binding the e or o rune onto a or o. The same way the Latin script uses "æ, œ, ꜵ", so do early Húsnorsk runes. (images will come later)
 ==Morphology==
@@ Line 180: / Line 194: @@
 ===Verbs===
+(Most of these need updating, I gotta finish evolving them all from Proto-Norse)
 Húsnorsk has begun using {{term|-at}} far more often, generalizing it into the negative affix for all verbs, though typically appearing as ''-t''.
@@ Line 190: / Line 206: @@
 =====Class 1=====
 Class 1 is characterized by ''-ī-'' in the present and ''-i-'' in the past.
-{{Pre-Húsnorsk verbs s|lem=grīpa|type=1|grīp|grip}}
+{{Pre-Húsnorsk verbs s|lem=grīpą|type=1|grīp|grip}}
 =====Class 2=====
 Class 2 is characterized by ''-jō-'' in the present and ''-u-'' in the past.
-{{Pre-Húsnorsk verbs s|lem=ljūga|type=2|ljūg|lug}}
+{{Pre-Húsnorsk verbs s|lem=ljūgą|type=2|ljūg|lug}}
 =====Class 3=====
 Class 3 is split into several sub-classes, as there's multiple patterns contained in it. All patterns have ''-u-'' in the indicative past and ''-y-'' in the subjunctive past.
 ======Class 3-i======
 Characterized by ''-i-'' in the present. This ''-e-'' is cognate to Old Norse ''-i-'', the value is likely through a-umlaut, though this is debated.
-{{Pre-Húsnorsk verbs s|lem=widda|type=3-i|widd|udd|ydd}}
+{{Pre-Húsnorsk verbs s|lem=widdą|type=3-i|widd|udd|ydd}}
-{{Pre-Húsnorsk verbs s|lem=winna|type=3-i|winn|unn|ynn}}
+{{Pre-Húsnorsk verbs s|lem=winną|type=3-i|winn|unn|ynn}}
 ======Class 3-ja======
 Characterized by ''-ja-'' in the present.
-{{Pre-Húsnorsk verbs s|lem=bjarga|type=3-ja|bjarg|burg|byrg}}
+{{Pre-Húsnorsk verbs s|lem=bjargą|type=3-ja|bjarg|burg|byrg}}
 ======Class 3-y======
@@ Line 213: / Line 229: @@
 This first verb is cognate to Old Norse ''þryngva''.
-{{Pre-Húsnorsk verbs s|lem=þrȳgga|type=3-y|þrȳgg|þrugg|þrygg}}
+{{Pre-Húsnorsk verbs s|lem=þrȳggą|type=3-y|þrȳgg|þrugg|þrygg}}
 This next verb is cognate with Old Norse ''søkkva''. The expected form is ''sykka'', but the present was analogized to ''-ȳ-'' to help distinguish the past subjunctive.
-{{Pre-Húsnorsk verbs s|lem=sȳkka|type=3-y|sȳkk|sukk|sykk}}
+{{Pre-Húsnorsk verbs s|lem=sȳkką|type=3-y|sȳkk|sukk|sykk}}
 =====Class 4=====
 =====Class 5=====
-{{Pre-Húsnorsk verbs s|lem=gjata|paspar=t|type=5|gjat|gāt}}
+{{Pre-Húsnorsk verbs s|lem=gjatą|paspar=t|type=5|gjat|gāt}}
 Variously appears as ''gjata''~''gæta''
 =====Class 6=====
 =====Class 7=====
-{{Pre-Húsnorsk verbs s|lem=gagga|type=7|gagg|gjagg|1i=gjagg}}
+{{Pre-Húsnorsk verbs s|lem=gaggą|type=7|gagg|gjagg|1i=gjagg}}
 ====Weak verbs====
@@ Line 233: / Line 249: @@
 This next verb, ''hafa'', is a plain weak.
-{{Pre-Húsnorsk verbs w|lem=hafa|haf|hafþ|2s=hafz|2t=haft}}
+{{Pre-Húsnorsk verbs w|lem=hæfą|haf|hafþ|1i=hæf|2i=hæfþ|2u=hꜵfþ|2t=hafz}}
-In Late Pre-Húsnorsk, the conjugations begin shifting further. The most major shift is the collapse of person in the positive active plural.
-{{Late Pre-Húsnorsk verbs w|lem=-a|-|-þ|2t=-t|2s=-z}}
 ====Suppletive verbs====
@@ Line 329: / Line 341: @@
 These following examples will serve to illustrate sentence construction in Pre-Húsnorsk. (subject in yellow, verb in blue, object in red).
-:'''''<span style="color:black"><span style="background-color:#fad67d">maðpjoldin</span> <span style="background-color:#abd5f5">wāʀ</span> <span style="background-color:#ff9090"> 1.500</span> </span>'''''—''The population was 1,500''
+:'''''<span style="color:black"><span style="background-color:#fad67d">maþpjælþăʀin</span> <span style="background-color:#abd5f5">wāʀ</span> <span style="background-color:#ff9090"> 1.500</span> </span>'''''—''The population was 1,500''
 In this example, the word order matches English relatively well, and we see "wą" ("was") in the second position.
 In this next example, we see it break away from English order, with the verb still occupying V2 position.
-:'''''<span style="color:black"><span style="background-color:#90ff90">ārit 2000</span> <span style="background-color:#abd5f5">wāʀ</span> <span style="background-color:#fad67d">maðpjoldin</span> <span style="background-color:#ff9090">1.500</span></span>'''''—''In 2000, the population was 1,500'' (lit. ''The year 2000 was the population 1,500'')
+:'''''<span style="color:black"><span style="background-color:#90ff90">ārit 2000</span> <span style="background-color:#abd5f5">wāʀ</span> <span style="background-color:#fad67d">maþpjælþăʀin</span> <span style="background-color:#ff9090">1.500</span></span>'''''—''In 2000, the population was 1,500'' (lit. ''The year 2000 was the population 1,500'')
 The prepositional phrase "ārit 2000" (in green) counts as a single unit, thus the verb must come after ''2000'' rather than ''ārit''.
-V2 order seemingly has no exceptions, as SV inversion isn't used for yes/no questions. In the following examples, you'll see the different methods that were used for question marking:
+V2 order seemingly had no exceptions, as SV inversion isn't used for yes/no questions. In the following examples, you'll see the different methods that were used for question marking:
-:'''''Ari wæsi soltin''''' — ''Ari is hungry'' (lit. ''Ari has hungry'')
+:'''''Ari wæsiʀ soltinăʀ''''' — ''Ari is hungry'' (lit. ''Ari is hungry'')
 and as a question:
-:'''''Ari wæsi soltin?''''' — ''Is Ari hungry?'' (lit. ''Ari has hungry?'')
+:'''''Ari wæsiʀ soltinăʀ?''''' — ''Is Ari hungry?'' (lit. ''Ari is hungry?'')
 Here you see the most common form of question, one without grammatical change, these use a rising vocal intonation as their marking (or a question mark in writing).
 Another method is SO inversion, as in:
-:'''''soltin wæsi Ari?''''' — ''Is Ari hungry?'' (lit. ''Hungry has Ari?'')
+:'''''soltinăʀ wæsiʀ Ari?''''' — ''Is Ari hungry?'' (lit. ''Hungry is Ari?'')
 ==Lexical comparison==