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Lanikel orthography: Difference between revisions

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=== Syllabic Consonants ===
=== Syllabic Consonants ===
Toneless syllabic consonants are written with an overdot. On digraphs, the underdot is written only on the first letter (e.g. /ŋ̩ ʀ̩/ get written ⟨ṇg ṛr⟩). For the syllabic palatal nasal, the ⟨ñ⟩ is replaced with ⟨ny⟩, upon which the underdot can be placed ⟨ṇy⟩. Syllabic /ð̩/ is written with ⟨d⟩ instead of ⟨dh⟩, and so receives the underdot as ⟨ḍ⟩. The toneless syllabic consonant /j̍/ is instead written ⟨ÿ⟩.
Toneless syllabic consonants are written with an overdot. On digraphs, the underdot is written only on the first letter (e.g. /ŋ̩ ʀ̩/ get written ⟨ṇg ṛr⟩). For the syllabic palatal nasal, the ⟨ñ⟩ is replaced with ⟨ny⟩, upon which the underdot can be placed ⟨ṇy⟩. Syllabic /ð̩/ is written with ⟨d⟩ instead of ⟨dh⟩, and so receives the underdot as ⟨ḍ⟩. The toneless syllabic consonant /j̍/ is instead written ⟨ẏ⟩.
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" |
! colspan="2" |
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|
|
|l̩ '''ḷ'''
|l̩ '''ḷ'''
|j̍ '''ÿ'''
|j̍ '''ẏ'''
|
|
|-
|-
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|
|
|l̩̃ '''ňḷ'''
|l̩̃ '''ňḷ'''
|j̩̃ '''ňÿ'''
|j̩̃ '''ňẏ'''
|
|
|-
|-
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=== Tones ===
=== Tones ===
High tone is marked with an acute accent on vowels without a diacritic. On vowels with a macron (denoting length), the macron is replaced with a circumflex (e.g. /í íː/ are ⟨í î⟩). High tone syllabic consonants /ɱ̩́ ń̩ ɲ̩́ ŋ̩́ ź̩ ʒ̩́ ẃ̩ ĺ̩ j̩́ ɾ̩́ ʀ̩́/ have their underdots replaced with the acute accent ⟨ḿ ń ńy ńg ź źh ẃ ĺ ý ŕ ŕr⟩. High tone /ð̩/ is written with ⟨ð⟩ instead of ⟨d́⟩, and high tone /v̩/ is written with a ⟨ŵ⟩.
High tone on vowels is marked with an acute accent on vowels without a diacritic. On vowels with a macron (denoting length), the macron is replaced with a circumflex (e.g. /í íː/ are ⟨í î⟩).  


Because word-initial high tone words are most common, Iskel romanizes them differently to avoid extensive diacritic use: a high tone on a multisyllabic word is not written if there is only one high tone and it's word initial. Multisyllabic words with no tones are written as if they have a word-initial high tone.
Mid tone on vowels is marked with a grave accent on vowels without a diacritic. On vowels with a macron (denoting length), the macron is replaced with a caron (e.g. /ī īː/ are ⟨ì ǐ⟩).  


Mid tone is marked with a grave accent on vowels without a diacritic. On vowels with a macron (denoting length), the macron is replaced with a caron (e.g. /ī īː/ are ⟨ì ǐ⟩). Mid tone syllabic consonants are written similar to their toneless forms, but with overdots instead of underdots. The mid tone /v̩̄/, however, is written ⟨ẅ⟩.
Low tone is marked with an apostrophe before the nucleus.  


Low tone is marked with an apostrophe before the nucleus.  
Because word-initial high tone words are most common, Iskel romanizes them differently to avoid extensive diacritic use: a high tone on a multisyllabic word is not written if there is only one high tone and it's word initial. Multisyllabic words with no tones are written as if they have a word-initial high tone.  


For polypthongs, tone (not including low tone because it has unusual romanization) and length are always written on the first vowel grapheme, so every vowel with a tone or length diacritic begins its syllable's nucleus. It is therefore unnecessary to use a diaerisis on such vowels.
For polypthongs, tone (not including low tone because it has unusual romanization) and length are always written on the first vowel grapheme, so every vowel with a tone or length diacritic begins its syllable's nucleus. It is therefore unnecessary to use a diaerisis on such vowels.
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="3" |Labial
! colspan="3" |[[w:Front_vowel|Front]]
! colspan="3" |Dental
! colspan="3" |[[w:Near-Front_vowel|Near-Front]]
! colspan="3" |Alveolar
! colspan="3" |[[w:Near-Back_vowel|Near-Back]]
! colspan="3" |Palatal
! colspan="3" |[[w:Back_vowel|Back]]
|-
|-
!High
![[w:tone_(linguistics)|High]]
!Mid
![[w:tone_(linguistics)|Mid]]
!Low
![[w:tone_(linguistics)|Low]]
!High
![[w:tone_(linguistics)|High]]
!Mid
![[w:tone_(linguistics)|Mid]]
!Low
![[w:tone_(linguistics)|Low]]
!High
![[w:tone_(linguistics)|High]]
!Mid
![[w:tone_(linguistics)|Mid]]
!Low
![[w:tone_(linguistics)|Low]]
!High
![[w:tone_(linguistics)|High]]
!Mid
![[w:tone_(linguistics)|Mid]]
!Low
![[w:tone_(linguistics)|Low]]
|-
|-
! colspan="2" |Nasal
![[w:Close_vowel|Close]]
|ɱ̩˥ '''ḿ'''
|í '''í'''
|ɱ̩˧ '''ṁ'''
|ī '''ì'''
|ɱ̩˩ '''<nowiki/>'ṃ'''
|ì '''<nowiki/>'i'''
|
|ɪ́ '''íe'''
|
|ɪ̄ '''ìe'''
|
|ɪ̀ '''<nowiki/>'ie'''
|n̩˥ '''ń'''
|ʊ́ '''úo'''
|n̩˧ '''ṅ'''
|ʊ̄ '''ùo'''
|n̩˩ '''<nowiki/>'ṇ'''
|ʊ̀ '''<nowiki/>'uo'''
|ɲ̩˥ '''ńy'''
|ú '''ú'''
|ɲ̩˧ '''ṅy'''
|ū '''ù'''
|ɲ̩˩ '''<nowiki/>'ṇy'''
|ù '''<nowiki/>'u'''
|-
|-
! colspan="2" |Fricative
![[w:Mid_vowel|Mid]]
|v̩˥ '''ŵ'''
|é '''é'''
|v̩˧ '''ẅ'''
|ē '''è'''
|v̩˩ '''<nowiki/>'ṿ'''
|è '''<nowiki/>'e'''
|ð̩́˥ '''ð'''
|ə́ '''éo'''
|ð̩˧ '''ḋ'''
|ə̄ '''èo'''
|ð̩˩ '''<nowiki/>'ḍ'''
|ə̀ '''<nowiki/>'eo'''
|z̩˥ '''ź'''
|ʌ́ '''óe'''
|z̩˧ '''ż'''
|ʌ̄ '''òe'''
|z̩˩ '''<nowiki/>'ẓ'''
|ʌ̀ '''<nowiki/>'oe'''
|ʒ̍˥ '''źh'''
|ó '''ó'''
|ʒ̍˧ '''żh'''
|ō '''ò'''
|ʒ̍˩ '''<nowiki/>'ẓh'''
|ò '''<nowiki/>'o'''
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" |Approximant
![[w:Open_vowel|Open]]
!Oral
|á '''á'''
|w̩˥ '''ẃ'''
|ā '''à'''
|w̩˧ '''ẇ'''
|à '''<nowiki/>'a'''
|w̩˩ '''<nowiki/>'ẉ'''
|
|
|
|
|
|l̩˥ '''ĺ'''
|l̩˧ '''ŀ'''
|l̩˩ '''<nowiki/>'ḷ'''
|j̍˥ '''ý'''
|j̍˧ '''ẏ'''
|j̍˩ '''<nowiki/>'ÿ'''
|-
!Nasal
|w̩̃˥ '''ňẃ'''
|w̩̃˧ '''ňẇ'''
|w̩̃˩ '''<nowiki/>'ẉ'''
|
|
|
|
|l̩̃˥ '''ňĺ'''
|l̩̃˧ '''ňŀ'''
|l̩̃˩ '''<nowiki/>'ňḷ'''
|j̩̃˥ '''ňý'''
|j̩̃˧ '''ňẏ'''
|j̩̃˩ '''<nowiki/>'ňÿ'''
|-
! colspan="2" |Vibrant
|
|
|
|
|
|
|ɾ̩ː˥ '''ŕ'''
|ɾ̩ː˧ '''ṙ'''
|ɾ̩ː˩'''<nowiki/>''' '''<nowiki/>'ṛ'''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|ɑ́ '''áo'''
|ɑ̄ '''ào'''
|ɑ̀ '''<nowiki/>'ao'''
|}
|}
High tone syllabic consonants /ɱ̩́ ń̩ ɲ̩́ ŋ̩́ ź̩ ʒ̩́ ẃ̩ ĺ̩ j̩́ ɾ̩́ ʀ̩́/ have their underdots replaced with the acute accent ⟨ḿ ń ńy ńg ź źh ẃ ĺ ý ŕ ŕr⟩. High tone /ð̩/ is written with ⟨ð⟩ instead of ⟨d́⟩, and high tone /v̩/ is written with a ⟨ŵ⟩.
Mid tone syllabic consonants are written similar to their toneless forms, but with overdots instead of underdots. The mid tone /v̩̄ j̩̄/, however, are written ⟨ẅ ÿ⟩.
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
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|l̩˩ '''<nowiki/>'ḷ'''
|l̩˩ '''<nowiki/>'ḷ'''
|j̍˥ '''ý'''
|j̍˥ '''ý'''
|j̍˧ '''ẏ'''
|j̍˧ '''ÿ'''
|j̍˩ '''<nowiki/>'ÿ'''
|j̍˩ '''<nowiki/>'ẏ'''
|
|
|
|
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|w̩̃˥ '''ňẃ'''
|w̩̃˥ '''ňẃ'''
|w̩̃˧ '''ňẇ'''
|w̩̃˧ '''ňẇ'''
|w̩̃˩ '''<nowiki/>'ẉ'''
|w̩̃˩ '''<nowiki/>'ňẉ'''
|
|
|
|
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|l̩̃˩ '''<nowiki/>'ňḷ'''
|l̩̃˩ '''<nowiki/>'ňḷ'''
|j̩̃˥ '''ňý'''
|j̩̃˥ '''ňý'''
|j̩̃˧ '''ňẏ'''
|j̩̃˧ '''ňÿ'''
|j̩̃˩ '''<nowiki/>'ňÿ'''
|j̩̃˩ '''<nowiki/>'ňẏ'''
|
|
|
|
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|''ẉẉ''
|''ẉẉ''
|''ḷḷ''
|''ḷḷ''
|''ÿÿ''
|''ẏẏ''
|''ňẉẉ''
|''ňẉẉ''
|''ňḷḷ''
|''ňḷḷ''
|''ňÿÿ''
|''ňẏẏ''
|''ṛṛ''
|''ṛṛ''
|-
|-
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|''ẇẇ''
|''ẇẇ''
|''ŀŀ''
|''ŀŀ''
|''ẏẏ''
|''ÿÿ''
|''ňẇẇ''
|''ňẇẇ''
|''ňŀŀ''
|''ňŀŀ''
|''ňẏẏ''
|''ňÿÿ''
|''ṙṙ''
|''ṙṙ''
|-
|-
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|''<nowiki/>'ẉẉ''
|''<nowiki/>'ẉẉ''
|''<nowiki/>'ḷḷ''
|''<nowiki/>'ḷḷ''
|''<nowiki/>'ÿÿ''
|''<nowiki/>'ẏẏ''
|''<nowiki/>'ňẉẉ''
|''<nowiki/>'ňẉẉ''
|''<nowiki/>'ňḷḷ''
|''<nowiki/>'ňḷḷ''
|''<nowiki/>'ňÿÿ''
|''<nowiki/>'ňẏẏ''
|''<nowiki/>'ṛṛ''
|''<nowiki/>'ṛṛ''
|-
|-
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When there are two adjacent instances of the a cluster separator (i.e. apostrophe for consonants or overdot for vowels), they are both omitted. This results in a rule that when ambiguity arises due to exactly 3 consonant or 3 vowel letters in a row, they are always read as 3 monographs. For example in consonants, ⟨qng⟩ must always be read as ⟨q⟩ /k͡ǂ/, ⟨n⟩ /n/, and then ⟨g⟩ /ɡ/, and not rewritten ⟨q'n'g⟩. However, ⟨chl⟩ must still be read as ⟨ch⟩ /t͡ʃ/ and then ⟨l⟩ /l/, and not ⟨c⟩ /ʔ/, ⟨h⟩ /h/, and then ⟨l⟩ /l/, because the ambiguity of ⟨ch⟩ only arises when it is alone, not due to being in a cluster with a third letter. For example in vowels, ⟨aoe⟩ must always be read as /ao̯e̯/, and not rewritten as ⟨aȯė⟩.
When there are two adjacent instances of the a cluster separator (i.e. apostrophe for consonants or overdot for vowels), they are both omitted. This results in a rule that when ambiguity arises due to exactly 3 consonant or 3 vowel letters in a row, they are always read as 3 monographs. For example in consonants, ⟨qng⟩ must always be read as ⟨q⟩ /k͡ǂ/, ⟨n⟩ /n/, and then ⟨g⟩ /ɡ/, and not rewritten ⟨q'n'g⟩. However, ⟨chl⟩ must still be read as ⟨ch⟩ /t͡ʃ/ and then ⟨l⟩ /l/, and not ⟨c⟩ /ʔ/, ⟨h⟩ /h/, and then ⟨l⟩ /l/, because the ambiguity of ⟨ch⟩ only arises when it is alone, not due to being in a cluster with a third letter. For example in vowels, ⟨aoe⟩ must always be read as /ao̯e̯/, and not rewritten as ⟨aȯė⟩.
The following chart provides the correct phonemic readings of all ambiguous digraphs, all ambiguous non-syllabic consonant trigraphs, and two exmaple vowel trigraphs.
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
! colspan="15" |Multigraph Disambiguation (Short Phonemes)
! colspan="15" |Multigraph Disambiguation
|-
|-
! colspan="6" |Consonants
! colspan="6" |Consonants
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|''<nowiki/>'ṇ'g'''''<nowiki/>'''
|''<nowiki/>'ṇ'g'''''<nowiki/>'''
|/n̩ɡ/
|/n̩ɡ/
! rowspan="8" |ieo
! rowspan="8" |ieo (''example'')
|''ieo''
|''ieo''
|/ie̯o̯/
|/ie̯o̯/
Line 1,030: Line 1,006:
|''<nowiki/>'ẓ'h'''''<nowiki/>'''
|''<nowiki/>'ẓ'h'''''<nowiki/>'''
|/z̩˩h/
|/z̩˩h/
! colspan="3" rowspan="22" |
! rowspan="4" |oua (''example'')
|''oua''
|/ou̯a̯/
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" |ql
! rowspan="2" |ql
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|''ṛr''
|''ṛr''
|/ʀ̩/
|/ʀ̩/
|''oüa''
|/o.ua̯/
|-
|-
|''q'l''
|''q'l''
Line 1,048: Line 1,028:
|''ṛ'r''
|''ṛ'r''
|/ɾ̩ɾ/
|/ɾ̩ɾ/
|''ouä''
|/ou̯.a/
|-
|-
| colspan="3" |
| colspan="3" |
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|''ŕr''
|''ŕr''
|/ʀ̩˥/
|/ʀ̩˥/
|''oüä''
|/o.u.a/
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" |qn
! rowspan="2" |qn
Line 1,064: Line 1,048:
|''ŕ'r''
|''ŕ'r''
|/ɾ̩˥ɾ/
|/ɾ̩˥ɾ/
! colspan="3" rowspan="18" |
|-
|-
|''q'n''
|''q'n''
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