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== Phonology ==
== Phonology ==
Each dialect has the exact same number of phonemes, as their only phonological differences are phoneme pronunciation. They do not differ in allophony or phonotactics.
Each dialect has the exact same number of phonemes, as their only phonological differences are phoneme pronunciation, except for Duskel where the Lanikel phonemes /əː ɲ̩ j̩̃/ (Kliqel phonemes /ɛː ɲ̩ ɲ̩ʷ/) merge with Duskel's /ɯ̰̤̃́ːː c ʂʼ/ phonemes, respectively. They do not differ in allophony or phonotactics.


=== Pitch Accent ===
=== Pitch Accent ===
Line 47: Line 47:
|-
|-
! colspan="2" |Nasal
! colspan="2" |Nasal
|ɱ
|[[w:Voiced_labiodental_nasal|ɱ]]
|
|
|n
|[[w:Voiced_alveolar_nasal|n]]
|
|
|ɲ
|[[w:Voiced_palatal_nasal|ɲ]]
|ŋ
|[[w:Voiced_velar_nasal|ŋ]]
|
|
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" |Stop
! rowspan="2" |Stop
!Voiceless
!Voiceless
|p
|[[w:voiceless_bilabial_plosive|p]]
|
|
|t
|[[w:Voiceless_alveolar_plosive|t]]
|t͡ʃ
|[[w:Voiceless_palato-alveolar_affricate|t͡ʃ]]
|
|
|k
|[[w:IPA_k|k]]
|ʔ
|[[w:glottal_stop|ʔ]]
|-
|-
!Voiced
!Voiced
|b
|[[w:IPA_b|b]]
|
|
|d͡z
|[[w:Voiced_alveolar_affricate|d͡z]]
|d͡ʒ
|[[w:Voiced_palato-alveolar_affricate|d͡ʒ]]
|
|
|ɡ
|[[w:IPA_g|ɡ]]
|
|
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" |Fricative
! rowspan="2" |Fricative
!Voiceless
!Voiceless
|f
|[[w:IPA_f|f]]
|θ
|[[w:voiceless_dental_fricative|θ]]
|s
|[[w:IPA_s|s]]
|ʃ
|[[w:voiceless_palato-alveolar_fricative|ʃ]]
|ʎ̝̊
|[[w:voiceless_palatal_lateral_fricative|ʎ̝̊]]
|x
|[[w:IPA_x|x]]
|h
|[[w:IPA_h|h]]
|-
|-
!Voiced
!Voiced
|v
|[[w:IPA_v|v]]
|ð
|[[w:voiced_dental_fricative|ð]]
|z
|[[w:IPA_z|z]]
|ʒ
|[[w:voiced_palato-alveolar_fricative|ʒ]]
|
|
|
|
Line 95: Line 95:
! rowspan="2" |Approximant
! rowspan="2" |Approximant
!Oral
!Oral
|w
|[[w:IPA_w|w]]
|
|
|l
|[[w:IPA_l|l]]
|
|
|j
|[[w:IPA_j|j]]
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
!Nasal
!Nasal
|w̃
|[[w:nasalized_consonant|w̃]]
|
|
|l̃
|[[w:nasalized_consonant|l̃]]
|
|
|j̃
|[[w:nasalized_consonant|j̃]]
|
|
|
|
Line 115: Line 115:
|
|
|
|
|ɾ
|[[w:voiced_alveolar_tap|ɾ]]
|
|
|
|
|ʀ
|[[w:voiced_uvular_trill|ʀ]]
|
|
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" |Click
! rowspan="2" |Click
!Oral
!Nasal
|
|
|ŋ͡ʇ
|[[w:dental_nasal_click|ŋ͡ʇ]]
|ŋ͡ǃ¡
|[[w:nasal_alveolar_click|ŋ͡ǃ¡]]
|
|
|ŋ͡ǂ
|[[w:nasal_palatal_click|ŋ͡ǂ]]
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
!Nasal
!Tenuis
|
|
|k͡ʇ
|[[w:tenuis_dental_click|k͡ʇ]]
|k͡ǃ¡
|[[w:tenuis_alveolar_click|k͡ǃ¡]]
|
|
|k͡ǂ
|[[w:tenuis_palatal_click|k͡ǂ]]
|
|
|
|
|}
|}
The consonants /ɱ n ɲ ŋ v ð z ʒ w l j w̃ l̃ j̃ ɾ ʀ/ and their long counterparts can be syllabic and receive the same pitch accents as vowels.
All consonants can be long except for /ɾ/. The consonants /ɱ n ɲ ŋ v ð z ʒ w l j w̃ l̃ j̃ ɾ ʀ/ and their long counterparts can be syllabic and receive the same pitch accents as vowels.
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" |
!
! colspan="2" |Front
!Front
! colspan="2" |Near-Front
!Near-Front
! colspan="2" |Near-Back
!Near-Back
! colspan="2" |Back
!Back
|-
!Short
!Long
!Short
!Long
!Short
!Long
!Short
!Long
|-
|-
!Close
!Close
|i
|[[w:IPA_i|i]]
|iː
|[[w:near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel|ɪ]]
|ɪ
|[[w:near-close_near-back_rounded_vowel|ʊ]]
|ɪː
|[[w:IPA_u|u]]
|ʊ
|ʊː
|u
|uː
|-
|-
!Mid
!Mid
|e
|[[w:IPA_e|e]]
|eː
|[[w:mid_central_vowel|ə]]
|ə
|[[w:open-mid_back_unrounded_vowel|ʌ]]
|əː
|[[w:IPA_o|o]]
|ʌ
|ʌː
|o
|oː
|-
|-
!Open
!Open
|a
|[[w:IPA_a|a]]
|aː
|
|
|
|
|
|
|ɑ
|[[w:open_back_unrounded_vowel|ɑ]]
|ɑː
|}
|}
All vowels can be long.


=== Kliqel Inventory ===
=== Kliqel Inventory ===
Line 324: Line 304:
|
|
|}
|}
The consonants /m n ɲ ɴ mʷ nʷ ɲʷ β ð z ʝ w l j ɾ ʀ/ and their long counterparts can be syllabic and receive the same pitch accents as vowels.
All consonants can be long except for /ɾ/. The consonants /m n ɲ ɴ mʷ nʷ ɲʷ β ð z ʝ w l j ɾ ʀ/ and their long counterparts can be syllabic and receive the same pitch accents as vowels.
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="3" |
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Front
! rowspan="2" |Front
! colspan="4" |Back
! colspan="2" |Back
|-
|-
! colspan="2" |Unrounded
!Unrounded
! colspan="2" |Rounded
!Rounded
|-
!Short
!Long
!Short
!Long
!Short
!Long
|-
|-
!Close
!Close
|i
|i
|iː
|ɯ
|ɯ
|ɯː
|u
|u
|uː
|-
|-
!Close-Mid
!Close-Mid
|e
|e
|eː
|ɤ
|ɤ
|ɤː
|o
|o
|oː
|-
|-
!Open-Mid
!Open-Mid
|ɛ
|ɛ
|ɛː
|
|
|
|ɔ
|ɔ
|ɔː
|-
|-
!Open
!Open
|a
|a
|aː
|
|
|
|ɑ
|ɑ
|ɑː
|}
|}
All vowels can be long.


=== Duskel Inventory ===
=== Duskel Inventory ===
Line 484: Line 446:
|
|
|}
|}
The consonants /m ɳ ɢ ɟ β z ʐ ɣ ʝ ɭ j ɰ r ɽ ɹ/ and their long counterparts can be syllabic and receive the same pitch accents as vowels.
All consonants can be long except for /r/. The consonants /m ɳ ɢ ɟ β z ʐ ɣ ʝ ɭ j ɰ r ɽ ɹ/ and their long counterparts can be syllabic and receive the same pitch accents as vowels.
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="3" |
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Front
! rowspan="2" |Front
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Central
! rowspan="2" |Central
! colspan="4" |Back
! colspan="2" |Back
|-
|-
! colspan="2" |Unrounded
!Unrounded
! colspan="2" |Rounded
!Rounded
|-
!Short
!Long
!Short
!Long
!Short
!Long
!Short
!Long
|-
|-
!Nasal
!Nasal
|
|
|
|
|
|ɯ̰̤̃́ːː
|
| colspan="2" |ɯ̰̤̃́ːː
|
|
|
|-
|-
!High
!High
|ɪ
|ɪ
|ɪː
|ə
|ə
|əː
|ɯ
|ɯ
|ɯː
|ʊ
|ʊ
|ʊː
|-
|-
!Mid
!Mid
|ɛ
|ɛ
|ɛː
|œ
|œ
|œː
|ʌ
|ʌ
|ʌː
|ɔ
|ɔ
|ɔː
|-
|-
!Low
!Low
|
|
|
|
|ɐ
|ɐː
|ɑ
|ɑ
|ɑː
|
|
|
|}
|}
All vowels can be long except for /ɯ̰̤̃́ːː/.


=== Romanizations ===
=== Romanizations ===
Line 683: Line 622:
|e
|e
!/ɣ/
!/ɣ/
|g
|gh
!/ɛ/
!/ɛ/
|e
|e
Line 692: Line 631:
|ē
|ē
!/ŋ͡ʇ/
!/ŋ͡ʇ/
|kz
|cn
!/eː/
!/eː/
|ē
|ē
!/ŋ͡ǁ/
!/ŋ͡ǁ/
|nl
|nj
!/ɛː/
!/ɛː/
|ē
|ē
|-
|-
!/k͡ʇ/
!/k͡ʇ/
|ds
|d
!/ə/
!/ə/
|eo
|eo
!/k͡ʇ/
!/k͡ʇ/
|ks
|c
!/ɛ/
!/ɛ/
|ae
|ae
!/k͡ǁ/
!/k͡ǁ/
|kl
|kj
! rowspan="2" |/ɯ̰̤̃́ːː/
! rowspan="2" |/ɯ̰̤̃́ːː/
| rowspan="2" |ũ
| rowspan="2" |ũ
Line 851: Line 790:
!/t͡s/
!/t͡s/
|ts
|ts
!/v̩/
!/β̩/
|ṿ
|ṿ
|-
|-
Line 864: Line 803:
!/d͡z/
!/d͡z/
|dz
|dz
!/w̩/
!/ʝ̍/
|ẉ
|ÿ
|-
|-
!/ʃ/
!/ʃ/
Line 872: Line 811:
|w'
|w'
!/ç/
!/ç/
|ch
|hy
!/m̩ʷ/
!/m̩ʷ/
|ṃů
|ṃů
!/ʂ/
!/ʂ/
|sr
|sr
!/w̩̃/
!/ɰ̍/
|w'
|ẉ
|-
|-
!/ʒ/
!/ʒ/
Line 890: Line 829:
!/ʐ/
!/ʐ/
|zr
|zr
!/ð̩/
!/ɣ̍/
|ḍ
|gḥ
|-
|-
!/ɲ/
!/ɲ/
Line 929: Line 868:
!/j/
!/j/
|y
|y
!/l̩/
!/ɭ̩/
|ḷ
|ḷ
|-
|-
Line 942: Line 881:
!/ʂʼ/
!/ʂʼ/
|s'
|s'
!/l̩̃/
!/ɽ̍/
|ḷ'
|ḍ
|-
|-
!/ŋ͡ǂ/
!/ŋ͡ǂ/
Line 955: Line 894:
!/m͡ʞ/
!/m͡ʞ/
|mk
|mk
!/ɾ̩/
!/r̩/
|ṛ
|rṛ
|-
|-
!/k͡ǂ/
!/k͡ǂ/
|qy
|q
!/ɲ̩/
!/ɲ̩/
|ṇh
|ṇh
Line 968: Line 907:
!/m̥͡ʞ/
!/m̥͡ʞ/
|pk
|pk
!/ɲ̩/
!
|ṇ
|
|-
|-
!/ŋ/
!/ŋ/
Line 976: Line 915:
|ẓh
|ẓh
!/ɴ/
!/ɴ/
|gn
|ng
!/ʝ̍/
!/ʝ̍/
|ÿ
|ÿ
!/ɟ/
!/ɟ/
|gy
|dj
!/ʒ̩/
!/ʐ̍/
|ẓh
|ẓr
|-
|-
!/k/
!/k/
Line 995: Line 934:
|k
|k
!/j̍/
!/j̍/
|ÿ
|ỵ
|-
|-
!/ɡ/
!/ɡ/
Line 1,002: Line 941:
|ÿ'
|ÿ'
!/k͡ʇʰ/
!/k͡ʇʰ/
|kt
|ch
!/ɲ̩ʷ/
!/ɲ̩ʷ/
|ṇẙ
|ṇẙ
!/ɢ/
!/ɢ/
|gr
|gr
!/j̩̃/
!
|ÿ'
|
|-
|-
!/x/
!/x/
Line 1,020: Line 959:
!/ʃ/
!/ʃ/
|sh
|sh
!/ŋ̩/
!/ɟ̍/
|ṇg
|ḍj
|-
|-
!/ʀ/
!/ʀ/
Line 1,033: Line 972:
!/ɹ/
!/ɹ/
|yr
|yr
!/ʀ̩/
!/ɹ̩/
|ṛr
|yṛ
|-
|-
!/ʔ/
!/ʔ/
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